11 materials and waste - planning inspectorate...highways agency – m4 junctions 3 to 12 smart...

HIGHWAYS AGENCY – M4 JUNCTIONS 3 TO 12 SMART MOTORWAY

ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT CHAPTER 11 MATERIALS AND WASTE

MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-1

11 MATERIALS AND WASTE

11.1 Introduction

11.1.1 This chapter addresses potential impacts resulting from the use of material

resources associated with the works and waste management in the

construction, demolition and excavation (“CD&E”) phases of the Scheme.

It also assesses potential embodied carbon impacts associated with

material resources to be used and the management of waste.

11.1.2 Following appropriate consultation, the Secretary of State confirmed in the

Scoping Opinion dated September 2014 that material resources and waste

can be scoped out for the operation and maintenance phases of the

Scheme as there will be a low level of material resources use and

associated waste. As such, this chapter will not make reference to the

material resources and waste associated with the operation and

maintenance of the Scheme. This chapter makes reference to the material

resources and waste associated with the construction of the Scheme.

11.1.3 This assessment does not make reference to impacts associated with the

offsite manufacture of products. These stages of the products’ or material

resources’ life-cycles are outside the scope of this assessment due to the

range of unknown variables associated with the extraction and

manufacturing processes.

11.1.4 A final forecast the material resources use and waste likely to be

generated during the ‘end-of-life’ decommissioning of the Scheme has not

been provided, as the Scheme is still subject to detailed design and

methods of construction have not been finalised. However, any

decommissioning effects are likely to be similar to, or less than, those

associated with the construction of the Scheme.

11.1.5 The term ‘materials’ was introduced within the Design Manual for Roads

and Bridges (“DMRB”) Volume 11 in August 2009 (Ref 11-1) and

embraces the main material resources required to construct the Scheme

and construction-related wastes.



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11.1.6 In October 2011, the Highways Agency (the “Agency”) issued the Interim

Advice Note (“IAN”) 153/11 (Guidance on the Environmental Assessment

of Materials Resources) (Ref 11-2). It outlines an approach for the

consideration of material resources use and waste as part of statutory and

non-statutory environmental impact assessment ("EIA") process for new

construction, improvement and major maintenance. The terms ‘material

resources’ and ‘waste’ are addressed more fully below:

a) material resources include primary raw materials, such as

aggregates and minerals, and manufactured construction products

which include recycled and secondary aggregates. Many material

resources originate offsite, purchased as construction products, and

some arise onsite such as excavated soils or recycled road

planings; and

b) waste is defined in Article 1(a) of the European Waste Framework

Directive 2008/98/EC (Ref 11-3) as “any substance or object in the

categories set out in Annex I which the holder discards or intends to

discard or is required to discard”. The term ‘holder’ is defined as the

producer of the waste or the person who is in possession of it and

‘producer’ is defined as anyone whose activities produce waste.

Waste can be further classified as hazardous, non-hazardous or

inert.

11.1.7 The way in which material resources are used throughout the EIA process

is known as the Material Resource Flow. A simplified flow diagram

representing the flow of material resources and the management of waste

is shown at Figure 11.1.

Figure 11.1: Project material flow diagram (from IAN 153/11)



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11.1.8 In October 2014, the Agency issued IAN 69/14 (Designing for

Maintenance) (Ref 11-4) which stated that “the design process must

include consideration of how the highway and associated structures are to

be maintained and ultimately demolished in the future”. Whilst not

presenting an assessment process, the IAN does provide guidance on

what should be considered during the design process with regard to

maintenance. However, as mentioned above, future maintenance and

operation has been scoped out of the Environmental Statement (“ES”).

11.1.9 This assessment of materials covers the requirements for construction

related material resources, waste treatment, transportation and final

disposal. This includes impacts on landfill and waste infrastructure sites

(landfill sites and waste management facilities) capacities; as well as the

impact on the environment from the use of material resources and the

generation of wastes, together with measures to mitigate these impacts.

11.1.10 Application of the waste hierarchy (shown in Figure 11.2) provides a

protocol to reduce waste generation at source and reduce the volume of

waste that has to be sent to landfill through reuse and recycling.

Figure 11.2: Waste hierarchy

11.1.11 The waste hierarchy ranks waste management options according to what

is best for the environment. It gives priority to prevention, then preparing it

for reuse, then recycling, then recovery, and last of all disposal (e.g.

landfill).



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11.1.12 Another consideration is the 'proximity principle', which advocates that

waste should be disposed of (or otherwise managed) close to the point at

which it is generated, thus aiming to achieve responsible self-sufficiency at

a regional or sub-regional level.

11.1.13 By adhering to the waste hierarchy and proximity principle wherever

practicable throughout the CD&E, operational and maintenance phases of

the Scheme, the Scheme will minimise the environmental impacts of any

wastes that are produced.

11.1.14 The Scheme will be designed, in line with the requirements of IAN 69/14,

to minimise the need for significant refurbishment or replacement of

gantries.

11.1.15 This chapter details the methodology followed for the assessment, and

summarises the regulatory and policy framework relating to material

resources and waste management. Following this, the baseline, design

and mitigation, and residual effects of the Scheme are discussed for the

whole Scheme. A fly-through approach is not presented for this chapter as

material resources and waste will be dealt with on a Scheme-wide basis.

Cumulative effects are then discussed, followed by limitations of the

assessment. Finally, a summary table is provided.

11.1.16 All drawings referenced within this chapter are presented in Document

Reference 6.2 (ES Figures), and all appendices referenced in this chapter

are presented in Document Reference 6.3 (ES Appendices).

11.2 Methodology

General approach

11.2.1 Detailed assessment has been undertaken, as opposed to a simple

assessment, in accordance with DMRB and IAN 153/11 which states that

"[a detailed assessment] is most likely to be used for complex capital

maintenance, improvement and large new construction projects".

Professional judgement has been used to determine that the Scheme is a

‘large new construction project’ given the projected capital costs of the

works.

11.2.2 The IAN 153/11 guidance requires identification of the environmental

impacts associated with material resources use and waste, an assessment

of waste arisings for the different phases of the Scheme and the measures

which will be implemented to mitigate the impacts.



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11.2.3 Throughout this chapter, ‘material resources’ will be addressed first,

followed by ‘waste’.

11.2.4 Throughout the chapter, ‘demolition’ refers to the structures to be removed

during the construction phase of the Scheme, whereas ‘decommissioning’

refers to the ‘end-of-life’ removal of structures included within the Scheme.

11.2.5 Typical types and quantities of material resources to be used (steel,

concrete and aggregates) and waste arisings from CD&E phases have

been forecast using the preliminary design information and are included in

the assessment.

11.2.6 Quantities of material resources used have been forecast using

preliminary design information and professional judgement. The

assessment of key material resources to be used has been made against

UK-wide material demand/procurement data. This presents a reasonable

worst case scenario for material resources as the Scheme will be applying

a market-wide procurement policy, allowing international markets to be

accessed if necessary.

11.2.7 Waste arisings and the ‘cut’ and ‘fill’ required by the Scheme have been

forecast using preliminary design information, professional judgement and

key performance indicators obtained from a similar scheme (the

Birmingham Box Phase 3 Smart Motorway).

11.2.8 The waste arisings forecasts shown in the assessment are the most likely

values of the potential range, however variance could be between minus

15% and plus 25% of the figures provided. This is due to the potential

unknowns in the pavement makeup and in the central reserve or verges.

The condition of the ground and sub-formation in the central reserves and

verges can be variable and unknowns will remain until they are excavated.

Levels of potential contamination in these areas will remain unknown until

further ground investigations are carried out.

11.2.9 At the current preliminary stage of design, a robust ‘cut’ and ‘fill’ balance is

difficult to predict. Consequently, for the purposes of this assessment, a

reasonable worst case scenario has been adopted whereby all ‘cut’ will be

sent offsite for management. Similarly, it is assumed that all ‘fill’ will be

brought onto site as opposed to site-won materials being reused Although

this assessment must proceed on that basis, the Scheme will aim to

maximise the reuse of site-won materials through the mitigation measures

detailed in the mitigation section of this chapter.



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11.2.10 In order to present all material resources, waste and ‘cut’ and ‘fill’

quantifications in tonnes, conversion factors from the Waste Resources

and Action Programme’s (“WRAP’s”) NetWaste Tool (Ref 11-6) (for

material resources) and the Environment Agency (“EA”) (Ref 11-7) (for

wastes) have been used when necessary.

11.2.11 The identification of potential waste infrastructure sites (that could receive

wastes being produced by the Scheme) has been carried out through the

interrogation of the EA Environmental Permitting Regulations (“EPR”)

database (Ref 11-5) and desk-based research to identify sites that could

reuse inert wastes arising from the Scheme and soil treatment sites that

could manage contaminated soils arising from the Scheme. The

assessment considers the capacity of landfill sites and material treatment

facilities within the study area (see paragraphs 11.2.24 to 11.2.28).

11.2.12 The heavy goods vehicle (“HGV”) movements associated with material

resources and waste arisings has been assessed quantitatively and the

subsequent effects on the vehicular capacity of the existing highways

network have been assessed. HGV movements associated with the

material resources and waste arisings have been based on deliveries and

collections of 8 wheel tippers (20 tonnes or 15m3 based on average

capacity accounting for voids).

