18 industrial revolution

8/12/2019 18 Industrial Revolution

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Industrial Revolution



Effects of the IndustrialRevolution

• What was the industrialrevolution?– Machines coordinated to make

goods

– Energy from non-animalsources– Industry grew 4 times faster

• Changed all asects ofsociety– Most rofound effect since

agriculture– !overnment change

• "olitical and military #alance• Euroe as dominant ower

– $ransformed social classes

– %igher standard of living formost



Origins

• &gricultural revolution–%orse and steel low

–'ertili(er use

–)ields imroved *++, .++-/0+

• !rowth of foreign trade formanufactured goods

–'oreign colonies– Increase in shis and si(e

• 1uccessful wars and foreign con2uest



Origins – Why England?

• 'actors in England– 3o civil strife

– !overnment favoredtrade

– Laissez faire– arge middle class

– Island geograhy

– Mo#ile oulation

– Everyone lived within 5+miles of naviga#le river

– $radition of e6erimentalscience

– Weak guilds



7What were the factors that already marked 8ritain9 rather than anyother Euroean country9 as the destined first home of the industrial

revolution? $he answer lies artly in things remote fromtechnology9 such as the religious freedom which #rought in the%uguenots and other refugees with their numerous arts andencouraged the native "uritan caitalist: $here was the confidentattitude natural to an island eole that had ceased:::to reckonseriously with the rosect of invasion: $he island ossessed a

valua#le stimulus to trade in its long coastline and fre2uentnaviga#le rivers:::Moreover9 the &ct of ;nion in .+. had made8ritain into a single economic unit long #efore any other area ofcomara#le wealth and resources had ceased to #e divided #ynumerous customs #arriers: 8ut even with the addition of the1cots9 the smallness of the oulation as comared with the 'rench

gave at the same time an imortant incentive to the use of la#or-saving devices: astly9 there was the lentifulness and accessi#ilityof coal in the island:7

– $:<: =erry and $: I: Williams9 A Short History of Technology



7In most of Euroe9 then9 craft guildseventually #ecame resonsi#le for a level ofregulation that stifled cometition andinnovation: $hey did this #y laying down

meticulous rules a#out three elements ofroduction that we might term >the three>s> rices9 rocedures9 and articiation:7

– Mokyr9 @oel9 The Gifts of Athena9 "rinceton ;niversity"ress9 5++59 :50A:



7$he weak osition of the guilds in 8ritainin the eighteenth century can go some wayin e6laining the series of technologicalsuccesses we usually refer to as the 8ritish

Industrial Bevolution and why it occurred in8ritain rather than on the Euroeancontinent9 although clearly this was onlyone of many varia#les at work:7

– Mokyr9 @oel9 The Gifts of Athena9 "rinceton;niversity "ress9 5++59 :5+:



Manufacturing

• $e6tiles

–4-0 sinners er weaver

Flying Shuttle



Manufacturing Textiles• Cotton gave stronger fi#ers

• Invention of 1inning @enny

– =emand for skilled weavers

• Mechanical looms Dflying shuttle

• @ac2uard looms



Richard Arkwright – 1771

• Invents the spinning water frame

• Cnstructs the first spinning factry

–Reali!ed that several machines culd "elinked t create a factry

– #eeded water pwer t turn the machines

$water wheel e%pert&

– #eeded gears $watchmaker&

'he creatin f the first spinning factry

was the "eginning f the Industrial Revlutin



(dmund Cartwright–17)7

• *wer lm factry



Manufacturing Textiles• @ac2uard looms



Manufacturing Negatives

• "oor working conditions

• Children sulied la#or

• uddites

– %andicraftsmen relaced#y machine

– Frgani(ed to stoindustriali(ation



Energy and Transportation

• &nimal ower and lant #urning

• Water emerged as energy source

• Iron industry energy crisis–ack of wood

–Coal discovered

–1team ums for mines• 1team engines

• Bailroads



73ewcomen>s engine consisted mainly of a large9vertical iston and a #eam that rocked #ack and

forth on a central suort like a giant seesaw: $heiston sat several feet #elow one end of the #eam9attached to it #y a chain: Each time the istonmoved downward9 it would ull down on that end

of the rocking #eam9 forcing the other end u:$he oosite end was attached to a suction um9similar to the hand-oerated ums you still seeon come old water wells9 and each downstroke ofthe iston would #ring gallons of water gushing u

through a ie from the mine #elow:7

– "ool9 Bo#ert9 Beyond Engineering9 F6ford;niversity "ress9 AA.9 : 55:



7When the steam flowed in under the rising istonGof the 3ewcomen engineH9 Watt reali(ed9 all #ut a

fraction of it condensed immediately #ecause thesurrounding cylinder–having ust #een cooled #y a et of water–was at a relatively low temerature:$his meant that several times as much steam was

used–and several times as much fuel wasconsumed–as was theoretically sufficient to fill theiston on each stroke::: Watt suddenly reali(edhow to fi6 the ro#lem #uild a machine with acondensing cham#er searate from the cylinder

and kee the two at different temeratures:7

– "ool9 Bo#ert9 Beyond Engineering9 F6ford;niversity "ress9 AA.9 :54-50:



England vs. ontinental Europe



England vs. ontinental Europe

• "roduced 5+, ofindustrial goods

• !ross national

roduct rose 46• "oulation increase

• Inventors took

inventions a#road

• 8elgiumJs coal andiron resources

• !ermany iron and

wool factories• 'rance slow to

industriali(e

• Mechani(ationcame #ut late



Technology

• $he Industrial Bevolution was #uilton raid advances in technology



7$echnology comrises all that#ewilderingly varied #ody ofknowledge and devices #y which man

rogressively masters his naturalenvironment:::7

- $:<: =erry and $: I: Williams9 A Short History ofTechnology, 3



Technology

• Is technology good?



Technology!short" #ediu# and long$ter# conse%uences

1hort-term 8enefits are helful and desira#le Dthis is why weuse it: If roven to #e a dud9 it is discarded 2uickly:

Medium-term 3egative conse2uences are noted and strongresistance often arises: 1ometimes the short term causesdisrutions Dloss of o#s9 etc: and attemts are made inthe medium term to sto technology Duddites9 etc:K #utthese are rarely successful De6cet current efforts #y

environmental grous who have the #acking of oliticians9courts9 and many eole: $his resistance is outside marketforces:

ong-term May re2uire changesLevolution in the technology#ut we rarely a#andon the technology all together #ecausethe #enefits are great and the negatives are worked around:

– Mokyr9 @oel9 The Gifts of Athena9



Technology

• Is comle6ity good?



7Comle6ity creates unredicta#ility: $he morecomle6 a system9 the more difficult it is tounderstand all the different ways the system may#ehave–and9 in articular9 to anticiate all thedifferent ways it may fail: Interdeendence amongarts creates entirely new ways that things can go

wrong9 ways that engineers often overlook orignore: $hus many technological failures chalkedu to mechanical #reakdown or design flaws aremore accurately descri#ed as the children of

comle6ity:7

– "ool9 Bo#ert9 Beyond Engineering9 F6ford;niversity "ress9 AA.9 :*:



Technology

• %ow do we control technologywithout stifling rogress?



Than& 'ou

18 industrial revolution

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