113 dda general anatomy & physiology course director: dr asmaa faden course contributors: dr...

113 DDAGeneral Anatomy & Physiology

Course Director:

Dr Asmaa Faden

Course Contributors:

Dr Maysara AlShawafDr Sally El-Haddad

Anatomy & Physiology

Definitions:

•Human anatomy deals with the structure of the human body at the gross, cellular, and subcellular levels.


Definitions:

•Human Physiology• Is the study of the functions of healthy livingorganisms and the changes which occur during activity. • It continues beyond the study of anatomy into:• Why???• What they do???• How parts work???


- A healthy person is when all systems function well.

- It is impossible to understand the effect of diseases

and its clinical manifestation without an understanding

of healthy structure and function.

- It is convenient, when considering Functions to divide

the body into a number of closely interrelated systems.

Anatomy & PhysiologyAnatomic Reference Systems

1- Directions & Body planes

3- Structural units & Body systems

2- Body Cavities

Anatomy & Physiology• Are imaginary lines used to divide the body into sections.

• Used to describe the location of an organ or a problem.

Types:

1. Horizontal Plane.

2. Sagittal Plane (Midsagittal Plane).

3. Frontal Plane.

Body Planes


Horizontal Plane• It means = transverse.• It divides the body into superior (upper) &

inferior (lower) portions.

Sagittal Plane

• Is any vertical plane that divides the body from top to bottom into right & left.

• Midsagittal plane=Midline=Median: Is the vertical plane that divides the body into equal parts right & left.

Frontal Plane

• Means= Coronal.• It is any vertical plane at right angles to

the sagittal plane that divides the body into anterior (front) & posterior (back) portions.




2- Body Cavities

Anatomy & Physiology- In the human body the organs lie within a specific places

called Body Cavities.


Body Cavities

• Are the locations or spaces that “house” the organs of the body.

• The wall of a body cavity is called “Parietal”• There are 2 body cavities:• Dorsal body cavity: located in the back of the body• Ventral body cavity: located in the front of the body.

Anatomy & PhysiologyBody cavities are subdivided into :

(I) The dorsal body cavity which is divided into:

1- Cranial cavity contains the brain

2- Spinal cavity contains the spinal cord


(II) The ventral body cavity and is subdivided into:

1- Thoracic cavity: contains the heart, lungs, esophagus and trachea.

2- Abdominopelvic cavity:

i- Abdominal cavity: contains stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen & intestines.

ii- Pelvic cavity contains portion of the small & large intestine, rectum, urinary bladder & reproductive organs.




2- Body Cavities


Cell + Cell Cells + Cells Tissue + Tissues

Organ + Organs

System +

Systems

Human Body

Structural Units

Anatomy & Physiology They are the smallest living units of the body.

1.75 trillion cells = 1000,000,000,000 cells.

Cells have nucleus & cytoplasm.

Cells are able to:

• React to stimuli & transform nutrients into energy.

• Grow.

• Reproduce.

The Cell


Shapes of CellsColumns

Cubes

Spheres

Saucers

Threads

Paving stones


Different types of cells have different functions, e.g.:

Brain Cells

Blood Cells

Lung Cells

The term for specialization of cells is called differentiation.


Each type of cell has a specific age to live:

Intestinal cell (1 ½ day).

RBCs (120).

Nerve cell (100 days).


Tissues • Are group of specialized cells

that joint together to perform a

particular function


Types of tissues

Epithelial Connective Muscle Nerve



Organ + Organs

System +

Systems

Human Body

Structural Units


Organ

• Is a collection of related tissues that perform a definite function.

• Many organs function together within the body system, e.g., digestive system has tongue, stomach and colon.

• One organ may contain more than one type of tissues, e.g., heart has cardiac muscles, nerves and blood vessels.



Organ + Organs

System +

Systems

Human Body

Structural Units


Body systems

• Comprise of many organs which are interdependent & function as a team to keep the body healthy and functional.

• Example: the respiratory system needs the

circulatory system to distribute the blood & O2.

Anatomy & PhysiologyBody Systems

1- Skeletal2- Muscular3- Nervous

4- Cardiovascular5- Respiratory

6- Digestive7- Endocrine

8- Urinary + Reproductive9- Immune system

10- Integumentary (Skin)

113 dda general anatomy & physiology course director: dr asmaa faden course contributors: dr...

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