11.2.13 Environmental Value (sensitivity) is not covered by the IAN 153/11 and

there is no accepted criteria for value (sensitivity) of resource for material

resources and waste. In the absence of such guidance, the materials

assessment has been undertaken using professional judgement. The

assessment criteria used for assessing environmental value (or sensitivity)

and typical descriptors is included in Appendix 11.1.

11.2.14 The sensitivity for material resources used is based on the availability of

the resource and whether its use in the Scheme could result in significant

depletion. For example, high sensitivity might pertain to a rare material

resource that is not available locally or available locally in very limited

amounts, such that the scarcity of the required material resource could be

significantly depleted. Conversely, a low sensitivity of material resource

may be considered as one that is very common locally or that primarily

comprises reused, recycled or recovered material resources such that its

use would contribute to waste reduction targets and the avoidance of the

use of primary material resources.



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11.2.15 The sensitivity for waste infrastructure sites is based on available local

waste infrastructure capacity and the waste volumes generated by the

Scheme compared with the total waste generation in the study area. For

example, a high sensitivity waste infrastructure site could be considered to

have very limited capacity for the waste type requiring treatment and/or

disposal. Also, high sensitivity could be awarded when the waste volumes

generated by the Scheme could contribute to an excess of 5% of the total

waste generation in the study area. A low sensitivity of waste infrastructure

sites would be where there were large or numerous waste infrastructure

sites within the study area with high capacity to deal with the waste

arisings. Also, a low sensitivity could be awarded when the waste volumes

generated by the Scheme would contribute to less than 1% of the total

generation in the study area.

11.2.16 For this assessment, the estimated types and quantities of material

resources to be used and waste arisings from the Scheme have been

utilised to identify the likely magnitude of impacts against the available

material resources and waste capacity. The level at which the various

waste arisings from the Scheme can be managed in accordance with the

waste hierarchy has also been taken into account. Professional judgement

has been applied to determine the likely significance of effects.

11.2.17 As an additional part of the assessment, the quantification of the embodied

carbon impacts of different materials has also been carried out. This

provides another means to assess the magnitude of impact associated

with the Scheme material resources requirements.

11.2.18 The magnitude of the environmental impact has been assigned through an

assessment of the embodied carbon emissions as a proxy of

environmental effects associated with the material resources used on the

Scheme.

11.2.19 The embodied carbon dioxide emissions of a material resource is the total

carbon dioxide equivalent emissions released prior to it leaving the factory

gate. ‘Carbon’ is used as short hand to refer to the basket of six

greenhouse gases (“GHGs”) recognised by the Kyoto Protocol. GHGs are

converted to carbon dioxide equivalents (“CO2e”) based on their global

warming potential per unit as compared to one unit of carbon dioxide

(“CO2”).This would normally include extraction or harvesting, the

manufacturing process and any pre-distribution transportation (shown in

Figure 11.3). It does not include the CO2 emissions associated with

transport from the factory gate to site, construction activities, maintenance



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or decommissioning. This boundary condition is known as ‘cradle-to-gate’.

Figure 11.3: Diagrammatic representation of the measure of embodied carbon in relation to material life cycle

11.2.20 The scale of magnitude in Table 11.1 has been used to assess the

magnitude of impact associated with the Scheme’s material resources

requirements. Whilst there is no publically available guidance, the scale in

Table 11.1 is based on benchmark data from previous road projects from

the Agency and informed by professional knowledge.

Table 11.1 Scale of magnitude for assessing embodied carbon (“CO2e”) of material resources

Scale of magnitude of impact Total CO2e of material resources (tonnes)

Major > 40,000

Moderate 20,000 – 40,000

Minor 5,000 – 20,000

Negligible 1,000 – 5,000

No change < 1,000

Consultation

11.2.21 Consultation has been carried out with the unitary authorities of Berkshire

(inclusive of Bracknell Forest Council, Reading Borough Council, Royal

Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead Council, Slough Borough Council,

West Berkshire and Wokingham Borough Council), Buckinghamshire

County Council, Oxfordshire County Council and West London Waste

Partnership to determine:

a) the current local plan documents and policies applicable to the

Scheme;

Raw Material Sourcing

Transport Production Site

Factory Gate

Transport to Site

Construction Maintenance Decommissioning

Embodied carbon



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b) targets for new schemes or developments relating to construction,

demolition and excavation waste and materials (e.g. recycled

content, percentage of diversion from landfill, waste recycling and

reuse targets, percentage of use of locally sourced materials, etc.);

c) the latest available figures for total construction, demolition and

excavation waste management and disposal capacities within their

jurisdiction;

d) the projections for expected waste management and disposal

capacities during the proposed construction period that could be

used for the Scheme; and

e) details of waste facilities (including capacities, types of waste being

processed and licence numbers) that could be used for the

Scheme.

11.2.22 Although the Scheme does not extend through Oxfordshire, consultation

with Oxfordshire County Council has been carried out. Information on

Oxfordshire landfill sites and waste management facilities has been

included in the assessment due to the close proximity of the county to the

Scheme.

11.2.23 In the absence of complete and consistent data from Berkshire,

Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire County Councils and the West London

Waste Partnership, the identification of potential waste infrastructure sites

(that could receive wastes being produced by the Scheme) has been

carried out through the interrogation of the EA EPR database and desk

based research.

Study area

11.2.24 In respect of the assessment in relation to material resources, a specific

study area has not been identified due to the whole market approach that

will be used to procure material resources required for the Scheme.

11.2.25 In respect of assessment in relation to waste, the study area comprises

the area within the Order limits between junctions 3 and 12, all

construction compounds and also the local authorities of Berkshire,

Buckinghamshire, and Oxfordshire and the West London region for CD&E

waste and for waste arisings presented by waste stream.

11.2.26 In the absence of hazardous waste arisings data within the study area,

hazardous waste arisings for the South-East have been used to inform the

assessment.



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11.2.27 The waste infrastructure sites (landfills and waste management facilities)

that may potentially accept waste arisings from the CD&E phases of the

Scheme within the described study area have been included in the

assessment. A non-exhaustive list of these landfills and waste

management facilities, including postcodes, is included in Appendix 11.2.

11.2.28 While the waste assessment does not include the promotion and operation

of the waste infrastructure sites in these areas, the sites included in the

Outline Site Waste Management Plan (“SWMP") have been confirmed by

the local authorities to have the capacity and capability to manage the

waste produced by the Scheme, as well as valid licences and consents.

Defining the baseline

11.2.29 Material resources baseline conditions have been established through

desktop research. However, as material resources data are not available

for the study area, the quantitative assessment has been based on

available material resources data for the UK.

11.2.30 Waste baseline conditions have been established through desktop

research, including the interrogation of key databases such as the Waste

Survey of Arisings Use of Alternatives to Primary Aggregates in England

(Ref 11-8), the Waste Management for England 2013 Statistics (Ref 11-9)

and the EA EPR database:

a) the Waste Survey of Arisings Use of Alternatives to Primary

Aggregates in England has been used to present the baseline

CD&E waste baseline for the study area;

b) the Waste management for England 2013 Statistics have been

used to present the baseline total waste (including CD&E waste)

and the total waste split by waste stream; and

c) the EA EPR database has been used to present the total CD&E

waste infrastructure capacity (landfill and waste management

facilities) within the study area.

Design and mitigation

11.2.31 The choice of construction material resources use and possibilities for

waste reduction have been considered during the preliminary design

phase and will be addressed by the detailed design phases of the

Scheme. The waste hierarchy illustrates that implementing waste

minimisation at the preliminary and detailed design phases are the most

effective options for reducing waste generated on a Scheme.



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Opportunities for waste minimisation at detailed design phase

11.2.32 The design of the Scheme will play an important role in reducing the

impact of waste, particularly waste arising during construction phase. The

Scheme preliminary design has taken into consideration the five key

principles of the WRAP ‘Designing out Waste’ process to reduce the

amount of waste arising from the Scheme. These will continue to be

applied to maximise opportunities to design out waste during the detailed

design phase. These principles are:

a) Design for Reuse and Recovery – e.g. use of recycled materials or

materials salvaged from other sites;

b) Design for Offsite Construction – e.g. use of prefabrication to

reduce the number of activities onsite;

c) Design for Material Optimisation – e.g. by minimising excavation, or

standardising materials or components choices;

d) Design for Waste Efficient Procurement – e.g. through early

consultation of contractors on how to reduce waste in the supply

chain, or tighter specification of work procedures such as allowing

use of recycled materials; and

e) Design for Deconstruction and Flexibility – e.g. the construction

should not include any materials or components that will make

future extension or recycling difficult or impossible, such as the use

of unbound post-tensioned steel in reinforced concrete structures

that render it difficult and dangerous to demolish.

11.2.33 The design will continue to apply the five key principles in future design

phases to support the use of materials in a more efficient manner and to

consider how reuse, recycling and recovery of materials can be

incorporated into the design and ultimately reduce waste to landfill.

