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THE RICHNESS OF BEING1


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Ofthenumberofthingsthatliveontheplanet

Wedonthavethefaintestidea!

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1960ColinGrovesoftheAustralianNaBonal

University

SystemaBcsurveyofthe250++knownspeciesof

primate

40years20kspeciesoflichens,50Kspeciesmolluscs,400K

beetles?????!!!!!!!

PuQngthingsinorder

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eetleMania Famous experiment byTerryErwin

1980s, saturated a stand of19 rainforesttrees in Panama with insecticide

fog,

collected everything that fellinto his nets underneath the

canopy. repeated his sampling to make

sure he caught migrant species

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EsBmateinsectsHerecorded1200typesofbeetles.extrapolatedbycalculaBngtheno.ofothertreesintheforest,theno.offorestsintheworld,theno.ofotherinsecttypes,and

soon

cameupwithafigureof30millionspeciesofinsectsintheenBreworld.

Yetothershavecomeupwithfigureslike13,80or100millioninsecttypes.

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Whydoweknowasli\leaswedoMostlivingthingsaresmallandeasilyoverlooked

ergeysManualofSystemaBcacteriologylistsout4000speciesofbacteria

1980sJosteinGoksoyrandVigdisTorsvik(Norwegian)collected1gofrandomsoil

fromabeechforestinergenContained45Kbacteriaspecies!

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Ignoranceissweet.

2millionma\ress 40KpillowDrJohnMaunderriBshMedicalEntomologyCentre

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Wedontlookintherightplaces

Tropicalforestsharbourofitsanimallife,2/3offloweringplantsandmanymoreunknown.

NotmanypplspendBmehereTheyarequitevaluableofallprescribedmedicinederivedfromjust40speciesof

plants

16%fromanimalsormicrobes

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Ataxonomistcrisis!!

Theworldhas10Ktaxonomists(WallStreetJournal)15Knewspeciesofalltypesareloggedperyear(consideringthecostandpaperworkperspeciesis

1250)

NospecialisedtaxonomistinAfrica KoenMaes(elgianbornheadof theinvertebratesattheKenyan

NaBonalMusueminNairobi)

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Fungi

Formoreimportantcreaturessuchasfungi.Withoutfungitherewouldbenopotatoblights,DutchElm

disease,jockitchorathletesfoot.

utalsonoyogurts, beersorcheese.

Altogetherthereare about70,000species

offungi,couldbe

1.8million

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Theworldisareallybigplace

Okapiamemberofthegiraffidaefamily

ItlivesintherainforestsofZaireandtheRepublicofthe

Congo

Impossibletask

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1.3billioncubickmofwateronEarth97%waterintheworldisintheocean

Averagedepthofoceanis3.86km60%planetssurfaceisocean>1.6kmdeep

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ClassificaEonoforganism

Kingdom:Animalia Phylum:Chordata(backbonedanimal) Subphylum:Vertebrata Class:Mammalia(warmbloodedanimals) Order:Chiroptera(bats) Family:Pteropodidae(fruitbats) Genus:Cynopterus Species:brachyo/s

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Technicaltermsaboutbiodiversity

Biodiversity=thewayinwhichthenumberoforganismsisallocatedamongthespeciespresent

Speciesrichness=no.speciesperunitareaofground Biomass=allphysicalcomponentsofvegetaBon ProducEvity=amountofbiomassthataccumulatesbyphotosynthesisinagivenregioninagivenBme

Structure=thewaythebiomassisarrangedintoverBcalandhorizontallayers

ComposiEon=actualspeciesoforganismsthatcompriseanecosystem

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Howmanyspeciesarethere?

1.7millionknowntoscience AsmallproporBontotheactualtotal

25%=Coleoptera(i.e.beetles)OtherEsBmates:100million 70%animals 22%fungi&plants 8%ProBsta xEncEons=6000speciesperyear (17perday)intropicalforests

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SIZEANDSHAPE

Volume: Length3 (L x L x L) Surface area: Length2 (L x L)Volume grows more rapidly than surface

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AdaptaBontolargesize Development of internal

organs; i.e. lungs,

circulatory system; villi. Or remain small..

