13 lesson 13.1: nutrition lesson 13.2: anatomy and physiology of the digestive system lesson 13.3:...
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13
Lesson 13.1: Nutrition
Lesson 13.2: Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System
Lesson 13.3: Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System
The Digestive System and Nutrition
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Lesson 13.1
Nutrition
Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition
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• energy• macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals
Nutrition
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• measuring the body’s energy use– calories– kilocalories
• basal metabolic rate– energy required for one day at rest– varies by individual
Energy
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• nutrients– substances needed for
• energy• growth• maintenance
Macronutrients, Vitamins, and Minerals
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• carbohydrates • proteins • fats (lipids)• vitamins • minerals
Nutrients
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• sugars• starches• 1 gram supplies 4 Calories• one half of daily caloric intake should be from
carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
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• made of amino acids• essential amino acids
– must be part of diet
• nonessential amino acids– body can make
• one gram supplies 4 Calories
• one quarter of daily caloric intake from proteins
Proteins
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• lipids• saturated fats• monounsaturated fats• polyunsaturated fats• trans-unsaturated fats (trans fats)
Fats
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• one gram supplies 9 Calories• minimize trans and saturated fat intake• less than 25–35% of total calories from fat
Fats
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• chemicals needed for proper metabolism• types of vitamins
– fat-soluble• may be stored in the body
– water-soluble• are not stored in the body
• vitamin deficiency
Vitamins
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• elements needed for proper body function• examples
– calcium– potassium– iron– phosphorus
Minerals
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Water-Soluble Vitamins
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Fat-Soluble Vitamins
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Minerals
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Match these words with 1–4 below: carbohydrate, fat, vitamin, iron.
1. 9 calories per gram
2. water soluble
3. sugar
4. mineral
Review and Assessment
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Lesson 13.2
Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System
Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition
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• activities of digestion• layers of the alimentary canal• digestive organs and their functions
Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System
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• (1) ingestion– getting food into the body
• (2) propulsion– moving food along GI tract
• (3) mechanical breakdown– breaks food into smaller pieces– increases surface area of food
Activities of Digestion
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• (4) chemical breakdown– also known as digestion – enzymes
• (5) absorption– digested food particles moved into blood
• (6) defecation– expulsion of food that was not absorbed
Activities of Digestion
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Activities of Digestion
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• mucosa– innermost layer– adjacent to lumen
• submucosa– below mucosa
Layers of the Alimentary Canal
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• muscularis externa– circular muscle– longitudinal muscle
• serosa – outermost layer– peritoneum
• visceral• parietal
Layers of the Alimentary Canal
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Layers of the Alimentary Canal
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True or False?
1. Mechanical breakdown decreases the surface area of food.
2. The mucosa is adjacent to the lumen.
3. Peritoneum is serosa.
4. In absorption, digested food moves into the blood.
Review and Assessment
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• the oral cavity• the nasal cavity• teeth and gums• salivary glands• pharynx• esophagus
Digestive Organs and Their Functions
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• stomach• small intestine• liver and gallbladder• pancreas• large intestine• rectum, anal canal, and anus
Digestive Organs and Their Functions
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Digestive Organs and Their Functions
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• lips• tongue• cheeks• palate
– hard– soft
The Oral Cavity
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• passageway for air• uvula
– hangs from soft palate– keeps food out of nasal cavity when swallowing
The Nasal Cavity
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• gum– gingiva
• teeth– deciduous– permanent
• incisor• canine• molar
Teeth and Gums
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Anatomy of the Tooth
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• parotid• submandibular• sublingual• saliva
– water – enzymes
Salivary Glands
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• nasopharynx• oropharynx• laryngopharynx
– glottis– epiglottis
Pharynx
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• connects pharynx to stomach• peristalsis
– muscle contraction changes size of tube– food is moved through GI tract
Esophagus
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• regions – cardia– fundus– body– pyloric region
• three layers of muscle
Stomach
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• gastric gland– mucus-secreting cells– parietal cells– chief cells– enteroendocrine cells
Lining of the Stomach
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• protein-digesting enzymes• chyme formation• stomach contractions
Chemical Reactions in the Stomach
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Match these words with 1–4 below: canine, fundus, parotid, esophagus.
1. region of stomach
2. connects pharynx to stomach
3. a type of tooth
4. a type of salivary gland
Review and Assessment
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• segments– duodenum– jejunum– ileum
• lining– villi– intestinal crypts
Small Intestine
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• chemical breakdown– emulsification by bile– break down by
enzymes
• absorption into the blood – from capillaries to the
blood – lacteal to lymph– vitamin B12
Small Intestine
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• functions of the liver– maintains nutrients in blood– converts one nutrient to another– stores nutrients– inactivates toxins
• hepatic portal vein• parts of the liver
– lobules– hepatocytes– blood vessels– bile canaliculi– bile salts
The Liver
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Liver and Gallbladder
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• functions of the gallbladder– stores bile produced by liver– releases bile when fat-containing chyme is in duodenum
The Gallbladder
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• pancreatic juices– contain digestive enzymes
• glucose regulation– beta cells–insulin– alpha cells–glucagon
Pancreas
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• regions – cecum– colon
• ascending• transverse• descending• sigmoid
Large Intestine
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• rectum• anal canal• anus
– sphincters• internal• external
Rectum, Anal Canal, and Anus
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Match these words with 1–4 below: jejunum, sigmoid, beta cells, gallbladder.
1. a region of the colon
2. a region of the small intestine
3. stores bile
4. produce insulin
Review and Assessment
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Lesson 13.3
Disorders and Diseases of the
Digestive System
Chapter 13: The Digestive System and Nutrition
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• gingivitis and periodontal disease– plaque forms tarter
• cardiovascular disease • gastroesophageal reflux disease
– heartburn
• ulcers– Helicobacter pylori
Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System
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• gastroenteritis– inflammation of stomach or intestine
• inflammatory bowel disease– chronic inflammation– ulcerative colitis– Crohn’s disease
• constipation and diarrhea– infrequent or too frequent defecation
Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System
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• hepatitis– inflammation of liver
• pancreatitis– inflammation of pancreas
• gallstones– bile forms crystals– cholecystectomy
• cancer– digestive system cancers
are common
Disorders and Diseases of the Digestive System
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Fill in the blanks with: tartar, gallstones, hepatitis, or ulcers.
1. Helicobacter pylori causes _______________.
2. Inflammation of the liver is _______________.
3. Plaque forms _______________.
4. Crystals of bile are _______________.
Review and Assessment