1870s throughWorld War I

New Industrial Age

• Black Gold & Steel; 1870s• Discovery of oil, iron, and steel

process» Iron 100 miles long 3 miles wide

(Minnesota)» Coal 33 million tons – 250 million

mined

• Plentiful natural resources; allowed for new industrial growth

» sky scrappers» Construction of city up instead of

out – cityscape changes

• Bessemer process – filter air through smelting = cleaner product

Inventions Promote Change• Power of Electricity

– 1876 Thomas Edison invents incandescent bulb

– George Westinghouse invents new methods of safer energy

– This promoted new use of electricity» Electric street cars; cheap efficient

travel

• Other inventions– Christopher Sholes typewriter; 1873– Alexander Bells Telephone 1876

• New products = new lifestyles– Effected office work – opened up jobs– Sewing machine opened up demand for

skilled women’s jobs– Freed people from back breaking work –

work became unskilled– Consumer buy back power – ability to

buy cheap goods– Increased standard of living

1800s Time of Railroad• Transcontinental railroad, 1869

– Quicker travel; haul more goods, increased expansion, created conflict, raised business

– United the country – Railroad time

» Towns – cities on their own time

» C.F. Dowd suggested the 24 time zones

– Influenced industries & business

» Promoted trade along the tracks

» Stock yards/ grain industries

– Built town out of nothing

• Railroad corruption– Fake business’s that allowed skimming

of railroad funds

– Contract work to 2-3 times the pay; pocket excess

– Farmers vs. Railroads = abuse of hauls

Big Business• New Business Men = Lots of

money– New Business practices

– Vertical Integration & Horizontal integration

– Provides conditions for Monopolies

• Social Darwinism• Species adapt and pass traits on to

other generations – without help• Economists used this to justify non-

regulation of economy» Free competition in economy

ensure survival of the fittest

• Made sense to 4,000 millionaire– Riches a sign of Gods Favor - natural

Growth and Consolidation• Oligopoly – few supply the

needs of many• Horizontal consolidation – mergers;

buy out competitors = a monopoly– Holding Companies – bough stocks of

others– Trusts – Trustee’s who ran two

separate corporations simultaneously

• Robber Barons • John Rockefeller – Standard Oil

Company• Paid employees low wages,

undersold competitors,– Gained control of market…hike prices

up.– They also set up charities – so all

could benefit.– Gospel of Wealth defended these

tycoons – Sherman Anti-Trust; gov’t stated that

you can’t interfere with free trade

Exploited Workers• Long Hours horrible Conditions

– 12 hours work days; 6-7 days a week: – No benefits; vacation, unemployment,

sick leave– Horrible work conditions; 675 people

killed a week; poorly ventilated, poorly lit; no set clothes

– Little to no wages; families had to combine for wages

» 10-20% of kids age 15 held full time jobs

• Laborers Unite• National Labor Union – United iron

workers (1866); 300 chapters – 640,000 members – William Sylvis

– Legalized 8 hour work day– Focused on linking existing labor unions

• Knights of Labor – open membership to all races, laborers, gender, or skill

» Strikes were a last resort» Believed in arbitration and

settlements

Unions Diverge• New Organizations emerge while

Unions Spread• Craft Unions = included several

industries – AFL (American Federation of Labor) 1886

» Against long days, poor conditions, better wages

– Use strikes to gain leverage– Some unions reached out to skilled and

unskilled

• Socialism & IWW (International Workers of the World)

• Basic principles of economy were wrong (Private ownership, free competition)

– Caused rich to stay rich; poor to stay poor• Gov’t control of business & economy• Proper distribution of wealth• IWW organized to help unions achieve

their goals• Level playing field with skilled & unskilled

Strikes Turn Violent• Great strike 1877

– Strike for wage cuts (2nd in months)– Strike spread of other RR– Freight stopped; 50,000 miles– Riots erupted – management & labor– RR president called in Troops on Presidents

order – strike withered

• Haymarket Affair– Chicago’s Haymarket square – Protestors strike against death of co-worker– Police came to break up the riot; some one

tossed in a bomb – chaos– 7 police men killed several workers killed– The leaders of the protest were tried and

hung

• Pullman Strike– Wake of a depression– RR co. laid off 3,000 workers; cut wages of

workers– Did not cut cost of housing –– When hired back – RR failed to raise wages

or decrease rents– Strike breakers hired & violence broke out

Gov’t Pressure on Unions• Union Power = Fear of

Unions• Management stopped

negotiations; forbade unions• Yellow-dog contracts – swear not

to join Unions• Management had support of the

courts

• Organizing becomes difficult• Courts created limitations• General public became annoyed• Many ethnicities became

excluded

“The Golden Door”• Immigrants

• 1870 – 1920 20 mil immigrated to U.S. (U.K. Germany, Ireland)

• 1890 – Southern Eastern Europe– Reasons for leaving: religious persecution, rising

population; spirit of reform & revolt.