11.2.34 Some of the key aspects of waste minimisation that will be considered

during future design phases are:

a) helical piles: for structures founded on deep soils instead of

conventional bored piles for gantry structures;

b) grout injection piles: for structures founded close to bedrock or

directly onto structured bedrock instead of conventional bored piles

for the gantry structures;



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c) designing for site conditions: the design will accommodate

strategies (e.g. contaminated land) to manage particular constraints

(e.g. contaminated land) which may impact on waste;

d) design complexity: reduce the complexity of the design to

standardise the construction process and reduce the quantity of

materials required; and

e) specifications: avoid over specification and minimise variation in

materials, components and joints; evaluate the reuse and recycling

opportunities for the specified materials before specification.

11.2.35 An Outline Construction Environmental Management Plan (“CEMP”) has

been submitted in support of the Application and is appended to the

Outline Environmental Management Plan ("EMP") (Appendix 4.2). The

CEMP will be finalised by the appointed Contractor prior to the

commencement of construction of the Scheme.

11.2.36 The CEMP will embrace several subsidiary management plans, which

form part of the suite of mitigation measures of particular relevance to

materials and waste. These are:

a) the updated SWMP which will be used to record how waste will be

reduced, reused, recycled and disposed of by the Scheme. The

Outline SWMP is included as Annex A of the Outline CEMP;

b) the Materials Management Plan (“MMP”) which will help to ensure

that materials are handled and used in a way that prevents harm to

human health and pollution of the environment. The Outline MMP is

included as Annex B of the Outline CEMP;

c) the Logistics Plan which will be developed by the Contractor to

better manage all types of freight vehicle movement to and from the

Scheme. The Outline Logistics Plan is included as Annex C of the

Outline CEMP; and

d) the Asbestos Action Plans (“AAP”) which will be prepared by the

Contractor in line with the process outlined in the Scheme Asbestos

Management Plan (“SAMP”). The SAMP is included as Annex D of

the Outline CEMP.



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Assessing impacts

11.2.37 The significance of effect that the material resources use, waste arisings

from CD&E phases and the mitigation measures (e.g. waste reuse,

recycling and or recovery) will have on the receptors is informed by the

sensitivity of the affected receptor and the magnitude of impact on the

receptor.

11.2.38 The sensitivity of receptor, magnitude of the impact and the significance of

effect are assessed using the criteria provided in Appendix 11.1.

11.3 Regulatory/policy framework

11.3.1 A summary of the principal plans and policies that have been considered

as part of this assessment is provided in Table 11.2. Local plans and

policies which have been considered are presented in Appendix 11.3.

11.3.2 Of particular relevance to the Application is the National Policy Statement

for National Networks ("NN NPS") (Ref 11-10). Section 5.42 of the NN

NPS provides that:

“The applicant should set out the arrangements that are proposed for

managing any waste produced. The arrangements described should

include information on the proposed waste recovery and disposal system

for all waste generated by the development. The applicant should seek to

minimise the volume of waste produced and the volume of waste sent for

disposal unless it can be demonstrated that the alternative is the best

overall environmental outcome.

The Secretary of State should consider the extent to which the applicant

has proposed an effective process that will be followed to ensure effective

management of hazardous and non-hazardous waste arising from the

construction and operation of the proposed development. The Secretary of

State should be satisfied that the process sets out:

a) Any such waste will be properly managed, both onsite and offsite;

b) The waste from the proposed facility can be dealt with appropriately

by the waste infrastructure which is, or is likely to be, available.

Such waste arisings should not have an adverse effect on the

capacity of existing waste management facilities to deal with other

waste arisings in the area; and



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c) Adequate steps have been taken to minimise the volume of waste

arisings, and of the volume of waste arisings sent to disposal,

except where an alternative is the most sustainable outcome

overall.”

11.3.3 The delivery of the mitigation measures set out in the mitigation section of

this chapter will support adherence to the requirements of the NN NPS

through the application of the waste hierarchy. The Scheme will apply the

waste hierarchy in order to move waste management practices as far up

the hierarchy as practicable minimising disposal and maximising reuse

and recycling.

11.3.4 Minimising waste arisings has been, and will continue to be, considered

throughout the design process of the Scheme through consideration of the

WRAP designing out waste principles detailed in paragraph 11.2.32.

11.3.5 Waste (including hazardous waste) will be properly managed through the

further development and implementation of the CEMP, MMP, Logistics

Plan and SWMP as described in the mitigation section of this chapter and

in chapter 10 Geology and Soils. Waste capacity within the study area has

been considered within section 11.4 of this chapter.



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Table 11.2 Materials and waste regulatory and policy framework

Policy/Legislation Summary of Requirements Scheme Response

Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC (Ref 11-11)

The Landfill Directive establishes a framework for the management of waste across the European Community. It defines certain terms, such as 'waste', 'recovery' and 'disposal', to ensure that a uniform approach is taken across the EU. The Directive aims to drive the management of waste up the hierarchy through waste minimisation and increased levels of recycling and recovery, and minimise disposal to landfill. The Directive sets out a number of procedures and criteria for the acceptance of construction, excavation and operational waste at landfills. These include ensuring that the waste will not endanger human health and the environment and satisfies the Waste Acceptance Criteria ("WAC"). It also sets strict requirements for the acceptance of certain stable, non-reactive hazardous waste into non-hazardous waste landfills.

The implementation of the SWMP and CEMP will ensure that the requirements of the Landfill Directive are met by ensuring that consideration is given to the waste hierarchy in all waste related decisions and processes.

The Waste Framework

Directive 2006/12/EC (Ref 11-12)

The Waste Framework Directive defines waste and distinguishes whether a material is a waste or not. Article 10 sets a target for recycling non-hazardous construction and demolition waste at 70% by weight by 2020.

The Directive was transposed into English law through the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (as amended) (Ref 11-13), the Waste (England and Wales) Regulations (Ref 11-14), and the Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2010 (as amended) (Ref 11-15).

The implementation of the SWMP and CEMP will help to ensure that the requirements of the Waste Framework Directive are met, through ensuring that measures are put in place to minimise and manage any wastes that arise as a result of the Scheme.



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The Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment

Act 2005 (Ref 11-20)

It is the responsibility of everyone working in the construction industry to ensure that all waste is disposed of properly. All employees need to be made aware that if they are tasked with waste disposal this must be carried out in accordance with the law, or they risk being fined.

The SWMP and onsite waste management practices will comply with the Act. The Scheme will participate in the Considerate Constructors Scheme, aiming to achieve the highest practicable score, monitored against a code of construction practice, designed to encourage best practice beyond statutory requirements.

Environmental Permitting

(England and Wales)

Regulations 2010

The EPR introduced a permitting and compliance regime, which delivers many of the requirements of the Waste Framework Directive, other environmental directives and national policy. The Schedules to the Regulations identify precise requirements for each Directive which must be delivered through the permitting system. The relevant Schedules for this Scheme are Schedule 7: Part A installations and Part A mobile plant of the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive, Schedule 9: Waste Operations: The Waste Framework Directive, and Schedule 10: Landfill: The Landfill Directive.

The Scheme will comply with the requirements of the EPR in the disposal of waste. This will be achieved by the Scheme ensuring all relevant permits and consents are in place and compliance is maintained.



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The Hazardous Waste (England

and Wales) Regulations 2005, (Ref 11-17) and

2009 amendment (Ref 11-18)

Under the Hazardous Waste Regulations 2005 it is an offence to produce hazardous waste at premises, or remove that waste from premises, unless those premises are either registered with the Environment Agency or are exempt. Where subcontractors produce hazardous waste, it must be removed under the Hazardous Waste Premises Registration for that site. The Regulations require that a Hazardous Waste Consignment Note is produced for each consignment of hazardous waste removed from site.

The SWMP includes a classification of the estimated waste that will be produced onsite as inert, non-hazardous or hazardous together with details of each waste carrier and each waste management facility intended for use. All hazardous waste will be handled in accordance with the regulations.

Waste (England and Wales)

Regulations 2011, and 2012

amendment (Ref 11-19)

The Waste Regulations transpose the Waste Framework Directive into English law. The Regulations:

a) Require businesses to confirm that they have applied the waste management hierarchy when transferring waste and to include a declaration on their waste transfer note or consignment note;

b) Introduce a new waste hierarchy permit condition and where appropriate a condition relating to mixing of hazardous waste; and

Introduce a two-tier system for waste carrier and broker registration, which includes those who carry their own waste, and introduces a new concept of a waste dealer.

The SWMP and waste management practices onsite will comply with the Regulations. The Scheme will ensure that consideration is given to the waste hierarchy in all waste related decisions and processes. The SWMP will provide a framework which will support the Scheme to track and monitor Duty of Care of Care requirements.



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National Policy Statement for

National Networks (“NN NPS”) (Ref 11-10)

The NN NPS states that the Secretary of State should set out the arrangements that are proposed for managing any waste produced. The arrangements described should include information on the proposed waste recovery and disposal system for all waste generated by the development. The applicant should seek to minimise the volume of waste produced and the volume of waste sent for disposal unless it can be demonstrated that the alternative is the best overall environmental outcome.

