Industrial Revolution

Major Inventions

of the 18-19th centuries

Spinning Jenny

Spinning Jenny

Invented by: James Hargreaves

Description: Allowed more thread to be produced by spinners

Impact:

Spinning process FASTER

Water-powered loom

Water-powered loom

Developed by: Edmund Cartwright

Impact:

Weavers could keep pace with the surplus of yarn produced by new

spinning machines

Steam engine

Steam engine

Improved by: James Watt

Description: Made changes that enabled engine to drive factory machinery

Impact:

Railroad industry booms; Factories can be built AWAY from WATER

Railroad

Railroad

Description:

A steam locomotive that ran on rails

Impact:

Helped lay foundations for larger markets (Transportation) and opened up new

forms of investment

Paddle-wheel Steamboat

Paddle-wheel Steamboat

Built by:

Robert Fulton

Impact:

Transportation along canals, rivers, and lakes made easier

Industrial Societies

What makes an industrial society?

Do the benefits ofindustrialization justify the costs?

The Second Industrial Revolution

1870-1914

New Industrial Frontiers

• Steel, Chemicals, Electricity

• 1870-1914: Steel replaced iron

• Steel: Lighter, smaller, faster machines, engines, railroads, etc.

• Electricity: Convertible into heat, light, motion

• New transportation: ocean liners, airplanes, automobiles

2 New Economic Zones

• Industrial – Makes Stuff

• Agricultural – Grows Stuff

Go to the map on p. 617

Attempts at Reform

LABOR UNIONS

• Formed by laborers to work for change• Unions negotiate for better pay, conditions with

employers• 1st Legal Strikes in GB in 1870s• Union goals

– higher wages– shorter hours– improved conditions

Universal Education

• Causes– 2nd Ind Rev needed skilled workers– To better educate voters– To build Patriotism

• Effects– Need more Teacher, so more Colleges– Increased Literacy, so more Newspapers

Socialism Ideology• Equality of all people

• Upset with elites (bankers, industrialists,etc)

• Replace competition w/ cooperation

• Early socialists: “Utopians”

• Ultimate goal: classless society

Marxist SocialismA system in which society,

usually in the form of the government, owns and controls

the means of production

(nat. resources, factories, etc.)

Karl Marx:

“World history… is the history

of class struggles.”

Marx’s Theory

• Industrialized societies split into two great classes

• Oppressors vs. Oppressed

• Struggle leads to violent revolution

• Dictatorship: gov. in which a person or group has absolute power

• Final Revolution Classless society

Key Terms

Bourgeoisie

The Middle Class

French origin;Sometimes negative

connotation—Ambition, greed

Proletariat

The Working class;

From Marx’s theory

(i.e. Russian Revolution)

Industrial Capitalism

Economic system based on industrial production

Produced middle class; people who built factories, bought machines, studied markets