• Immigrants from China & Japan• 1851 – 1883 200,000 Chinese;

– spurred on by California Gold Rush; seeking fortunes; – Helped to build Transcontinental RR– Turned to farming, mining, service

• 1884 Japanese immigrants came to U.S.– Hawaiian plantation needed workers– High American wages in U.S. attracted immigrants

(300,000)– 1898 Hawaii annexed; Japan immigration increased

• Mexico & West Indies• 1880 Job scarcity in the Islands & Mexico

– U.S. residents– Natural immigration through wars & treaties (Mexican –

American War)– 1902 Reclamation act attracted immigrants (encouraged

irrigation of new lands – opened up farming.

Life in New Lands• Difficult Journeys

– Steam ship travel (1-3 weeks)– Stormy, uncomfortable (traveled in

cargo areas)– Disease spread quickly

• Arrival– Loneliness, anxiety, inspections,– Pass physical examinations,

Documentation, Literacy tests (Ellis and Angel Island) - 16 million

– Culture shock; dealing with unfamiliar culture (Stole money & possessions)

– Sought their own people; common culture

• Cooperation for survival– Ethnic communities– Social clubs, Churches, aid societies– Business and Social hubs (China

Town)

Nativism• Americas a “Melting Pot”

• Collection of diverse cultures with diverse methods

– Immigrants refused to merge into American Society

• Nativism (favor toward Native born)• Anti-immigration sentiments

– Demand restrictions– Only immigrants from certain countries– Fear new religions & practices– Launch anti-religion campaigns– Business refusals– 1873 depression intensifies hatred

» Fear that Asian would work for less pay – undermine the native born laborers

– Chinese Exclusion Act – banned all Chinese except for a select few

• Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907)• U.S. pressured Japan’s gov’t to limit the

amount of emigration to the U.S.

Urbanization• Attractive City; 1890s & turn of century

• Opportunity• Technology revolutionized old occupations• Economic prosperity• Cultural opportunities

• City dwellers• Cheap / easy form of living (immigrants)• Offered steady jobs (unskilled labor)• Cluster of ethnic neighborhoods

– Common background, support, speak the language, practice customs

• Americanization Movement– Schools/programs provided language courses,

taught skills, educations to be American.

• Urban Culture• Provided culture (first moving films, Bill’s wild

wild west show, circuses)• Leisure (parks and favorite sports)

Urbanization and Problems• Urban problems

• Housing– Outskirt homes – poor transportation; long

commutes– Boarding houses – shared facilities– Row houses – family dwellings with shared

walls• Overcrowding

– Too many tenants– Poor ventilation– Infrequent garbage pick-up

• Transportation• Epic centers• Pre-industrialization – foot; horse-cart• Cable Street cars (1873) Electric cars

(1888)• 1897 first mass subway• City expansion = new means of

transportation

Urbanization Problems• Water

• Drinking water (increased pop.= more demands) 1860s limited plumbing

• Collection of water in pails & faucets (spread of disease)

• Chlorination 1893

• Fire• Limited water = spread of fires• Structures wood dwellings (heavy use

of kerosene & candles)• Volunteer fire fighters (no

professionals)– 1853 first paid fire fighters– 1874 fire sprinkler

• Sanitation• Cleanliness an issue (widespread)• Horse manure, open sewage, pollution• Sporadic trash clean up; people did not

do their jobs

Urbanization Problems• Crime

• Increased popul. = more crime– Pick pockets, con persons,

• Thrived on immigrants• Gangs created – controlled various areas of

city– Limited police dept. (first paid police 1844)

• Reformers• Social reformers – programs to help the

disadvantaged• Social gospel movement – relieve poverty of

immigrants – (salvation through helping poor)

• High persuasion of business and communities

Reformers• Settlement House’s; 1890s

• Community centers geared towards assistance of local people’s (education, social services, crafts, reading, arts)

