2 scientific method and metricz

8/3/2019 2 Scientific Method and Metricz

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1. Discovery Science:1. Discovery Science:describing naturedescribing nature

Example: scientistsExample: scientists

described how newborndescribed how newborn

flying foxes cling to theirflying foxes cling to their

mothers chestmothers chest

Scientists useScientists use twotwo main approaches tomain approaches tolearn about naturelearn about nature

Figure 1.2

D. The Process of Science

Text pg. 10-11


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2. Hypothesis-driven Science:2. Hypothesis-driven Science: scientists use thescientists use the scientific methodscientific method

They propose a hypothesisThey propose a hypothesis

They make deductions leading toThey make deductions leading to

predictionspredictionsThey test the hypothesis,They test the hypothesis,

Do predictions come true?Do predictions come true?

Manual Pg. 5-10


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a. The maina. The main

steps of thesteps of the

scientificscientific

methodmethod

Scientific MethodScientific Method, we pose and test, we pose and test

hypotheseshypotheses

Text pg 10


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b. Experimental Designb. Experimental Design

VariableVariable

Controlled ExperimentControlled Experiment

Isolate effect of a single variableIsolate effect of a single variable

Experimental groupExperimental group

Control groupControl group

Multivariable analysisMultivariable analysis


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c. Example

Courtesy of Google


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Niko Tinbergen (1907 - 1988) Swedish ethologist (animal

behaviorist) Classic experiments involved a bird called the black-

headed gull (Larus ridibundus).1. These birds build nests of twigs on the ground and

lay light brown eggs with dark brown spots .

2. After chicks hatch, the broken eggshells appear white

on their inner surface.

3. The parents pick up the eggshells shortly after the chick

has hatched and fly off with them in their bills,

dropping them in a far off location.

c. Example

Manual pg. 6


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Pieces to the puzzle

PROBLEM: Why do black-headed gulls remove

eggshells from the nest?HYPOTHESIS: The white interior of the shell

attracts predators to the nest.

-Alternative: The white eggshells have no effect on

attracting predators to the nest.

TEST: Tinbergen collected gull eggs and painted 69

of them white and left 68 of them with their natural

color. The researchers then scattered the eggs next

to a gull breeding area and observed from a nearby

blind. Predation rates were recorded for white

versus natural colored eggs.

Manual pg. 6


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How to handle data

DATA:TABL


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FIGURE 1: Bar graph showing predation

on white painted eggs vs. natural eggs.= taken by predators

= not taken

# Egg s

white natural

50

4030

20

10


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Making sense of it all

INTERPRETATION:

Which of the hypotheses given above does the data support:

a. the white color attracts predators; or

b. the white color does not attract predators.

Was this an example of a controlled experiment? Explain.

Tinbergen and his co-workers performed additional experiments totest their hypothesis. Describe how you would design an experiment

to test Tinbergens hypothesis.


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d. USING SCIENTIFIC METHODEXPERIMENT IN TAXIS

1. What is the research question you wish to investigate?

2. State an hypothesis for the outcome of your experiment.

3. State all alternative hypotheses -- all other possible

outcomes.

4. Design your experiment. Carefully and accurately write a

procedure. Be sure to describe what you are measuring.

Sketch your apparatus

5. Record your results in a table. Also, create a bar, line or pie

graph to display your data.6. Interpret and discuss your results.

7. Hypothesis -- support or reject?

8. Why did the critter do what it did (natural behaviors)?

9. Criticize your design (at least 3 things to improve).


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EXERCISE 3: LAB - METRIC

MEASUREMENT (Eek!!! Math!)

1 pound = 454 grams1.09 yard = 1 meter (a meter is a little bigger than a

yard)1.06 quart = 1 liters (a liter is a little bigger than a quart)2.2 pounds = 1 kilogram1 inch = 2.5 centimeters


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METRIC SYSTEM SYMBOLS

g = gramm = meter

L or l = literkg = kilogramkm = kilometercm = centimetermm = millimetermL or ml = milliliter


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METRIC CONVERSION

Figure 1: Moving decimals when converting betweenmetric units1) 25 m = ? mm; 2) 17.2 g = ? kg

Kilo- Hexa- Deca-

BasicUnit Deci- Centi- Milli-

1000 100 10 .1 .01 .001meterlitergram

Exam ple 2 Example 1


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CONVERSION BETWEEN METRIC AND ENGLISH

Example 1: 10 inches = ? cm (1 in. = 2.5 cm)

Example 2: 44 pounds = ? kg (1 kg = 2.2 pounds)

Example 3: 10 m = ? yd (1m = 1.09 yd, 1 yd = .914m)

TEMPERATUREDegrees F = (1.8 x degrees C) + 32

Degrees C = (degrees F - 32)/ 1.8

Examples: 10 degrees C = ? Degrees F; 33.8 degrees F = ? Degrees C


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METRIC MEASUREMENT LAB

LENGTH

Wrist in cm, mm, m

Height in cm, mm, m

VOLUME -- GRADUATED CYLINDERS

10 ml. 25 ml, 50 mlVOLUME -- PIPETS

1 ml, 5 ml

WEIGHT (MASS) --DOUBLE PAN & ELECTRONIC BALANCESEmpty beaker; water in the beaker (tare the electronic balance)

TEMPERATUREWater in Celsius and Fahrenheit

PRACTICE PROBLEMS -- HOMEWORK; INDIVIDUAL! SHOW WORK!

2 scientific method and metricz

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