The Roman

Republic:

509 BC - 27 AD

Republican Government

2 Consuls

(Rulers of Rome)

Senate

(Representative body for patricians)

Tribal Assembly

(Representative body for plebeians)

The Twelve Tables, 450 BC

! “The Struggle of the Orders”! Providing political and social

rights for the plebeians.

Rome’s Early Road System Imperial Roman Road System Roman Roads: The Appian Way

Carthaginian Empire The Punic WarsThe 1st Punic War (264-241 BC)

•Carthage and Rome struggle over dominance in Mediterranean.

•Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica come under Rome’scontrol.

The 2nd Punic War (218-202 BC)

•More of the same....This time with elephants!

•Hannibal crushes Romans left and right, but stillloses the war....

Hannibal’s Route

Reform Leaders! Tiberius Gracchus

• the poor should be given grain and

small plots of free land.

• Assassinated

Military Reformer! Gaius Marius Gracchus

• recruited an army from the poor

and homeless.

• professional standing army.

• Assassinated.

Pompey

Civil War & Dictators

Julius Caesar

The First Triumvirate

! Marcus Licinius Crassus

Given control of Italy

! Gaius Magnus PompeyGiven control of Spain

! Julius Caesarforms 1st Triumvirate with Crassus and Pompey

to check Senate’s power

Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC

The Die is Cast!

Beware the Ides of March!44 BCE

The Second Triumvirate

! Octavian Augustus

! Marc Antony

! Marcus Lepidus

The

Roman Empire:

27 BC - 476 AD

Octavian Augustus:Rome’s First Emperor

The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CE

Augustan Reforms• Reduces inefficiency and corruption• Assemblies lose powers, Senate gains them• Purges Senate of “undesirables”• Establishes a meritocracy in the civil service• Professionalizes the army• Repairs roads• Imports grain• Reinstates small farms for veterans• Takes more aggressive stance in defending the

borders

The First Roman DynastyPax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE

The Rise of Christianity St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles

The Spread of Christianity

The Empire in Crisis: 3c Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CE

Constantine: 312 - 337