2 the scientific method

Dr.Ibrahim Ghazi١

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method

Dr. Ibrahim GhaziDr. Ibrahim Ghazi

Lecture No. 2Lecture No. 2

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Dr.Ibrahim Ghazi٢

The scientific method is a process for The scientific method is a process for experimentation that is used to experimentation that is used to answer questions and explore answer questions and explore

observations.observations.Scientists use an experiment to Scientists use an experiment to

search for search for causecause and and effecteffectrelationships relationships in nature. in nature.

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method




Dr.Ibrahim Ghazi٣

selecting a topic is a concern for many beginning researchers, especially for those who write

research papers and Dissertations

Sources of Research TopicsSources of Research Topics1 - Magazines and Periodicals

2 - Research Summaries

3 - Everyday Situations

4 - Archive Data

1 - Selecting a Research Topic 1 1 -- Selecting a Research Topic Selecting a Research Topic

Steps in the development of a research projectSteps in the development of a research project




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Ques on 1: Is the Topic Too Broad?Ques on 2: Can the Problem Really Be Investigated?Ques on 3 : Are the Data Susceptible to Analysis?Ques on 4 : Is the Problem Significant ?Ques on 5 : Can the Results of the Study Be

Generalized?Ques on 6 : What Costs and Time are Involved in the

Analysis?Ques on 7 : Is the Planned Approach Appropriate to

the Project?Ques on 8 : Is There Any Potential Harm to the

Subjects?

Determining Topic Relevance:Determining Topic Relevance:This step can be accomplished by answering This step can be accomplished by answering eight basic questions:eight basic questions:




Dr.Ibrahim Ghazi٥

ØResearchers who conduct studies under the guidelines of scientific research never beginnever begin a research a research project project withoutwithout first consulting first consulting

available literature.available literature.

ØThe review provides information about what was donewhat was done, , how it was how it was

donedone, and , and what results were what results were generated.generated.

2 - Reviewing the Literature2 2 -- Reviewing the LiteratureReviewing the Literature




Dr.Ibrahim Ghazi٦

Before any project is attempted, researchers Before any project is attempted, researchers ask the following questions:ask the following questions:

1. What type of research has been done in your topic area?

2. What has been found in previous studies?3. What sugges ons do other researchers make for

further study?4. What has not been inves gated?5. How can the proposed study add to our knowledge

of the area?6. What research methods were used in previous

studies?Answers to these questions will usually help define Answers to these questions will usually help define

a specific hypothesis or research questiona specific hypothesis or research question




Dr.Ibrahim Ghazi٧

After a general research area has been identified and the existing literature

reviewed, the researcher must state the problem as a workable hypothesis or

research question.A hypothesis is a formal statement regarding

the relationship between variables, and it is tested directly. The predicted relationship

between the variables is either true or false.

3 - Stating a Hypothesis or Research Question3 3 -- Stating a Hypothesis or Research QuestionStating a Hypothesis or Research Question




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4 - Research and Experimental Design4 4 -- Research and Experimental DesignResearch and Experimental Design

Ø The approach selected by the researcher depends on the goals and purpose of the study

Ø The terms research design and experimental design have become interchangeable to refer tothe process involved in planning a research project.




Dr.Ibrahim Ghazi٩

There are There are four characteristicsfour characteristics of research of research design that should be noted if a study is to design that should be noted if a study is to produce reliable and valid results:produce reliable and valid results:

1. Clear cause-and-effect relationships2. valid measurements3. a sample should be large enough to allow

detection of minor effects or changes4. Realism




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5 - Data Collection , Analysis and Interpretation5 5 -- Data Collection , Analysis and InterpretationData Collection , Analysis and Interpretation

Ø The time and effort required for data analysis and interpretation depends on the study's purpose and the study's purpose and the methodology used. the methodology used.

Ø Every analysis should be carefully planned and carefully planned and performed according to guidelines designed performed according to guidelines designed for that analysis .

Ø Once the computations have been completed, the researcher must "step back" and consider what "step back" and consider what has been discovered. has been discovered.

Ø Researchers must determine through analysis whether their work is valid internally and externallyvalid internally and externally




Dr.Ibrahim Ghazi١١

This is your opportunity to explain explain the meaning of your results.the meaning of your results.

vv Did your experiment support your Did your experiment support your hypothesis?hypothesis?

vv Does the additional research need to Does the additional research need to be conducted? be conducted?

vv How did your experiment address your How did your experiment address your initial question and purpose?initial question and purpose?

6. Draw Your Conclusion:6. Draw Your Conclusion:6. Draw Your Conclusion:




Dr.Ibrahim Ghazi١٢

Since you are performing an experiment for the research project, you will write a report you will write a report and prepare a display board so and prepare a display board so that others can share in your that others can share in your

discoveries. discoveries.

7. Write a report for your research7. Write a report for your research7. Write a report for your research




Dr.Ibrahim Ghazi١٣

8 - Presenting Results8 8 -- Presenting ResultsPresenting ResultsØ The formatformat used in presenting results

depends on the purpose of the studydepends on the purpose of the study.Ø The Research is for the publication in

the academic journals academic journals follows a format prescribedprescribed by each journal

ØAll presentations of results need to be written in a clear and concise manner

appropriate to both the research question and the individuals who will

read the report.




Dr.Ibrahim Ghazi١٤

The scientific method is a way to ask and answer scientific questions by making observations and doing experiments.

The steps of the scientific method are to:o Ask a Questiono Do Background Researcho Form a Hypothesiso Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experimento Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusiono Communicate Your Results




Dr.Ibrahim Ghazi١٥




2 the scientific method

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