• Organizers lived at house’s to help solve social issues (Hull house – Jane Addams)

• Educated middle-class women• Established the need social

responsibility to urban poor– Provide some means of solving

these social ills

Political Machines• Political Machines; 1880s-1890s

• Rapid growth, inefficient gov’t, Social Darwinism = Political machine

• Political machines seized control of local gov’t = graft & kickbacks

• City Boss’s controlled jobs – preyed on immigrants

• Use of fraud = guarantee of election– Padded elections lists, registered dead people

• Tweed Ring Scandal (1870s)• William Marcy Tweed = Boss Tweed of

Tammany Hall• Pocketed $200 million (1869-1871) in

kickbacks– New York Courthouse charged $11 million:

project cost $3 million • 1871 Boss Tweed captured and ring broken

– sentenced to twelve years jail• Escaped after two years; was caught in Spain

1890s• Technology & City

• 1870 – 25 city had 50,000– 58 cities mad same claim; 1 - 4

lived in city (industrial jobs/opportunity)

• Space & accommodations– Sky-scrappers – created space– Electric transit – neighbor hoods

to city centers– Elevated (el) trains – annex

suburban developments (Chicago 17 – 179 square miles)

• Urban planning – restore serenity in busy cities

– City parks; places of leisure– Provide soothing atmosphere

1890s• Photography

• 1888 George Eastman develops papers film• Encourage masses to develop pictures

(amateur photographers)

• Educational Revolution• No schooling = no skills = no participation in

civic affairs• 1895 31 states required mandatory school

(12-16 weeks; ages 8-14)• Inconsistent teaching methods• Unequal teaching of students

• High schools 1870-1898• Need for higher skilled people• 1870 (800) 1898 (5,500) prepare person for

industrial jobs• Curriculum devised around work (bells,

breaks, crafts, etc…) • Immigrants sent & encouraged to go to

school (Americanization process)

1890 Progressives• Progressivism –

• Return control back to people (writers, role of corporations, gov’t more responsive)

• Attracted middle class peoples – cure social problems – reform city gov’t

– Protect social welfare, promote moral improvement, create economic reform, foster efficiency

• YMCA (Young Men’s Christian Agency) improve the youth

• Moral reform• Improve personal behavior

(prohibition)• Alcohol undermined American

culture/democracy

Progressivism• Economic slump

• Depression = Questioning of economic (Capitalist) system

• Henry George & Edward Bellamy criticized gov’t involvement in economy

• People turned to socialism• Journalist wrote about corruption of

business (muckrakers) criticized business

• Political Reform• Influenced mayors & governors

– Better transportation, better parks, municipal meeting houses

• Taxed big business; appointed special commissions to investigate illegal activities

• Eliminate child labor; lower working day

Progressive Reform

• Reform Gov’t• Referendum-power in people to

create law• Initiative-bill originating with the

people• Referendum-voters accepting a

bill• Recall-remove public officials • Paved way for 17th amendment

– Pop. Elections of senators

America’s Role In the World• America Begins Expansion – 3

factors– Economic competition; political military

competition; racial/cultural superiority

• Overproduction of goods– Industrialization led to more goods

(consumption)

• America in Asia– Open Door Policy (John Hays)

• Opening of spheres of influence in china (1897-1899)

– Boxer Rebellion

• Hawaii– American sugar plantations; 1887 Pearl

harbor built– 1891 uprising against American

domination

America’s Role is the World• America in Latin America

– Monroe Doctrine (1820) & Roosevelt Corollary (1900s)

• Dollar Diplomacy• Provide security &

markets for goods• Nicaragua• Mexico• Haitian Rebellion

• “Searching for order on U.S. terms”

Spanish-American-Cuban War• Cuba – Market for U.S. goods

• 1500 – 1825 Spain ruled all in the Latin America

• 1884 Plantations – poured million of dollars into the economy

• 1895 – 1898 Cubans revolt against Spanish Rule

• Spain Retaliates 1896• 1898 Spain sent military force to Cuba• Sets up concentration camps• Eliminates rights of the people• Yellow Journalism created (sway opinion)

• U.S. Intervenes 1897• Primarily to protect American business• U.S. public opinion split of the revolution• Attempted negotiations between Spain &

Cuba (fairly successful)

