13.1 ecologists study relationships
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13.1 Ecologists Study Relationships. Remember cellular levels of organization? Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism Environments have levels of organization too: Organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome. Observations - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
13.1 Ecologists Study Relationships
• Remember cellular levels of organization?– Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system,
organism• Environments have levels of organization too:– Organism, population, community, ecosystem,
biome
• Observations– Remember: QuaLitative and QuaNtitative Data– Short-term or Long-term studies (Darwin!!!)– Visual Surveys: direct (scope) or indirect (footprints)
• Experimentation- direct study of organisms– Lab: more control, less complex results– Field: more accurate results (not always cause/effect)
• Modeling– Computer/math-based – Uses lots of data to make predictions– Quick lab/estimations
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• Biotic- living • Abiotic- “a”=not, nonliving
Match the following environmental factors as biotic or abiotic:
Rock Oxygen SalinitySponge Fern MulchShark Squirrel LillySunflower Sand PantherWater Mangrove Tree Apple
keystone
• Biodiversity– Variety of life in an ecosystem– Why do we care? __________________________
• Keystone Species– Keystone holds up an arch– Species has great effect on/in ecosystem– Why do we care? __________________________– (Multimedia activity)WebQuest: Keystone species • Use the information you’ve learned to predict what
would happen if sea otters went extinct.
13.3 Energy in Ecosystems
• Producers = Autotrophs (make own food)– Remember photosynthesis??– Also chemosynthesis: use chemical instead of sun
• Consumers = Heterotrophs (must eat something else)– Herbivores- eats plants (herba = vegetation)– Omnivores- eats plants and animals (omna = all)– Carnivores- eats animals (carnus = flesh)– Detritivores- eats dead organic matter– Decomposers-break down organic matter
• (Animation/simulations: visual concepts- 13.3)– 2 facts from each visual you watch
13.4 Food Chains and Food Webs• Hey don’t write this first note you already did• Consumers = Heterotrophs (must eat something else)
– Herbivores- eats plants (herba = vegetation)– Omnivores- eats plants and animals (omna = all)– Carnivores- eats animals (carnus = flesh)– Detritivores- eats dead organic matter– Decomposers-break down organic matter
• Food chains show energy flow• Food webs show complex feeding relationships• Specialist- specific food type (1 or few
organisms)• Generalists- eat variety of foods in diet
• Trophic Levels– Primary: autotrophs/producers– Secondary: herbivores – Tertiary: omnivores and carnivores
• Online: Animation- Build a food web (sketch web)
13.5 Cycling of Matter• Attach bunches of those little pictures • Next to each picture we are going to write
how elements enter/exit the system• Hydrologic Cycle– Enter: evaporation (bodies of water), transpiration– Exit: condensation/precipitation, used
plants/animals• Biogeochemical Cycle– How elements are cycled through biotic and
abiotic parts of environment
• Oxygen Cycle– Enter: autotrophs from photo-/chemo-synthesis– Exit: used by humans or in soil as nutrients
• Carbon Cycle:– Enter: CO2 (atm), HCO3 (in water), fossil fuels/in
ground, oil, natural gas, rocks, dead organic matter– Exit: burning fossil fuels, plants, evaporation
• Nitrogen Cycle:– Enter: bacteria, atmosphere, decomposing plants– Exit: animals, plants
• Phosphorous Cycle:– Enter: geologic movements, decomposition – Exit: leaching, weathering, sedimentation
energy transferredenergy
lost
13.6 Pyramid Models• Energy pyramid- E used
by producers/consumers• Biomass- total dry mass
of all organisms in area• Each tier loses 90% of E =
ONLY 10% of E is transferred from each trophic level!!!
• Biomass pyramid– Dry mass of tropic levels– Mass of comsumers
needed to support levels above them
• Pyramid of Numbers – Numbers of individuals– Vast #’s of producers are
needed to support even just a few tertiary consumers
– Animations: Visual concepts 13.6 (2)
tertiaryconsumers
secondaryconsumers
primaryconsumers
producers
75 g/m2
150g/m2
675g/m2
2000g/m2producers 2000g/m2
tertiaryconsumers
secondaryconsumers
primaryconsumers
producers
5
5000
500,000
5,000,0005,000,000producers