ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAIVOR

ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIORCommunication & LeadershipDr. Eliseo Dela CruzProfessor

Functions of communicationCommunicationThe transfer and understanding of meaning

Communication FunctionsControl member behavior Foster motivation for what is to be doneProvide a release for emotional expression.Provide information needed to make decisions

Elements of the Communication ProcessThe senderEncodingThe messageThe channelDecodingThe receiverNoiseFeedback

Directions of Communication

Downward

Lateral

Upward

Interpersonal Communication

Interpersonal Communication

Oral Communication-Advantages: Speed and Feedback-Disadvantages: Distortion of the message

Written Communication-Advantages: Tangible and verifiable-Disadvantages: Time consuming and lacks feedback.

Nonverbal Communication-Advantages: Supports other communications and provides observable expression of emotions and feelings.-Disadvantage: Misperception of body language or gestures can influence receiver`s interpretation of message.

GrapevineGrapevine Characteristics-Not controlled by management-Perceived by most employees as being more believable and reliable than formal communications-Largely used to serve the self interests of those who use it

-Results from:Desire for information about important informationAmbiguous conditionsCondition about anxiety

Suggestions for Reducing the Negative Consequences of Rumors Announce timetables for making important decisionsExplain decisions and behaviors that may appear inconsistent or secretiveEmphasize the downside, as well as the upside, of current decisions and future plansOpenly discuss worth-case possibilities --- it is almost never as anxiety provoking as the unspoken fantasy

Computer- Aided Communication

EmailAdvantages: quickly written, sent, and stored; low cost for distributionDisadvantages: information overload, lack of emotional content, cold and impersonalInstant MessagingAdvantage: real time e-mail transmitted straight to the receiver`s desktop.Disadvantage: can be intrusive and distracting

IntranetA private organization- wide information network

ExtranetAn information network connecting employees with external suppliers, customers, and strategic partners

VideoconferencingAn extension of an intranet or extranet that permits face to face virtual meetings via video links

Emoticons: Showing Emoticon in EmailElectronic mail needen`t be emotion free. Over the years a set of symbols ( emoticons) has evolved that e-mail users have developed for expressing emoticons. For instance, the use of all caps ( i.e., THIS PROJECT NEEDS YOUR IMMEDIATE ATTENTION) is the email equivalent of shouting. The following highlights some emoticons:

: ) Smile:-e Disappointed

Grin:-@ Scream

: ( Frown:-O Yell

; ) Wink:-D Shock or surprise

:- [ Really sad face :( Crying

Barriers to Effective Communication

Filtering Selective perceptionA senders manipulation of People selectively interpretInformation so that it will be what they see on the basis seen more favorably by the of their interest, backgroundreceiver experience and attitudes.

Information overload A condition in which information Inflow exceeds an individual processing capacity

Barriers to Effective CommunicationEmoticonsHow a receiver feels at the time a message is received will influence How the message is interpreted

LanguageWords have different meanings to different people

Communication ApprehensionUndue tension and anxiety About oral communication, Written communication or both.

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Cross Cultural CommunicationCultural Barriers-Barriers caused by semantics-Barriers caused by word connotations-Barriers caused by tone differences-Barriers caused by differences among perceptions

Hand Gestures Mean Different Things in Different Countries

The A- OK SignIn the United States, this is just a friendly sign for All right or Good going. In Australia and Islamic countries, it is equivalent to what generations of high school students know as flipping the bird

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The Hookem Horns SignThis sign encourages University of Texas athletes, and its a good luck gestures in Brazil and Venezuela. In parts of Africa it is a curse. In Italy, it is a signaling to another that your spouse is being unfaithful.

V for Victory Sign In many parts of the world, this means victory or peace.In England, if the palm and fingersface inward, it means Up yours! especially if executedwith an upward jerk of the fingers.

Finger- Beckoning SignThis sign means come here in the United States. In Malaysia, it is used only for calling animals. In Indonesia and Australia, it is used for beckoning ladies of the night.

What is Perception, and Why Is It ImportantPerceptionA process by which Individuals organize and Interpret their sensory Impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.Peoples behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.The world as it is perceived is the world that is behaviorally important.

Factors in the perceiverAttitudesMotives Interests Experience Expectations

Factors in the situation PerceptionTimeWork settingSocial setting Factors in the targetNoveltyMotionSoundsSizeBackgroundProximitySimilarity

Factors That Influence Perception

Person Perception: Making Judgements About OthersAttribute theoryWhen individuals observeBehavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused.Distinctiveness: shows different behaviors in different situations.Consensus: response is the same as others to same situation.Consistency: responds in the same way over time

Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others

Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others Selective PerceptionPeople selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interests, background, experience and attitudes.

Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others Halo EffectDrawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic

Contrast EffectsEvaluation of a persons characteristics that are affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics

Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others ProjectionStereotyping Attributing ones own Judging someone on characteristics to other the basis of ones people.Perception of the group to which that person belongs.