Spanish-American-Cuban War• U.S. intervenes; 1898

• De Lome letter – public criticism of U.S. involvement – Spanish official

• Feb. 1898 U.S.S Maine blown up– Set to protect American Citizens– Yellow Journalism went nuts

• No holding back – “Remember the Maine”

• U.S. Tactics:– Defeated Spain in Philippines– Sealed off Spanish in Cuba– Sent in ground troops

» Ill equipped-old civil war guns, clothing, volunteer army

• Treaty of Paris – 1898 “splendid little war”

– War lasted 16 weeks; 5,400 Americans died (381 battle deaths)

– Cuba received independence; U.S. received Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico

4 M.A.I.N Cause’s• M – Militarism

• Militaries; large countries fighting smaller • disputes settled on the battlefield • U.S. advised to build up military0.

• A – Alliances• Military Alliances; support each other

• I – Imperialism• Marked by colonialism – looking for

overseas markets (production)• World wide scramble for empire

– Hawaii 1898; Alaska 1867l

• N – Nationalism• Desire of countries to be independent• Ethnic enclaves

– Ottoman Empire• 1400-1800s• Balkan Independence• Austria-Hungary vs. Serbia

Cause of World War I• Powder Keg of Europe

• Black, Mediterranean, Adriatic– Railroad, outlet to sea, more

land

• Serbian dream– Independent & free Serbia

• Assassination Archduke Franz Ferdinand (July 1914)

• Black Hand Society• Brisk little war; hoped to

squelch nationalist hope

• Alliance system• Austria-Hungary to Germany• Serbia to Russia to France to

Germany• Aug. 3, 1914 Great war

begun

World War I• Schlieffen Plan

• Hold against Russian

• Swift capture of Belgium/France

• United States Culture• 92 Million / 32 Million immigrants - 13

million from the countries at war

• War closely followed – opportunities

• Many opposed the war (preach peace not war)

• United States Reaction• Gratitude – not involved

• Neutrality – not our war

• Sympathy – common heritage

• Strong economic ties with Allies– Produced war supplies for war effort

U.S. War Neutrality• U.S. Paradox

– Remain neutral or attack• 2 reasons: ensure allied debt is

paid; prevent German victory

• Rules of engagement– British Blockade;

• Stopped supplies/ fertilizers (750,000 Germans starved)

– U-boat Answer• Counter blockade/stop contraband• Impact of attacks visible

– Carriers sank (Lusitania, Arabic, & Sussex) - May 1915 – July 1916

• “Strict Accountability”

U.S. Military Build-up• War Preparedness

• Demanded by the people due to ships sinking

• U.S. army 379,000 people (Military & National Guard)

• Instituted a drat to bulk up the military

• National Defense act (June 1916)

• Increased military; Increased National Guard

• Naval Construction Act (Aug. 1916)

• $500 – 600 dollars for 3 years build-up

• Tax Revenue 1916• Raise money to pay for war• Increase income tax for 1-2%

“Peace w/out Victory”• Achieving peace? 1917

• Germany requests peace (1917) What are war aims?

• Triple Entente (break up Empires) seek reparations

• President request U.S. involvement to create peace (Congress)

• Unrestricted war fare (Germany) Jan-1917

• Seeking the knock out punch

• Zimmerman Note• Mexico allies with Germany?!

(March 1917)

America’s Entrance• Efforts for peace fail

• 5 American ships sank• Threat of American Liberty

• Council of National Defense– Governing board

• Food & Fuel (1917) Administration

• Herbert Hoover• Raising production; limit

civilian food stuffs– Meatless Tuesday’s, Wheat

less Wednesdays, Pork less Saturdays

• h

War Industries Board; 1917

• Bernard Baruch-Investor• Governed all

– Economy, Industry, Allocation, fix prices

• Women to work?!• Traditional roles• Scope of society changes w/

war• Captured small piece of work

force

• National War Labor Board• Finding significant labor• Ensuring pay = the work; price

control• Recruited labor from all over

U.S.

