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Collaborative rapid prototyping

A Research Paper by Amaury de Buchet

Affiliate Professor, Innovation andEntrepreneurship

June, 21st 2011



Preambule

• The purpose of this document is to

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Information stickyness is key in innovation-related problem solving

• In many innovation-related cases,the key issue is the transfer of

information, not capabilities, as it is

often tacit, embedded inenvironments and uses

• It is said the information is« sticky » when it is costly to

acquire, transfer and use in a newlocation

3

« To solve a problem,needed information

and problem-solvingcapabilities must be

brought together – physically or virtually

– at a single locus »

Eric von Hippel (1994)



v. Hippel described 4 patterns in thereduction of information stickyness

4

The chosen locustends to be the onewhere information is

most sticky:

• User (need)

• Manufacturer (capability)

When more than onelocus of sticky

information is calledupon, problem solving

may shift iteratively

When the cost of iterations is too high

problems may be « taskpartitioned » into sub-problems that can besolved at one locus

And/or efforts done toreduce stickyness of

information inputs oroutputs



Most product development environmentsare inappropriate for interdisciplanary

collaborative work

• Natural tendancy toconsider producti

development activities as a« process » must be

balanced with a dose of chaos

• Because of incertainty andcost associated with a

specification-driven model,

innovative companiesprefer a prototype-drivenapproach

5

« Structured approachesare required to model,

specify and build interactive systems with

high usability » Metzker et al. (2002)



Agile artefacts and techniques arepreferred to structured modelling

Lightweight Structured

Mar k et st udies

Of f ic e doc ument s

UML

T ec hniques

Ar t ef ac t s

6

Agile artefacts have critical roles in mediated

collaboration . « Theseartefacts support creation

and reflection, facilitateresolution of contradiction,and also work at a level of

consciousness that is below

the level of self-awareness » Brown et al.

(2008)



Agile artefacts and techniques can beused to facilitate prototyping activities

Artefacts

Use cases

Scenarios

Personas

Roles

Techniques

RolePlaying

Sketching

Claymodeling

Photos /Videos

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Next generation frameworks allow for common action and reflexion spaces

• (Design) Communities of Interests are heterogenous

design communities: theybring together

stakeholders from different

CoPs to solve a particular(design) problem of

common concern

8

Tangible interfaces allow

« for face-to-faceinteraction (maximizing the

communication channel

between stakeholders),mediated by both physical

and computational

objects » Fischer (2001)



The innovation process can be « flattened »in a 7 steps timeline

Ideation

Formalization

Developpement

Experimentation

Industrialization

Deployment

Improvement

1" 2" 7"6"5"4"3"

• Each step is usually conditioned by the previous ones, butnumerous exceptions can occur to reduce costs and delays, whileincreasing success likelihood :

– Iterations, resulting in loops ;

– Task-partitioning, resulting in parallel processes ;

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Prototyping activities can occur at eachphase of the innovation process

Problemidentification

Insightformalization

Businessprocess

description

Interface

description

Low-fidelityprototype

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Prototyping activities can be accelerated ina collaborative « workshop » environment

1. In a « user space », either real or recreated with props

2. With multidisciplinary teams, including users and prescriptors

3. In rapid iterations of development, test and feedback

4. With agile artefacts and techniques

5. Ending in a low-fidelity prototype

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Different methods and medium are used ateach step to facilitate collaboration among

stakeholders

Products Services(Business

processes)

Services(Interfaces

)

Services(Software)

Scenarii X X

Storyboards X X

Mood boards X X

Wireframes X

3D CAD X

Role Playing X X

Sketching X X XStop-motion X

Diagrams X X

Clay models X

Personas X X X X12



Mood boards

13Source : http://blog.flourishstudios.co.uk/category/branding-your-business/mood-boards/



Personas

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Peter Powerseller, Online Auctioneer

Name Gender Age Occupation HHI

Peter Powerseller Male 45 Merchant $54,000

Peter Powerseller is an online auctioneer and brick and mortar storeowner. His ePort virtual store does an average of $4000 per month innet sales. He enjoys a 99% customer satisfaction rating.