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GravitaBonalforce

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Largeorganism

Surfacearea: volume

Gravityforce

Smallorganism

Surfacearea: volume

Gravityforce


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KineBcEnergy

A child half your height falls down, the head hits withonly about 1/32 the energy of yours in a similar fall.

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Levelsofbiodiversity

Referstothediversityoflivingorganismsbytaking

intoaccountthelevelsof

diversity

GeneBcdiversity Speciesdiversity Ecologicaldiversity

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TaxonomyClassificaBonoflivingthingsLinnaeansystemofclassificaBon

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CarolusLinnaeusKarlvonLinn(1707Rashult,southernSweden)Oneofthemostimportant18thcenturynaturalistsSwedishbotanistandmedicaldoctorwrote180booksmainlydescribingplantspeciesinextremedetail

SincehispublishedwriBngsweremostlyinLaBn,heisknowntothescienBficworldtodayas,whichisthe

LaBnizedformhechoseforhisname.

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CarolusLinnaeus

uthissystemworkstremendouslywell.efore

hissystem,nameswere

expansivelydescripBve

E.g.thecommongroundcherrywascalledPhysalis

ammo ramosissime ramis

angulosis glabris foliis

dentoserra4s

LinnaeusnameditPhysalis angulata,whichsBcksunBltoday

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Systema Naturae

1735,LinnaeuspublishedSystemaNaturae ThisLinnaeansystemofclassificaEonwidelyacceptedbytheearly19thcenturyandissBllthebasicframeworkforall

taxonomyinthebiologicalsciencestoday. TheLinnaeansystemusestwoLaBnnamecategories, genusandspecies

Agenusisahigherlevelcategorythatincludesoneormorespeciesunderit.

SuchadualleveldesignaBonisreferredtoasabinomialnomenclatureorbinomen(literally"twonames"inLaBn).E.g.

Homo sapiens,or"manwhoiswise

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Principles of Classifica4onThinkaboutafrog.Developamentalimageofit.Howwouldyoudescribeittosomeonewhohasneverseenone?

Takeamomenttoconsidercarefully...

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Kingdom to Subphylum

ThehighestcategoryintheLinnaeansystemofclassificaBonisthekingdom

fivekingdomsoflivingthings:Monera:bacteria,bluegreenalgaeProEsta:protozoans,algaeFungi:fungi,molds,mushrooms,yeasts,Plantae:mosses,ferns,woody&nonwoodyfloweringplants

Animalia:sponges,worms,insects,fish,amphibians,repBles,birds,mammals

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Phylum ImmediatelybelowkingdomisthephylumlevelofclassificaBon

Atthislevel,animalsaregroupedtogetherbasedonsimilariBesinbasicbodyplanororganizaBon

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Subphylum

Thechordatesaredividedintothreesubphyla

Invertebrates,notochordisreplacedbyamorecomplexspinalchord

Vertebraedeveloparoundthespinalchordofvertebratestoprotectitfrom

injury.

Atoneendofthespinalchordisaheadwithabrainandsenseorgans43,000livingvertebratespecies

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ClassThe 7 living classes of

vertebrates -distinguished mostly

on the basis ofskeletal system,

general environmentaladaptation, andreproductive system

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SpeciesAgroupoforganismswithsimilarmorphology,able

toreproduceamongeach

otherintheirnatural

environmentandproduce

viableprogeny

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BiodiversityinMalaysia14500speciesoffloweringplants200speciesMammalia700++speciesbirds300++speciessnakes200++speciesfrogs

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IODIVERSITYFORWHAT?

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Ofthenumberofthingsthat

liveontheplanet

WedonthavethefaintestideaRange3200million1.4millionofeverything(TheDiversityofLifebyE.O.Wilson)

Others:1.51.8million

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