1 principles of ecology ch. 13. 2 13.1 ecologists study relationships ecology: the study of the...
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Principles of EcologyCh. 13
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13.1 Ecologists study relationships
Ecology: the study of the interactions among living things, and between living things and their surroundings.
Eco = environmentology = study of
This is studied at different levels
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OrganismOrganism
1. organism - an individual living thing, such as an alligator.
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
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OrganismOrganism
Population
Population
2. population is a group of the same species that lives in one area.
- Several alligators living together.
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
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OrganismOrganism
Population
Population
Community
Community
3. A community is a group of different species that live together in one area.
- Alligators, birds, fish, plants
all living together in a swamp.
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
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OrganismOrganism
Population
Population
Community
CommunityEcosystem
Ecosystem
4. An ecosystem includes all of the organisms as well as the non-living things such as; climate, soil, water, rocks and other in a given area.
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
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Organism
Organism
PopulationPopulation
Community
CommunityEcosystem
Ecosystem
Biome
5. A biome is a major regional or global community of organisms characterized by the climate conditions and plant communities that thrive there.
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
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Ecological research methods include observation, experimentation, and modeling.
Observation
•Direct surveys used for easy to spot and follow species employ binoculars or scopes.
•Indirect surveys are used for species that are difficult to track and include looking for other signs of their presence.
•Feces or a recent kill.
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1._____________________________________
2. _____________________________________
3._____________________________________
Quadrat Sampling
TAGGING / RADIO TELEMETRY
Mark and Recapture –
•Capture a number organisms- mark/tag them
•Recapture a portion
•The number of marked organisms if proportional to the size of the whole population.
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What is the population of turtles in the rectangle: _______
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MEASURE THE SIZE OF THE SQUARE: _______________
TIME YOURSELF AND COUNT THE NUMBER OF TURTLES: ____
DETERMINE HOW MANY SQUARES CAN FIT INTO THE LARGER RECTANGLE ON THE PREVIOUS PAGE: _________
CALCULATE THE POPULATION OF TURTLES IN THE RECTANGLE: ___________________________________
Where your two numbers relatively close? _____________________
What is the advantage of quadrat sampling? _____________________
What is the disadvantage of quadrat sampling? _____________________
What type of organism do you think would be best suited for quadrat sampling? ____________________________________________________
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Experiments: Performed in the lab or in the field.
• Lab experiments:
• Positive = More control
• Negative = Doesn’t always reflect what happens in nature
•Field experiments:
• Positive = More accurate picture of what happens in nature
• Negative = May not help determine cause and effect
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Modeling:
•Computer and Mathematical models
• “What would happen if…”
• Predict outcomes
• Allows scientists to learn about organisms or ecosystems in ways that would not be possible in a natural or lab setting.
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1.What are the five different levels of organization studied by ecologists?
2. Describe the three general methods used by ecologists to study organisms.
3. What ecological research methods would you use to study bird migration? Explain your choices.
4.How might an ecologist use modeling to study fire in a forest ecosystem? What might be some key variable used to create the model?
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ALL LIVING THINGS
BACTERIA-PROTIST-FUNGUS-PLANTS-ANIMALS
ALL NON-LIVING THINGS
WATER-SUN-SNOW-CLOUDS-ROCKS-MOUNTAINS
13.2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors
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Changing one factor can affect many other factorsBiodiversity
•Biodiversity is the assortment, or variety, of living things in an ecosystem.
•Rainforests have more biodiversity than other locations in the world, but are threatened by human activities.
Keystone species is a species that has an unusually large effect on its ecosystem.Example = Beaver
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keystone
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creation ofwetlandecosystem
increased waterfowlPopulation
increased fishpopulation
nesting sites for birds
keystone species
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1.Select an ecosystem that is familiar to you and describe the biotic and abiotic factors that exist there.
2. How would the removal of a keystone species affect an ecosystem’s biodiversity?
3. Name an abiotic factor. Explain how a change in an abiotic factor would affect biodiversity.
4.Humans are sometimes described as being a keystone species. Does this label fit? Why or why not?
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13.3 Energy in Ecosystems`Producers provide energy for other organisms in
an ecosystem.
•Producers- make their own food – also called autotrophs
•Consumers – get energy by eating – also called heterotrophs
Almost all producers obtain energy from sunlight.
•Photosynthesis in most producers uses sunlight as an energy source.
Chemosynthesis in prokaryote (bacteria) producers uses chemicals as an energy source.
Video clip20
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1.How does the stability of an ecosystem depend on its producers?
2. What are the two processes used by producers to obtain energy?
3. Few producers live deep below a lake’s surface. Suggest an explanation for this pattern.
4.Could producers survive without consumers? Explain why or why not?
5. Could consumers survive without producers? Why or why not?
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13.4 Food Chains and Food WebFood chains and food webs model the flow of
energy in an ecosystem.
• Show feeding relationships for one chain of producers and consumers in an ecosystem
• Arrow always points in the direction the energy is going.
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DESERT COTTONTAILGRAMA GRASS HARRIS’S HAWK
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Consumers are not all alike.