Peter’s virtual store sells antiques. Peter also has a space in an antiquemall in Indiana, which does about $500 per month in net sales. Hetravels the US on his frequent “antiquing” trips and also shops online for deals to fill his online and brick and mortar antique stores. He is able tolive off of his $54,000/ year income funded 100% by his passion for antiques.

When he’s not busy selling or out antiquing, Peter retires to his home in

Muncee, IN. There he enjoys his Victorian home which is richlydecorated with fine antiques.

Peter’s Goals

Buy/Sell

Make money

Connecting good things withgood people

To protect his business fromfraud/loss/theft.

Maintain his reputation.

Peter’s Priorities

To login quickly and reliably everyday so he can make his sales, hismonthly online income, andmaintain a high customer satisfaction rating.

To be able to react quickly whenan item Peter is interested inpurchasing is nearing the end of an auction.

Important to Remember

Peter is NOT a techno geek, he’sis not into technology for technology’s sake

Peter is easily overwhelmed bythings he’s perceives as high-tech

Peter deals in the old, which is bydefinition NOT high-tech

Source : http://www.jenniferbullard.com/personas.html

Source : http://www.susagroup.com/en/our-tools/#lemtool

Source : http://www.bluehaired.com/2009/11/ creative-sessions-playing-with-serious-stuff/



Scenarii

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Tools :• http://prezi.com/

• http://freemind.sourceforge.net • http://www.mindjet.com/

Source : http://blogs.msdn.com/b/crm/archive/2008/01/31/crm-4-0-quick-campaign-scenario-flowchart.aspx



Story boards

16Source : http://ranjeetm64mc.wordpress.com/2010/04/10/storyboarding-2/

Tools :

• http://www.powerproduction.com/ • http://beta.toonboom.com/fr/

professionnels/storyboard-pro

• http://vimeo.com/20032969 • http://plasq.com/products/comiclife/

mac



Sketching

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Tools :

• White boards• Post-Its• Adobe Ideas application



Wireframes

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Tools :• http://balsamiq.com/

• http://www.microsoft.com/expression/products/Sketchflow_Overview.aspx



3D CAD scanning / printing / milling

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Tools :• http://reprap.org/

• http://www.makerbot.com/ • http://www.sculpteo.com/fr

• http://www.shapeways.com/



Video / stop-motion

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Tools :• http://www.commoncraft.com/

rss_plain_english



iPad applications for mediated-collaboration

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Inspiration :

• Cooliris• Flickr Decks

• LiveShare

Note Taking :

• Evernote• Tripline

Sketching

• Adobe Ideas• Business Models Toolbox

Storyboarding

• Prezi• InstaViz

• Comic Life

• Storyboard Composer

• Storyboards Premium



Glossaire

• Minimum Marketable Feature (MMF): a term from lean-agile methodsmeaning « a chunk of functionality that delivers a subset of the customer’srequirements, and that is capable of returning value to the customer whenreleased as an independent entity », source Denne and Cleland-Huang(2003)

• Canonical form: a standard way of presenting an object We <the

people>, in Order to <provide justice>, do <establish this Constitution>for <the target people>

• Persona: a narrative of the target users or customers behavior patterns,using specific details garnered from the research (often paired with aphoto)

• Tangible User interface: an interface in which the user interacts with a

digital system through the manipulation of physical objects linked to anddirectly representing a quality of said system, sourceDavid Güiza Caicedo (2010)

• (Design) Communities of Interests (CoIs) are heterogenous designcommunities: they bring together stakeholders from different CoPs tosolve a particular (design) problem of common concern

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For more information …

Contact :

Amaury de BUCHETAffiliate ProfessorESCP EuropeParis

Email : [email protected] Tel : +33 1 49 23 20 00Mob : +33 6 60 44 04 12

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