War Machines• Committee on Public

Information• George Creel

– “Expression vs. Repression”» Provide information of the

war to public» Stop public hijnxes; stop

criticism– Selling of liberty bonds– Gathering motivation for war– 4 minute men; delivering of

patriotic speeches

• Gov’t legislation– Alien/sedition act 1917

• Out w/ freedom of speech– No criticizing of gov’t– 1,500 imprisonments; 1,000

convictions– Attacked everyone

Population Distribution• Great Migration 1915-

1930• Labor shortages

– Southern uprising!– Recruiters sent to south to

find labor– 1910 – 1920 5% move– 400,000 - 1 million

• Other ethnicities encouraged to work

– Racial violence erupted; disliked their new presents

U.S. to War• U.S. goals unclear

• U.S. agreed to send supplies; not necessarily troops

• 1917 AEF is sent; allies unable to retaliate

• 1917• Italian lines collapse to

Austria-Hungry• Russia pulls out of war

(Russian revolution)– Germany can focus on

Western front

• Battle on Western front was a stalemate

U.S. WWI• Turning of Tide

• 1917 – Clear that U.S. was needed:– 3 yrs of trench warfare– U.S. believed in swift and aggressive assaults

• May 1918 German’s within 50 miles of Paris – quick overwhelming attacks

• America helped to defend and push Germany back; – July-August American forces with/ Europeans held

back German forces

• Sept. 1918: first major offensive; 500,00 troops vs. Germans (St. Mihiel)

– Pushed out Germans within 3 days

• Sept-Oct. 1918 – battle of Meuse-Argonne; capture German controlled train depot (supply station)

– 117,000 Americans died in seizing conrol of Sedan

• Alvin York (Dough Boy)• Blacksmith from Tennessee; conscientious objector

(religious purposes)• Drafted into the war: came to terms with war;• During the battle; killed 25 Germans; and captured

132 others.

New Technology• Weaponry

• Big Bertha; Gun 1,800# shells towards the front

• Zeppelins & Balloons• Machine Gun; 600 rounds per

minute• Chemical Warfare; Sept. Battle

of Ypres 1915 (Mustard Gas)– Suffocated to French military

divisions (10-20 thousands)

• Tanks – Used to rumble through no – mans

land– Soften the defenses of enemy

• Air plane – flimsy; little more than dog fights w/pistols,

New Technology

Western Front• Trench

Warfare

Germany Crumbles• Nov. 1918

• German navy charged to set sail – sailors refuse

– Revolutionary councils enacted

• Socialist leaders & people mount a rebellion

– Kaiser abdicates the throne

• German war machine exhausted; militarily, public, gov’t

– 11th day, 11th month, 11th hour Germany surrendered with no decisive battle

• War results– 4 years of battle; 30 nations– 26 million deaths; half civilians

» Disease, starvation, collateral damage

– 20 million wounded; 10 million refugees

Peace in the World• War aims

• No clear war aims; 1917 allies attempted aims (failed)

• Wilson drew up his own (U.S. has no selfish ends)

– 14 points (Wilson doctrine); delivered to congress Jan. 1918; possible peace solution

– First 5 points: open diplomacy (no secret treaties), freedom of seas, removal of trade barriers, armament reduction, adjustment of colonial gains

• 14th point called for creation of international organization

– League of Nations; a forum for countries to air grievances and solve world issues

• Allies rejected Wilson’s plan

Treaty of Versailles• Allies – wanted to make Germany

pay• France P.M. lived through two German

invasions; Britain P.M. re-elected on “make Germany pay”

• June 1918: “Big Four” meet to sign treaty; Germany not present

• 9 new nations created; shifted boundaries of other nations

• Reparations were meant to cripple Germany

• 14th point: league of nations• Most important point of the conference;

Wilson attended in person• Gave concessions to Big Four to

preserve this point; allowed it to get his point passed

Treaty of Versailles• Treaty Weakness

• Humiliated Germany; - War guilt clause

– No repayment possibilities

• Russia Ignored– Lost territory = to Germany’s loss

• Stripped of colonial possessions– May have helped repay debts– Ignored self-determining people

their rights (Vietnam)

• Opposition to treaty• Surprised opposition – treaty to

harsh; no economic possibilities• Henry Cabot Lodge

– Hated joint economic / military interaction; congress declares war

Treaty Debate• Wilson & treaty

• Submitted it to the congress• Lodge locked it up in congress• Wilson sought the people to ratify the

treaty– Speaking tour – 9,000 miles, 37

speeches; 22 days– Sept. 25, suffered a stroke; Oct. 2.– Fragile; recuperating, shut in; wife

takes control; – Public never rallied to his cause; sick

of war

• Congress splits• Three camps; Democrats;

Irreconcilables; Reservationists– Wanted amendments before passing

the treaty; – Betrayed America’s freedom of action– President refused to budge on article 1