•Herbivores eat only plants.
•Carnivores eat only animals.
•Omnivores eat both plants and animals.
•Detritivores eat dead organic matter.
•Decomposers are detritivores that break down organic matter into simpler compounds.
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•Specialists are consumers that primarily eat one specific organism or a very small number of organisms.
•Ex: Florida Snail Kite – eats only snails
• Generalists are consumers that have a varied diet.
Ex: Grey wolf24
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Trophic Levels- Feeding levels in a food chain
•Primary consumers are herbivores that eat producers.
•Secondary consumers are carnivores that eat herbivores.
•Tertiary consumers are carnivores that eat secondary consumers.
•Omnivores, such as humans that eat both plants and animals, may be listed at different trophic levels in different food chains.
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Food Web•Shows many
interconnected food chains in an ecosystem
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Identify three food chains from this food web.
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1.Name the producers in the salt marsh community. ___________________________
2.Name four primary consumers in the salt marsh community. __________________ ___________________ ___________________ _____________________
3.Name four secondary consumers in the salt marsh community. _________________ ___________________ ___________________ _____________________
4.Name an animal in the salt marsh community that eats both plants and animals. _________________________________________________________________
5.Name the two animals at the top of the salt marsh food web. _________________________________________________________________
6.Why are the decomposers shown as the are in this picture? __________________________________________________________________
7.Who is the “highest’ consumer? ________________________________
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1.Why are food chains especially useful for describing the relationships of specialists?
2. What happens to energy as it flows through a food web?
3.Only a small percentage of all consumers are specialists. What danger does a specialist face that a generalist does not?
4.How might the stability of an ecosystem be affected if all the decomposers were suddenly removed?
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Water cycles through the environment. •The hydrologic, or water cycle is the circular
pathway of water on Earth.
•Organisms all have bodies made mostly of water.
precipitation condensation
transpiration
evaporation
water storagein ocean
surfacerunoff
lake
groundwater
seepage
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Elements essential for life also cycle through ecosystems.
•A biogeochemical cycle is the movement of a chemical through the biological and geological parts of an ecosystem.
•The Oxygen cycle involves photosynthesis and respiration.
•Oxygen cycles indirectly through an ecosystem by the cycling of other nutrients.
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fossil fuels
photosynthesis
carbon dioxidedissolved in water
decompositionof organisms
respiration
carbondioxidein air
photosynthesis
combustionrespiration
Carbon is the building block of life.
• The carbon cycle moves carbon from the atmosphere, through the food web, and returns to the atmosphere.
• Carbon is emitted by the burning of fossil fuels.
• Some carbon is stored for long periods of time in areas called carbon sinks.
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nitrogen inatmosphere
animals
denitrifyingbacteria
nitrifyingbacteria
nitrifyingbacteria
ammonium
ammonification
decomposers
plant
nitrogen-fixingbacteria in soil
nitrogen-fixingbacteria in
roots
nitrates
nitrites
The nitrogen cycle mostly takes place underground.
• Some bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen into ammonia through a process called nitrogen fixation.
• nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in roots of plants; others live freely in the soil.
• bacteria change the ammonium into nitrate.
• moves through the food web and returnsto the soil duringdecomposition.
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geologic upliftingrain
weathering ofphosphate from rocks
runoff
sedimentationforms new rocks
leaching
phosphate in solutionanimals
plants
decomposers
phosphatein soil
The phosphorus cycle takes place at and below ground level.
• released by the weathering of rocks.
• moves through the food web and returns to the soil during decomposition.
• leaches into groundwater from the soil and is locked in sediments.
• added to environment by both mining and agriculture
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•How does the hydrologic cycle move water through the environment?
•What are the four elements that cycle through ecosystems and why are they important?
•Why might farmers plants legumes such as peas to improve the nitrogen levels in their soil?
•Explain the importance of decomposers to the overall biogeochemical cycle
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energy transferredenergy
lost
An energy pyramid shows the distribution of energy among trophic levels. • Energy pyramids compare energy used by producers and other organisms on trophic levels.
• Up to 90 percent of the energy = lost as heat between each level
• Only 10 percent of the energy at each tier is transferred from one trophic level to the next.
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Pyramids for Biomass and numbers
•Biomass is a measure of the total dry mass of organisms in a given area.
tertiaryconsumers
secondaryconsumers
primaryconsumers
producers
75 g/m2
150g/m2
675g/m2
2000g/m2producers 2000g/m2
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A pyramid of numbers shows the numbers of individual organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem.
tertiaryconsumers
secondaryconsumers
primaryconsumers
producers
5
5000
500,000
5,000,0005,000,000producers
• A vast number of producers are required to support even a few top level consumers.
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1.How does an energy pyramid help to describe energy flow in a food web?
2. What is the difference between a biomass pyramid and a pyramid of numbers?
3. How would you draw a pyramid of numbers for a dog with fleas? What shape would the pyramid take?
4.If each level in a food chain typically loses 90% of the energy it takes in, and the producer level uses 1000 kilocalories of energy, how much of that energy is left after the third trophic level?