The Secretary of State should consider the extent to which the applicant has proposed an effective process that will be followed to ensure effective management of hazardous and non-hazardous waste arising from the construction and operation of the proposed development. The Secretary of State should be satisfied that the process sets out:

a) any such waste will be properly managed, both onsite and offsite;

b) the waste from the proposed facility can be dealt with appropriately by the waste infrastructure which is, or is likely to be, available. Such waste arisings should not have an adverse effect on the capacity of existing waste management facilities to deal with other waste arisings in the area; and adequate steps have been taken to minimise the volume of waste arisings, and of the volume of waste arisings sent to disposal, except where an alternative is the most sustainable outcome overall.

The delivery of the mitigation measures set out in the mitigation section of this chapter will support adherence to the requirements of the NN NPS by minimising the volume of waste produced and the volume of waste sent for disposal.

The chapter presents forecast waste likely to arise from the Scheme and assesses the quantity of waste likely to arise from the Scheme against the capacity of the study area’s waste management facilities.



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-19


Waste Strategy for

England 2011

(Ref 11-23)

This strategy builds on the Waste Strategy 2000 and 2007. The report contains actions and commitments which set a clear direction towards a zero-waste economy. The WSE 2011 presents the key principles in waste management policy: the waste hierarchy, the diversion of waste away from landfill, producer and consumer responsibility, the proximity principle and the concept of Best Practicable Environmental Option ("BPEO").

The assessment has been carried out against the context of the WSE 2011 and assumes that as a minimum, the targets in this Strategy will be met.

The assessment also applies the waste hierarchy with a focus on resource efficiency.

Planning Policy Statement 10: Planning for

Sustainable Waste Management (CLG

Revised March 2011)

(Ref 11-16)

The publication of Planning Policy Statement 10; Planning for Sustainable Waste Management ("PPS10") established decision making principles to which regional planning bodies and all planning authorities should adhere when preparing planning strategies.

Paragraph 34 suggests that proposed new development should be supported by SWMPs to identify the volume and type of material to be demolished and or excavated, opportunities for the reuse and recovery of materials and to demonstrate how offsite disposal of waste will be minimised and managed.

The SWMP will identify the volume and type of material to be excavated, opportunities for the reuse and recovery of materials and to demonstrate that minimal levels of construction and excavation waste is sent to landfill, except for those types of waste where landfill is the least environmentally damaging option.



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-20


Waste

Management Plan

for England

(Ref 11-24)

The Plan is a requirement of Article 28 of the Waste Framework Directive. It comprises a compilation of existing waste management information and policies. In particular, it reflects the conclusions of the Government Review of Waste Policy in 2011. The Plan confirms the UK’s commitment to meet its target under the Waste Framework Directive to recover at least 70% of construction and demolition waste by weight, excluding hazardous waste and inert material falling within Code 17 05 04 in Schedule 1 to the List of Wastes (England) Regulations 2005 (Ref 11-25).

The assessment has been carried out against all current relevant information and policies. As the plan is a compilation of existing information and policies the assessment addresses the requirements of the Waste Management Plan for England.

National Planning

Policy Framework

(“NPPF”) March

2012

(Ref 11-26)

The NPPF sets out the government’s planning policies for England.

The government's intention through publishing the NPPF is to make the planning system less complex and easier to understand. It vastly reduces the number of policy pages about planning.

The NPPF does not contain specific waste policies, as it was intended that national waste planning policy would be published as part of the Waste Management Plan for England. The Waste Management Plan for England has been produced and is introduced above.

No specific waste policies are included within the NPPF. As such the Scheme makes no direct response to the NPPF in terms of waste.



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-21


Department for

Communities and

Local Government,

National Policy for

Waste

(Ref 11-27)

This document sets out detailed waste planning policies, specifically providing guidance on the processes to be considered to ensure adequate provision of waste management facilities. All local planning authorities should have regard to its policies when discharging their responsibilities to the extent that they are appropriate to waste management. The document gives guidance to what waste planning authorities should consider when preparing their Local Plans including guidance on

a) Using a proportionate evidence base

b) Identifying need for waste management facilities

c) Identifying suitable sites and areas

d) Determining planning applications

e) Monitoring and reporting.

Through providing annual waste forecasts, the Scheme is supporting the local planning authorities in planning and making adequate provision for wastes likely to arise within their jurisdictions.



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-22

11.4 Scheme-wide considerations

Baseline features and value (sensitivity) of resource

Material resources

11.4.1 ‘Primary aggregate’ “is the term used for aggregate produced from

naturally occurring mineral deposits and used for the first time” (British

Geological Society, 2014).

11.4.2 ‘Secondary aggregates’ as defined by Aggregain (a free Sustainable

Aggregates information service provided by the WRAP Aggregates

Programme) are derived from a very wide range of materials that may be

used as aggregates. Many arisings of secondary materials have a strong

regional character. For example, china clay sand in South West England,

slate waste in North Wales, and metallurgical slag in South Wales,

Yorkshire and Humberside.

11.4.3 ‘Recycled aggregates’, as defined by Aggregain, can be sourced from a

variety of materials arising from construction and demolition (concrete,

bricks, and tiles), highway maintenance (asphalt planings), excavation and

utility operations.

11.4.4 The Mineral Products Association (Ref 11-29) identifies the tonnage of

aggregates (including crushed rock, sand and gravel, land won, marine

and recycled aggregates) and concrete (including cementitious materials,

ready-mixed concrete and concrete products) presented in Table 11.3.

The International Steel Statistics Bureau ("ISSB") (Ref 11-28) identifies the

annual UK demand of steel.

Table 11.3 Key material resources annual demand (UK)

Material Million tonnes (Mt)

Steel 10.7

Concrete 70

Aggregates 200

11.4.5 Elements of the existing motorway infrastructure that could potentially be

retained by the Scheme include existing gantries, signs, lighting columns,

electricity cabinets and other reusable construction materials such as

concrete foundations and road planings. Currently, it is intended that 29

existing gantries will be retained as part of the Scheme.



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-23

11.4.6 Given the high levels of UK supply and demand for the key material

resources required for the Scheme (steel, concrete, aggregates) the

sensitivity of this receptor is judged to be low.

Waste

11.4.7 The total CD&E waste arisings in West London and Berkshire (inclusive of

Reading Borough Council, Wokingham Borough Council, Bracknell Forest

Council, Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead Council and Slough

Borough Council), Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire for 2005 is estimated

to be 8,577,313 tonnes per year (Ref 11-8). Of this total, 46% is recycled

to produce graded and ungraded aggregates and soil (excluding topsoil).

Some 24% of the waste arisings are deposited in licensed landfill sites, of

which 25% are used for engineering and capping and 75% are waste. The

remaining 30% of waste arisings are used on exempt sites (sites whereby

a waste permit is not required, e.g. where wastes are used for land

reclamation or improvement, composting, use of waste in the construction

of educational installations etc.).

11.4.8 Data since 2005 has been reclassified into categories used under the

Pollution Prevention and Control (“PPC”) permitting of landfills and

because of the ban on the co-disposal of waste in landfills in July 2004.

Most recent data from Office for National Statistics (2013) shows that the

total waste arisings (including municipal, commercial and CD&E waste) in

West London, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire is estimated to

be around 3,858,000 tonnes per year (Ref 11-9). Of this total, 54% is non-

hazardous waste with some stable non-reactive hazardous wastes

("SNRHW") being sent to a dedicated cell1 within a suitable landfill. Some

19% of the waste arisings are other non-hazardous waste and the

remaining 27% of waste arisings are inert waste.

11.4.9 Whilst figures for the study area arisings are reasonably robust for all

years, for years prior to 2010, there were some significant methodological

differences compared to later years. Therefore, data from 2005 should not

be compared directly with data from 2013.

1 This is the area in a landfill that has been constructed and approved for disposal of waste. The cells

range in size depending upon total tonnes of waste received each day at the landfill.



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-24

Table 11.4 Annual waste arisings within the study area (data from 2013) (Ref 11-9)

Areas Waste Arisings

Non-hazardous with SNRHW cell

Non-hazardous Hazardous* Inert

Berkshire - 171,462 - 611,073

Buckinghamshire 1,944,099 - - 86,203

Oxfordshire 126,805 562,546 - 248,578

West London - - - 106,848

TOTAL 2,070,904 734,009 - 1,052,702

* Hazardous waste data has not been presented at this level of detail within the waste management 2013 data

from National Statistics.

11.4.10 The capacity of waste infrastructure sites that could potentially receive

CD&E waste arisings from the Scheme has been assessed using data

gained from the EA EPR database (Ref 11-5). Only information from

permitted sites has been included in the assessment. Table 11.5 details

the annual waste infrastructure capacities from sites taking CD&E waste

within the study area.

Table 11.5 Annual CD&E waste capacity within the study area

Areas Waste Capacity

Landfills Waste Facilities Total

Berkshire 527,999 3,780,378 4,308,377

Buckinghamshire 2,200,000 10,720,932 12,920,932

Oxfordshire 749,999 2,941,479 3,691,478

West London 250,000 9,495,118 9,745,118

TOTAL 3,727,998 26,937,907 30,665,905



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-25

11.4.11 A non-exhaustive list of waste infrastructure sites is include in Appendix

11.2. The ability for waste arisings to be deposited at these sites will be

dependent on the conditions imposed on the sites by the relevant licence

or permit. There may be other facilities in the vicinity of the Scheme that

may be used.

11.4.12 The capacity of waste stream specific infrastructure sites (e.g. metal

recycling facilities) that could potentially receive waste arisings from the

Scheme has also been assessed using data gained from the Waste

Management 2013 in London and in South East Data Tables (Ref 11-9).

Table 11.6 details the annual waste infrastructure capacities (landfills and

metal treatment facilities) for waste likely to arise from all activities

(including CD&E, commercial and industrial, etc.) within the study area.

Table 11.6 Annual waste capacity (including CD&E) within the study area

Areas

Waste Capacity (landfill and metal treatment facilities)

Non-hazardous with SNRHW cell

Non-hazardous

Hazardous Inert Metal

Berkshire - 54,195 - 1,418,560 81,000

Buckinghamshire 7,770,280 3,672,394 - 223,200 92,000

Oxfordshire 434,031 2,108,053 - 4,432,193 21,000

West London - - - 651,905 111,000

TOTAL 8,204,311 5,834,642 - 6,725,858 305,000

11.4.13 There is no reported potential capacity to receive hazardous waste and

asbestos arisings from the Scheme at waste infrastructure sites within the

study area. However, a report for the Mayor of London (Ref 11-9)

estimated that the South East and London had a remaining capacity of

685,000 tonnes at the end of 2013 and it has been estimated that in 2013

the South East and London deposited 338,442 tonnes of hazardous waste

(Ref 11-9). The London’s Hazardous Waste Report produced for the

Mayor of London shows that London sent about 82,000 tonnes of

hazardous waste to landfill in 2011 of which 85% was sent to five landfills

across the UK – one in Greenwich, one in Northamptonshire, and three in

South East England. The estimated aggregated annual permitted capacity

in the previous sites is around 537,000 tonnes per year, meaning that



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-26

there are sufficient sites available that could potentially receive the

relatively small amount of hazardous waste anticipated from the Scheme.

11.4.14 The capacities of soil treatment facilities that could potentially receive and

process contaminated soil waste arisings from the Scheme are listed in

Table 11.7. The facilities listed are non-exhaustive and highlight a small

selection of sites.



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-27

Table 11.7 Soil treatment facilities

Facility name and address

Treatment method

Waste accepted Capacity per annum

Treatment capacity at any

time

UK Remediation, Unit 11a, Hill

Barton Business Park, Sidmouth Road, Clyst St.

Mary, Devon, EX5 1DR

Soil washing, bioremediation

Hydrocarbons – Petroleum, Kerosene, Diesel, Mineral Oil etc. Heavy metals (lead, copper, zinc, chromium, cadmium, arsenic). Chlorinated solvents (PCE, DCE, TCE, Vinyl Chlorides), PAHs

45,000m3 7,000t

Biogenie, Patteson Court Landfill,

Cormongers Lane, Nutfield, Surrey

RH1 4ER

Bioremediation 01 ‐ Wastes resulting from exploration, mining, quarrying and physical and chemical treatment of minerals; 05 ‐ Wastes from petroleum refineries, natural gas purification and pyrolytic treatment of coal; 13 ‐ Oil wastes and wastes of liquid fuels (except edible oils, and those in chapters 05, 12 and 19); 16 ‐ Waste not otherwise specified in the list; 17 ‐ Construction and demolition wastes (including excavated soil from contaminated sites); 19 ‐ Wastes from waste management facilities, off‐site waste water treatment plants and the preparation of water intended for human consumption and water for industrial use; 20 ‐ Municipal wastes (household waste and similar commercial, industrial and

79,000t 50,000t



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-28

Facility name and address

Treatment method

Waste accepted Capacity per annum

Treatment capacity at any

time

institutional wastes) including separately collected fractions.

Terramundo, East Northants Resource

Management Facility, Stamford

Road, Kings Cliffe, PE8 6XX.

(Kingscliffe)

Soil washing, bioremediation,

Cement stabilisation

Heavy metals, hydrocarbons 100,000t soil washing,

100,000t soil stabilisation,

20,000t bioremediation,

180,000t storage onsite

No limit

The Treatment Hub, The

Treatment Hub, Building 2,

Westfield Industrial Park, Swansea,

SA5 4SF

E-clay (stabilisation),

bioremediation, oxidation

Hazardous and Non-Hazardous soils. Materials described under EWC Codes 11, 17 (including 17 05 03) and 19. Heavy metals. Hydrocarbons – BTEX and fuel to oil range organics. Chlorinated solvents – VOCs and SVOCs. Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs).

Dependent upon orders

etc.

10,000t



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-29

11.4.15 A non-exhaustive list of sites that could potentially receive non-hazardous

inert waste for restorative purposes from the Scheme is presented in Table

11.8.

Table 11.8 Sites that could potentially receive non-hazardous inert waste

Facility name Waste accepted Operational period Capacity

Kingsmead Quarry, West Berkshire SL3

9PE (CEMEX)

Inert soils and stones

2016 to 2026 (expected, planning application expected

to be granted first half 2015)

5 million tonnes (500,000 per annum)

Datchet, Buckinghamshire

(CEMEX)


2016 to 2028

(Pending decision. Planning permission

anticipated to be approved by the end

of June 2015.))

6 million tonnes

Stonepit II, Dartford (Storefields)


From 2012 3.8 million tonnes (remaining as of February 2015)

11.4.16 Given the high levels of UK waste and soil treatment capacity and non-

hazardous inert waste demand, the sensitivity of this receptor is judged to

be low.

Design and mitigation

Design

11.4.17 This section summarises the anticipated material resource use of the

Scheme and the anticipated waste arisings generated by the Scheme

during the CD&E phases, based on preliminary design information,

professional judgement and key performance indicators obtained from

similar schemes. The residual effects of such use and generation

(incorporating proposed mitigation) are assessed below.



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-30

Material resources

11.4.18 CD&E material resources required for the Scheme will consist of inert

materials, soils and stones, plastics, packaging, insulation material and

metals. Although the reuse of materials will be maximised through the

delivery of the raw materials will still be needed for the construction works.

11.4.19 Aggregates will be required for earthworks, structures, drainage and road

pavement construction. These can be either primary aggregates, such as

sand, natural gravels and rocks; secondary aggregates such as incinerator

bottom ash aggregate and reclaimed railway ballast; or recycled

aggregates, such as recycled concrete and recycled road planings.

11.4.20 The extraction of primary aggregates (e.g. sands and gravels) and lime

from quarries will deplete finite material resources. Secondary (or

recycled) aggregates may not always have the lowest impact on the

environment and material resources will be selected based on a

consideration of all relevant impacts. The choice of whether to use primary

or secondary aggregates (or a combination of both) will be made taking

into consideration a combination of factors including material resources

source, specification, production and transport. These factors will inform

the use of secondary or recycled aggregates over primary aggregates

having regard to the environmental impact.

11.4.21 Using preliminary design information and professional judgement, the

material resources likely to be needed for the construction phase of the

Scheme have been forecast. These forecasts are likely be refined and

subject to change as the Scheme design progresses. For that reason, the

forecasts have been made on a reasonable worst case scenario basis,

informed by professional judgment and experience on similar projects,

such as Birmingham Box Phase 3 Smart Motorway. These totals include

forecasts of material resources associated with all new underbridges and

overbridges, gantries and lighting columns.

11.4.22 In terms of the forecast levels of fill required for the Scheme, the total

imported requirement is forecast to be 1,106,245 tonnes.

11.4.23 The material resources presented in Table 11.9 are the estimated

quantities to be needed for the construction phase of the Scheme.



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-31

Table 11.9 Estimated material resources for the construction phase

Material Resources Estimated quantities (tonnes)

Steel 10,511

Aluminium 93

Concrete 145,823

Inert Fill Materials 1,106,245

Inert Soils (Structural) 13,376

Inert Black 259,461

Plastic 77

Timber 468

11.4.24 The estimated quantities detailed in Table 11.9 do not account for any

other minor construction activities associated with the Scheme such as

cabling.

Highway network

11.4.25 Using preliminary design information, it is currently estimated that some

173,300 HGV movements are estimated to be needed to transport the

material resources needed for the construction phase of the Scheme. This

is equivalent to approximately 94 HGV movements per day.

11.4.26 Due to the high vehicular capacity of the affected highway network and its

capacity to accommodate increases in vehicle movements anticipated to

be required to transport materials to the Scheme, the sensitivity of this

receptor is judged to be low.

Embodied carbon content of material resources

11.4.27 In terms of the forecast level of fill required for the Scheme (1,106,245

tonnes) the total embodied carbon has been calculated using the Agency’s

Carbon Calculation for Major Projects ("CCMP") (Highways Agency,

2013). This provided a figure of approximately 552 tonnes of CO2e.

11.4.28 Table 11.10 provides details for the embodied carbon contained within the

material resources presented in Table 11.9.



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-32

Table 11.10 Embodied carbon content of material resources for the Scheme

Material Resource Total estimated embodied carbon (tonnes of CO2e)

Steel 15,831

Aluminium 851

Concrete 23,014

Inert fill materials 552

Inert Soils (Structural) 321

Inert Black 1,349

Plastic 255

Timber 337

11.4.29 Table 11.11 summarises the material resources use during the CD&E

phases of the Scheme, following the requirements of IAN 153/11.



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-33

Table 11.11 Summary of material resource use

Scheme activity Material resources required for the

Scheme

Estimated quantities of

material resources required (tonnes)

Additional information on material resources

Site remediation/preparation

earthworks

Materials reuse will be maximised. However in the absence of a ‘cut and fill balance’ for the Scheme, for the purposes of assessment, a worst case scenario has been assumed whereby no materials will be reused onsite.

Aggregates, such as sand, natural gravels and rocks are likely to be required for earthworks.

Excavated natural soils and or rocks (and made ground) produced during topsoil stripping and the construction of cuttings and embankments could be reused onsite for landscaping or for other earthworks offsite.

Road planings, which could be incorporated into new pavements on or offsite.

Total fill requirement, including fill associated with the side roads, road widening and central reserve and verge works: 1,106,245

The design approach has been and will be carried out to minimise the amount of the excavated materials exported offsite.

At present, a ‘cut and fill balance’ has not been produced. However, it is anticipated that some of the existing earthworks and inert material arising from excavations including piling operations will be reused onsite, although quantities will have to be exported offsite if contaminated or unsuitable for reuse. The production of a Materials section within the CEMP, a MMP and a Logistics Plan will support the Contractor in identifying and maximising opportunities for the reuse of materials onsite as the Scheme progresses.



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-34


Scheme




Demolition N/A (significant material resources are not required for demolition)

N/A (significant material resources are not required for demolition)

Construction Primary materials, such as concrete, aggregates (including recycled and secondary aggregates) and drainage materials.

Piling: steel, steel reinforcement and concrete.

Gantries: steel and concrete.

Abutments: steel reinforcement, concrete and timber for shuttering.

Fill to abutments: granular fill, cohesive or granular embankment fill to embankments if required.

Decks: steel beams, steel reinforcement and concrete in slab over the beams, timber shutters for parapet plinth beam, steel or aluminium parapets, deck waterproofing and

Steel: 10,511

Aluminium: 93

Concrete: 145,823

Inert Soils (Structural): 13,376

Inert Black: 259,461

Plastic: 77

Timber: 468

The Agency is minimising the amount of new infrastructure installed. Throughout the design process, “designing out waste” principles have been considered in order to minimise the quantity of material resources required for the Scheme.

Most material resources will be transported by road onto the Scheme’s construction compounds, using the existing highway network. The transport of materials onto site, whether for immediate use from source or from construction compounds, will be reviewed by the appointed Contractor on an ongoing basis to ensure efficiency in delivery and to avoid undue pressure on the road network. This will be supported by the further development and



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-35


Scheme




bituminous surfacing.

Narrowing central reserve at underbridges and central pier protection at overbridges: concrete and steel.

Bituminous strip widening of carriageway.

implementation of the Logistics Plan.



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-36

Waste

11.4.30 The amount of waste that will arise during the demolition phase of the

Scheme has been forecast using professional knowledge based on

previous experience of schemes, such as the Birmingham Box Phase 3

Smart Motorway, of the likely approach to construction of the

infrastructure. Table 11.12 presents the main waste streams of steel and

inert rubble. Other waste streams associated with the demolition phase will

include, but not be limited to, cabling, plastics and acrylic boards. Any

hazardous wastes identified during the demolition will be dealt with in

accordance with the SAMP and the ‘Approach to waste management

during construction’ section of the Outline MMP.

Table 11.12 Estimated waste arisings from the demolition phase

Waste Type Estimated quantities (Tonnes)

Steel 6,592

Inert - Rubble 35,032

TOTAL 41,624

11.4.31 The waste arisings forecast from the construction and excavation phases,

shown in Table 11.13, include arisings from the central reserve and verge

works, excavations, signs, lighting, communications, resurfacing and office

compounds. These forecasts will be moderated as the Scheme design

progresses.

Table 11.13 Estimated waste arisings from the construction and excavation phases


Hazardous Mixed 1,440

Inert – Black* 283,526

Inert – Rubble 57,504

Inert – Soils 353,089

Non-hazardous – Metal 1,488

Non-hazardous – Timber 732



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-37


Non-hazardous – Mixed 1,488

TOTAL 699,267

*Bituminous aggregate mixtures that do not contain any hazardous substances

11.4.32 It is anticipated that there will be a total of 740,891 tonnes of CD&E waste,

of which 729,151 tonnes are inert materials (98% of the tonnage). The

total waste arisings will result in approximately 97,900 HGV movements

based on collections by 8 wheel tipper. This would also result in 1.55

kg/CO2 emissions per mile (based on Defra’s Guidelines for Company

Reporting on Greenhouse Gas Emissions). For a haulage distance of 25

miles (each way) this will be equivalent to approximately 33,800,000 kg of

CO2 emissions; a substantial proportion of which would be saved by

reusing the waste onsite.

11.4.33 Table 11.14 presents the estimated waste arisings forecast to be produced

on an annual basis during the duration of the CD&E phases of the Scheme

as well as giving a total figure for the whole Scheme. Given that demolition

will occur as the works progress, CD&E wastes have been grouped and

the annual waste arisings forecast has been based on the annual forecast

expenditure across the construction phase of the Scheme.



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-38

Table 11.14 Estimated CD&E waste arisings from the Scheme (tonnes)

Year

Estimated waste arisings (tonnes/year) Estimated total waste

arisings (tonnes/year)

Hazardous - Mixed

Inert - Black* Inert - Rubble

Inert - Soils Non-Hazardous -

Metal

Non-Hazardous -

Timber

Non-Hazardous -

Mixed

2016 102 19,989 6,524 24,893 570 52 105 52,233

2017 257 50,609 16,518 63,026 1,442 131 266 132,249

2018 397 78,225 25,531 97,417 2,229 202 411 204,412

2019 405 79,728 26,021 99,289 2,272 206 418 208,339

2020 251 49,419 16,129 61,543 1,408 128 259 129,137

2021 28 5,557 1,814 6,921 158 14 29 14,521

Estimated total waste arisings

(tonnes) 1,440 283,526 92,536 353,089 8,080 732 1,488 740,891

*Bituminous aggregate mixtures that do not contain any hazardous substances



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-39

11.4.34 Table 11.15 presents the previous estimated waste arisings forecast to be

produced on an annual basis during the duration of the CD&E phases of

the Scheme aligned with the baseline waste streams presented in Table

11.4 and Table 11.6.

Table 11.15 Estimated CD&E waste arisings from the Scheme (tonnes) aligned with baseline waste streams

Year

Estimated waste arisings (tonnes/year) Estimated total waste

arisings (tonnes/year)

Non-hazardous

Hazardous Inert Non-Hazardous -

Metal

2016 157 102 51,405 570 52,233

2017 396 257 130,153 1,442 132,249

2018 612 397 201,173 2,229 204,412

2019 624 405 205,037 2,272 208,339

2020 387 251 127,091 1,408 129,137

2021 44 28 14,291 158 14,521


(tonnes) 2,220 1,440 729,151 8,080 740,891

11.4.35 It is anticipated that some areas of vegetation within the Order limits will be

removed to enable construction access and works to services, together

with the additions or alterations to the highway, including emergency

refuge areas, gantries, signage and lighting. It is anticipated that all

vegetation removed will be mulched and retained onsite.

11.4.36 There is the potential requirement for the removal of controlled waste (for

example, Japanese knotweed has already been identified as present

within the Order limits - refer to chapter 9 Ecology and Nature

Conservation) as such materials are identified during the construction

phase.



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-40

11.4.37 Hazardous wastes may comprise any contaminated soils that cannot be

treated to make them suitable for reuse either onsite or offsite and any

other contaminated material. The potential for land uses to generate

contaminated soils or groundwater is discussed in chapter 10 Geology and

Soils.

11.4.38 There is also the potential requirement for the removal of other hazardous

waste types (for example, asbestos has been identified as present within

the Order limits – refer to the SAMP for the Scheme produced in line with

the requirements of the IAN 63/05 Rev3 and the guidance provided on the

Agency’s Supply Chain Portal) as such materials are identified during the

construction phase.

11.4.39 The SAMP has identified asbestos in the drainage features and other

materials in a number of assets in the existing AAPs. Locations where

asbestos may be present have been identified in the SAMP where AAP

have not been provided.

Highway network

11.4.40 Using preliminary design information, it is currently estimated that some

98,000 HGV movements will be needed to transport the waste arisings

from the CD&E phases of the Scheme. This is equivalent to approximately

54 HGV movements per day.

11.4.41 Due to the high vehicular capacity of the affected highway network and its

capacity to accommodate increases in vehicle movements anticipated to

be required to transport waste from the Scheme, the sensitivity of this

receptor is judged to be low.

11.4.42 The summary of CD&E waste arisings forecast following the requirements

of IAN 153/11 is described in Table 11.16.



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-41

Table 11.16 Summary of CD&E waste arisings from the Scheme

Scheme activity Waste arisings from the Scheme Quantities of waste

arisings (tonnes) Additional information on

waste

Site remediation/preparation

earthworks

Excavated natural soils and or rocks (and made ground) produced during topsoil stripping and the excavation of cuttings. Road planings, especially those containing coal tars. These could be reused onsite for landscaping or for cut and fill balancing. Any surplus earthworks could be utilised on projects offsite.

Road planings, which could be incorporated into new pavements on or offsite.

Wood and vegetation wastes.

Inert – Soils: 353,089

It is a Scheme design objective to achieve a ‘cut and fill balance’ where possible so that the amount of material produced by Scheme works is matched by the amount of material required to build embankments and landscaping and therefore the excavated materials do not become waste.



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-42



waste

Demolition Road planings, especially those containing coal tars.

Bituminous macadam (‘tarmac’).

Metals and plastics.

Wood and vegetation wastes.

General and office waste.

Recycled concrete.

Lighting columns.

Gantries.

Steel: 6,592,Inert – Rubble: 35,032

Inert materials arising from the demolition phase will be reused onsite when Scheme logistics allow, this will be reviewed on an ongoing basis.

The Scheme will endeavour to reuse site won materials where possible. For the purposes of assessment, a worst case scenario has been assumed whereby no materials will be reused onsite.

Construction Structures: rubble and steel.

Carriageway materials: asphalt surfacing, asphalt planings and aggregates used in sub-base or drainage.

Wood waste: fencing and semi-mature vegetation.

Metals: railings, signs, gantries, Armco barriers and cables.

Inert – Black (Bituminous aggregate mixtures that do not contain hazardous substances): 283,526

Inert – Rubble: 92,536

The removal and disposal of any small quantities of asbestos will be managed through the SAMP, AAPs and SWMP and in line with legislation. Due to the relatively small amounts of asbestos expected to be present and the implementation of the



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-43



waste

Plastics: drainage pipes, packaging and cable covering.

Hazardous materials: contaminated soils, asbestos, oil-based waste, contaminated packaging and road sweepings.

Office/canteen waste: paper, electrical goods, furnishings, packaging, food waste and sewage waste water.

Non-hazardous – Metal: 8,080

Non-hazardous – Timber: 732

Non-hazardous – Mixed (Mixed construction waste, card, paper, plastics, canteen waste): 732 tonnes

Hazardous waste - (Batteries, asbestos, glass, plastics, wood with contamination, soils, stone containing hazardous contaminants): 1,440

mitigation measures detailed in this chapter, in accordance with best practice, significant impacts or effects are unlikely.

Materials will be transported by road, using the existing highway network.



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-44

Mitigation

11.4.43 Measures would be implemented to reduce the impacts of material

resources use and waste arisings from the Scheme.

11.4.44 An Outline CEMP has been prepared prior to the submission of the

Application, and is appended to the Outline EMP (Appendix 4.2). The

Outline CEMP will be developed by the appointed Contractor and

responsibility for the management of material resources use and waste

arisings during the CD&E phases of the Scheme will be secured by the

further development and implementation of the CEMP, which will be

finalised prior to construction The delivery of the mitigation measures

presented in this section will be secured through the CEMP.

11.4.45 Relevant to this chapter and appended to the Outline CEMP, is an

Outline SWMP (Annex A of the Outline CEMP) Outline MMP (Annex B

of the Outline CEMP), and an Outline Logistics Plan (Annex C) which

will be further developed as the Scheme’s design progresses and form

part of the mitigation measures of particular relevance to materials and

waste. The responsibility to secure compliance with the CEMP lies with

the Agency. However, the appointed Contractor will have a

responsibility to finalise and comply with any requirements laid out in

the CEMP and to manage all material resources and waste arisings

appropriately.

11.4.46 One objective of the MMP will be to ensure that material resources and

waste arisings are handled and used in a manner which prevents harm

to human health and pollution of the environment. This objective will be

secured by the further development and implementation of the

‘Approach to waste management during construction’ section of the

Outline MMP. The MMP will be based on an appropriate risk

assessment that underpins the Scheme design and any need for

remediation.

11.4.47 The ‘Approach to waste management during construction’ section of

the Outline MMP details how contaminated soils will be handled,

including end disposal points. The methodology for ensuring waste

arisings are stored, sampled and managed in accordance with agreed

process is outlined. Materials acceptance criteria for reuse, validation

testing and waste classification are taken into consideration and

implemented in accordance with a waste sampling strategy which is

outlined. Stockpile surveys will be undertaken and drawings produced



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-45

on a regular basis. Descriptions of permitted stockpiles will be

included.

11.4.48 The process for the identification, handling and removal of controlled

and hazardous wastes, incorporating suitable risk assessments and

method statements will be developed further by the Contractor before

the commencement of the Scheme following the ‘Approach to waste

management during construction’ section of the Outline MMP.

11.4.49 Due to the dynamic nature of the Scheme construction, opportunities

to reuse excavated materials (within areas of the Scheme which have

a requirement for these excavated materials to be reused as fill) will

have to be addressed on an ongoing basis. This objective will be

secured by the further development and delivery of Section 11.4

‘Management of excavated materials and waste’ of the Outline CEMP

and the ‘Approach to waste management during construction’ and ‘Soil

management plan’ sections of the Outline MMP.

11.4.50 It is anticipated that both reinforced concrete and steel structures will

include a measurable recycled content in their manufacture. The

environmental criteria by which material products will be selected and

Scheme-specific targets for the recycled content of key materials will

be set and committed to prior to commencement of the material

procurement process for the Scheme. This objective will be secured by

the further development and delivery of the ‘Materials resources to be

used’ section of the Outline MMP.

11.4.51 Holistically, the MMP and Logistics Plan will support the management

of all material resources whilst in transport and onsite waste arisings

from point of production, whilst in transport on and offsite, and during

handling at the Scheme's construction compounds.

11.4.52 The Outline Logistics Plan will be further developed by the Contractor

to manage all movements of material resources and waste on and

offsite effectively. Having the Logistics Plan in place will improve the

safety and reliability of deliveries to the Scheme, reduce congestion

and minimise the environmental impact.

11.4.53 The Outline SWMP will be a live document that will evolve into a

SWMP following the grant of development consent to enable the

Agency and its Contractor to plan, implement, monitor and review

waste minimisation and management on construction sites for the

Scheme. This will be updated where necessary during the construction

of the Scheme. The process of the development and implementation of



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-46

a Review Schedule which will secure these updates is included in the

‘Approach to waste management during construction’ and ‘Site

records’ sections of the Outline MMP. Preparing an Outline SWMP at

the preliminary design stage has facilitated the identification and

implementation of waste minimisation at the design stage and reuse

and recycling opportunities during onsite operations. This has reduced

the potential quantities of construction waste sent to landfill. Preparing

the Outline SWMP has also encouraged the review of current waste

reduction and recovery practice levels, highlighting areas where good

and best practice can be achieved.

11.4.54 The objective of the SWMP is to ensure appropriate treating, handling

and disposal of waste arising from the Scheme. The Outline SWMP

has been developed in line with the current best practice guidance

provided on WRAP’s website (Ref 11-30). The further development

and implementation of the objectives of the Outline SWMP will be

secured through the delivery of section 12 ‘Materials’ of the Outline

CEMP.

11.4.55 The SWMP will identify:

a) the volume and tonnes of excavated materials and other waste

streams and volume and tonnes (for example wood, brick,

concrete, soils, and plastics) likely to be produced during

construction and demolition, to establish the potential for reuse

(on or offsite) and recycling;

b) opportunities for waste minimisation and management;

c) possible options for designing out waste;

d) the most significant opportunities to increase reuse and

recycling rates (termed “Waste Recovery Quick Wins”) and the

realistic recovery rates for each waste type;

e) waste to landfill targets to work towards the aim of recovering at

least 70% by weight of non-hazardous construction and

demolition waste in order to reflect the Agency’s aspirations

and current government policy in addition to the other strategic

targets identified in Table 11.2;

f) suitable waste management contractors and record appropriate

licences, permits, waste transfer notes and hazardous waste

consignment notes;



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-47

g) appropriate site practices such as how waste materials will be

segregated and the measures that will be used for raising

awareness among site operatives for waste reduction, reuse

and recycling; and

h) the method for measuring and auditing CD&E waste to enable

more effective waste management through the setting of

performance targets for segregation, recycling, and monitoring

sub-contractors.

11.4.56 The waste minimisation practices that can be adopted for the identified

key waste categories in the Scheme include:

a) excavation and demolition waste and aggregates (concrete,

soils and inert materials): non contaminated spoil may be

crushed onsite for aggregate and reused for back-fill and

landscaping; and

b) the reduction of packaging material through the procurement

process, take back schemes, and the separation of packaging

material for reuse.

11.4.57 Any excavation and demolition waste used for the Scheme would need

to be proven ‘suitable for use’ by adoption of acceptance criteria and

would be used under either the Environmental Permitting (England and

Wales) Regulations 2010 (as amended) or The Definition of Waste:

Development Industry Code of Practice (Contaminated Land;

Applications in Real Environments (“CL:AIRE”), March 2011). This

objective will be secured by the further development and delivery of

the ‘Approach to waste management during construction’ and ‘Soil

management plan’ sections of the Outline MMP.

11.4.58 Any topsoil or subsoil will be stripped, appropriately stored onsite and

reused on the Scheme. Other soils generated through the site

preparation activities will be used for landscaping. This objective will

be secured by the further development and delivery of the ‘Approach

to waste management during construction’ and ‘Soil management plan’

sections of the Outline MMP.

11.4.59 Proposed construction compound sites are shown on Drawing 1.1.

Further details on the mitigation and management practices with

regards to soil management are described in the Outline MMP and

construction compounds are described in chapter 4 Scheme

Description.



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-48

11.4.60 Any contamination identified may require soils to be treated onsite or

taken offsite for treatment and/or disposal. Any asphalt waste

containing coal tar waste identified when removing old road and hard

standing sections will be taken offsite for disposal at a suitable facility.

Non-exhaustive lists of facilities have been presented in Appendix

11.1.

11.4.61 Asbestos identified within the Scheme has been discussed above.

Locations where it may be present have been identified in the SAMP

where AAP have not been provided. The SAMP recommends that

appropriate Refurbishment or Demolition verification surveys are

undertaken on assets to be affected by the Scheme, prior to the

commencement of works thereon.

11.4.62 In line with the measures detailed within the AAP, before any work is

carried out on any asset where asbestos has been, or is, identified, the

project manager for the work will follow the flow chart in IAN 63/05.

This will ensure materials will be considered in advance of design work

and incorporated in Design Risk Assessments and Health and Safety

Plans prior to ordering or commencing any maintenance or

construction works.

11.4.63 In accordance with the requirements of the NN NPS, all material

resources used and waste arisings from the Scheme would be

managed onsite and offsite in accordance the Outline CEMP and its

Appendices (Outline MMP, Outline Logistics Plan and Outline SWMP).

The CEMP requires the contractors to:

a) maximise opportunities for the potential reusing and recycling of

all material resources and waste;

b) sort and segregate waste in different waste streams;

c) manage material use to maximise the environmental and

Scheme benefits from the use of surplus materials; and

d) prepare and implement a SWMP, MMP and Logistics Plan.

11.4.64 Waste prevention and reuse activities are consistent with the waste

and sustainable resource use policies identified in Table 11.2. The NN

NPS requires the Scheme to minimise the volume of waste produced

and to implement sustainable waste management through the

application of the waste hierarchy. The Scheme would apply the waste

hierarchy in order to move waste management practices as far up the



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-49

hierarchy as practicable, minimising disposal and maximising reuse

and recycling.

11.4.65 Minimising waste arisings has been considered throughout the design

process of the Scheme. This will be achieved through the

consideration of the WRAP designing out waste principles detailed in

paragraph 11.2.32. Waste minimisation measures incorporated in the

Scheme’s design will be recorded in the SWMP which will be updated

and communicated accordingly as the Scheme progresses.

11.4.66 Table 11.17 provides a description of mitigation measures and how

these measures will be implemented, measured and monitored during

the CD&E phases. This table has been produced in adherence to the

requirements of IAN 153/11.



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-50

Table 11.17 Mitigation measures report matrix

Project activity

Potential impacts associated with material resource

use/waste management

Description of mitigation measures

How the measures will be implemented, measured and

monitored

Site remediation/p

reparation

Temporary:

Transportation of CD&E material resources and waste.

Utilisation of waste management facilities.

Permanent:

Depletion of finite natural resources e.g. aggregate for construction.

Decreased landfill capacity.

Maximise reuse of excavated materials through various solutions including demonstrating suitability for use ether onsite or offsite, sending contaminated soils to suitable treatment sites to facilitate reuse and storage of topsoil onsite for reuse.

Appropriate utilisation of waste management facilities to achieve recycling, reuse or recovery of all inert and non-hazardous waste on or offsite.

Production and adherence to a SWMP that incorporates good and best practice.

The production of a MMP and Logistics Plan supports the maximisation of reuse of excavated materials into the construction phase of the Scheme.

Implemented throughout the design process and appropriate use of procurement documentation to ensure waste minimisation and management designs and initiatives are used.

Measured and monitored through implementation of the CEMP and associated MMP, Logistics Plan and SWMP.



MARCH 2015

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Project activity





monitored

Demolition Temporary:

Transportation of CD&E material resources and waste.

Utilisation of waste management facilities.

Permanent:



Production and adherence to a SWMP based on good practice

Wherever possible materials will be recycled or reused onsite.

Implemented throughout the design process and appropriate use of procurement documentation to ensure management, designs, and initiatives are used to deliver waste minimisation.


Site Construction

Temporary:

Transportation of CD&E materials and waste.

Utilisation of waste infrastructure sites.

Permanent:


Where practicable, specification and procurement of material resources will utilise those that are: locally sourced; use local skilled labour to install; are low in carbon, environmental and user health impact; durable; include recycled materials; and are responsibly sourced.

Adoption of a Logistics Plan to ensure that consideration is given to material requirements throughout the construction phase and that

Implemented throughout the design process and appropriate use of procurement documentation to ensure management, designs, and initiatives are used to deliver waste minimisation.




MARCH 2015

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Project activity





monitored

Decreased landfill capacity. vehicle movements are kept to a practicable minimum.

Adoption of ‘Just in time delivery’ as part of the Logistics Plan to alleviate space constraints for storage, site congestion and provision of safe, secure and protected material storage areas.

Adoption of the waste hierarchy.

Careful quality control during the construction phase.

Cover excavated material to ensure run off of any contaminated water does not occur.

Where practicable, employ technical solutions such as the use of precast concrete rather than cast in-situ and assemble structures onsite and move into place.



MARCH 2015

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Assessment of residual effects

Material resources

11.4.67 The depletion of finite material resources could occur through extraction of

primary aggregates (e.g. sands and gravels). Structures, drainage and

signage products will be procured with consideration of the environmental

impacts associated with their manufacture, as well as other considerations

such as structural design, carbon footprint, energy consumption, long-life

performance, visual impacts, durability and cost. It is anticipated that both

reinforced concrete and steel structures will include a measurable recycled

content in their manufacture. Maximum reuse of site-won materials will be

secured through the further development and implementation of the MMP

and Logistics Plan. Quantitative assessment of key material resources to

be used by the Scheme (aggregates, concrete and steel) during the

excavation and construction phases has been made against UK wide

material production data, presented in Table 11.18. Given the high levels

of UK supply and demand, the sensitivity of this receptor is judged to be

low.

Table 11.18 Key material UK demand vs Scheme demand

Material Type

UK demand (annual -

2013) (Tonnes)

UK demand (duration of Scheme, based on

2013 figures) (Tonnes)

Scheme demand (total) (Tonnes)

Aggregates or inert materials

200,000,000 1,200,000,000 1,379,081

Concrete 70,000,000 420,000,000 145,823

Steel 11,900,000 71,400,000 10,511

11.4.68 The Scheme will, where possible, maximise the reuse of site-won

materials and procure materials with a high recycled content percentage.

As such, the impact on material resources resulting from the Scheme is

assessed to be negligible adverse.

11.4.69 Using preliminary design information, 173,300 HGV movements are

estimated to be needed for the material resources during the construction

phase of the Scheme. This is equivalent to 96 HGV movements per day.

Due to the high vehicular capacity of the highway network within the study

area and its capacity to accommodate increases in vehicle movements

anticipated to be required to transport materials to the site, the sensitivity

of this receptor is judged to be low.



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-54

11.4.70 There is likely to be a very minor negative impact on the available vehicle

carrying capacity of the highways network as a result of increased vehicle

movements carrying material resources to the Scheme. As such, the

magnitude of impact on the highways network is assessed to be

negligible adverse.

11.4.71 As an additional part of the assessment, the magnitude of impact of the

embodied carbon contained within the main material resources to be used

on the Scheme is assessed to be major adverse. However, through the

maximising of the amount of material resources and waste to be reused

onsite the overall demand for materials from offsite sources could be

reduced to moderate adverse.

11.4.72 Taking into consideration the sensitivity of receptors and magnitude of

impacts described above, the significance of effect on both the highways

network resulting from materials being transported to the Scheme and

material resources is assessed to be slight adverse.

Waste

Excavation phase

11.4.73 The alignment, location, level and grading of the Scheme is designed to

minimise excavation volumes. The Scheme design also enables flexibility

in the approach to landscaping, so that it can accommodate changes in

spoil volumes that may arise if site conditions differ from the initial

assessments during the preliminary design phase.

11.4.74 Both these approaches should minimise excavation volumes and enable

excavation waste (except where contaminated) to be reused onsite where

conditions and Scheme requirements allow. It is anticipated that the cut

and fill balance of the Scheme will enable opportunities for the reuse of

site-won materials.

11.4.75 If the logistics of the Scheme determine that clean excavations will have to

be transported offsite for reuse then a very high recycling rate can be

expected (>95%).



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-55

11.4.76 As the Scheme is at preliminary design stage and further ground

investigations are to be carried out, the final estimate of the volume of any

contaminated spoil that may arise from the Scheme has not been

quantified. Soil contaminants likely to be present within the Scheme are

presented in chapter 10 Geology and Soils. However, even if a reasonable

worst case scenario is assumed whereby all excavated soils contain

contaminants, there are sufficient available soil treatment facilities that

have capacity to treat all contaminated soils arising from the Scheme prior

to reuse either on the Scheme or on a receptor site. