12-1112-11Obj:Obj: To understand To understand a desire to return a desire to return

to normalcy in to normalcy in America and the America and the

fear of fear of Communism.Communism.

Americans Struggle Americans Struggle with Postwar Issueswith Postwar Issues

Chapter 20Chapter 20

Section 1Section 1

Terms and NamesTerms and Names

communism communism A. Mitchell PalmerA. Mitchell Palmer anarchistanarchist Sacco and VanzettiSacco and Vanzetti Calvin CoolidgeCalvin Coolidge John L. LewisJohn L. Lewis

Trends in American Society Trends in American Society After the WarAfter the War

After WWI, Americans wanted After WWI, Americans wanted to get “back to normal”.to get “back to normal”.

The The biggest threat to biggest threat to normalcy was communismnormalcy was communism

Three trends resulted from Three trends resulted from this desire for normalcythis desire for normalcy

American Trends . . .American Trends . . .

IsolationismIsolationism

US pulls away from world affairsUS pulls away from world affairs

NativismNativism

Suspicion of foreign born peopleSuspicion of foreign born people

Political ConservatismPolitical Conservatism

Opposite of the Progressive Era Opposite of the Progressive Era

The Russian RevolutionThe Russian Revolution

World War I devastated RussiaWorld War I devastated Russia and it’s governmentand it’s government

March 15, 1917 Czar Nicholas II March 15, 1917 Czar Nicholas II abdicated his throneabdicated his throne

November 1917, November 1917, Bolsheviks(Lenin) gained control Bolsheviks(Lenin) gained control

Established communismEstablished communism

March of 1919March of 1919

Third Communist International Third Communist International meetingmeeting

Advocated worldwide Advocated worldwide revolutionrevolution Overthrow the capitalist systemOverthrow the capitalist system Abolish free enterpriseAbolish free enterprise No more private propertyNo more private property

The The Red ScareRed Scare in the U. in the U. S.S.

70,00070,000 Americans joined the Americans joined the Communist partyCommunist party

The rest of the nation panicked; The rest of the nation panicked; thought the “reds” were going to thought the “reds” were going to take overtake over

The Palmer RaidsThe Palmer Raids

A. Mitchell PalmerA. Mitchell PalmerAttorney GeneralAttorney GeneralDecided to take action Decided to take action

against the against the “Red Scare”“Red Scare”Felt radicals were undermining Felt radicals were undermining

American valuesAmerican values

The Palmer Raids . . .The Palmer Raids . . .

Government agents hunted Government agents hunted down suspected down suspected Communists, Communists, socialists and anarchistssocialists and anarchists

Ignored civil rights; invaded Ignored civil rights; invaded homes and offices without homes and offices without search warrantssearch warrants

The Palmer RaidsThe Palmer Raids

Jailed suspects without Jailed suspects without allowing them to see lawyers, allowing them to see lawyers, arrested their visitorsarrested their visitors

Deported hundreds of Deported hundreds of “suspects” without a trial“suspects” without a trial

The Palmer Raids . . . The Palmer Raids . . .

The raids didn’t turn up any The raids didn’t turn up any evidence, explosives, or plotsevidence, explosives, or plots

American public decided Palmer American public decided Palmer didn’t know what he was talking didn’t know what he was talking aboutabout

Sacco and VanzettiSacco and Vanzetti

Italian immigrants, anarchistsItalian immigrants, anarchists Evaded the draft Evaded the draft Were Were accused of murder and accused of murder and

robberyrobbery Not given a fair trialNot given a fair trial

Sentenced to deathSentenced to death despite despite circumstantial evidence and circumstantial evidence and worldwide protests(1961 worldwide protests(1961 ballistics)ballistics)

The Klan Rises AgainThe Klan Rises Again The Klan revived in 1915 and The Klan revived in 1915 and

strengthened in 1920 strengthened in 1920 (b/c rise in Red (b/c rise in Red Scare and anti-immigrant feelings)Scare and anti-immigrant feelings)

Devoted to “Devoted to “100% Americanism100% Americanism”” 4.5 million “4.5 million “white male white male

persons, native – born persons, native – born

gentile citizensgentile citizens””

The Klan Rises AgainThe Klan Rises Again

Opposed anyone unlike themselvesOpposed anyone unlike themselves Believed in keeping blacks “in their Believed in keeping blacks “in their

place”place” Drove Jews, Roman Catholics and Drove Jews, Roman Catholics and

foreign born people out of the countryforeign born people out of the country Opposed union organizationsOpposed union organizations Enforced prohibitionEnforced prohibition

The Klan Rises AgainThe Klan Rises Again

Dressed in hooded robesDressed in hooded robes Used a secret language & ritualsUsed a secret language & rituals Created an incentive program to Created an incentive program to

recruit members called “kleagling”recruit members called “kleagling”

The Klan Rises Again The Klan Rises Again

Felt moral values were being Felt moral values were being attacked attacked

Feared job competition from Feared job competition from immigrantsimmigrants

Convinced Convinced foreigners were going foreigners were going to overthrow the American way to overthrow the American way of lifeof life

Influenced national state and local Influenced national state and local politicspolitics

Quota SystemQuota System Emergency Quota Act of 1921 established Emergency Quota Act of 1921 established

the max number of people who could the max number of people who could enter the U.S. from each foreign enter the U.S. from each foreign country(Pg. 622)country(Pg. 622)

Discriminated against people from eastern Discriminated against people from eastern and southern Europe(Roman Catholics and southern Europe(Roman Catholics and Jews)and Jews)

Total number admitted in one year Total number admitted in one year equaled 150k.equaled 150k.

Prohibited Japanese immigration; angered Prohibited Japanese immigration; angered JapaneseJapanese

A Time of Labor UnrestA Time of Labor Unrest

During the war workers were not During the war workers were not allowed to go on strikeallowed to go on strike

Wages had not kept up with Wages had not kept up with pricesprices, but employers didn’t , but employers didn’t want to give their workers raiseswant to give their workers raises

In 1919, there were more than In 1919, there were more than 3000 strikes3000 strikes

The Boston Police StrikeThe Boston Police Strike

No raise since the No raise since the beginning of the warbeginning of the war

Asked for a living wageAsked for a living wage Everyone that asked was firedEveryone that asked was fired

Remaining police went on strikeRemaining police went on strike

The Boston Police Strike The Boston Police Strike

Governor Calvin Coolidge called Governor Calvin Coolidge called out National Guard to restore out National Guard to restore orderorder

Boston Police called off the Boston Police called off the strikestrike

The Boston Police StrikeThe Boston Police Strike

The police commissioner The police commissioner refused to allow the men to refused to allow the men to return to their jobsreturn to their jobs

The newly hired men received The newly hired men received what the police had been what the police had been striking forstriking for

The Steel Mill StrikeThe Steel Mill Strike

Who:Who: US Steel CorporationUS Steel CorporationWhen:When: September 1919September 1919Why:Why: Difficult & DangerousDifficult & Dangerous

working conditionsworking conditionsWants:Wants: Shorter working dayShorter working day

Living wageLiving wage

The Steel Mill StrikeThe Steel Mill Strike

Steel companies hired Steel companies hired strikebreakers and used forcestrikebreakers and used force18 workers were killed18 workers were killedHundreds were wounded and Hundreds were wounded and

beatenbeaten Other companies said the Other companies said the

strikers were Communistsstrikers were Communists

The Steel Mill StrikeThe Steel Mill Strike President WilsonPresident Wilson tried to intervene tried to intervene

but but was not able to resolve the was not able to resolve the issuesissues

The strike ended January 1920The strike ended January 1920 A report in 1923 about the working A report in 1923 about the working

conditions shocked the public and the conditions shocked the public and the steel companies agreed to an 8 hour steel companies agreed to an 8 hour work daywork day

Steelworkers still did not have a Steelworkers still did not have a unionunion

The Coal Miners StrikeThe Coal Miners Strike

Who:Who: United Mine WorkersUnited Mine Workers

John L. Lewis, John L. Lewis, presidentpresident

When:When: November 1, 1919November 1, 1919

Why:Why: Low wagesLow wages

Long workdaysLong workdays

The Coal Miners StrikeThe Coal Miners Strike

Defied a court order to go back Defied a court order to go back to work for another monthto work for another month

President Wilson sent an arbitrator President Wilson sent an arbitrator Coal miners received a 27% Coal miners received a 27%

increase increase Did not receive a shorter workday Did not receive a shorter workday

until the 1930’s.until the 1930’s.

Labor Movement Loses Labor Movement Loses AppealAppeal Many Americans Many Americans believed labor believed labor

unions fostered unions fostered communismcommunism Most unions excluded African Most unions excluded African

AmericansAmericansExcept mine workers, Except mine workers,

longshoremen and railroad longshoremen and railroad portersporters

Labor Movement Loses AppealLabor Movement Loses Appeal

Membership in unions declinedMembership in unions declined Immigrants had no choice but to Immigrants had no choice but to

work in poor conditionswork in poor conditionsUnions had trouble organizing Unions had trouble organizing

the many languagesthe many languagesFarmers turned factory workers Farmers turned factory workers

were used to relying on were used to relying on themselvesthemselves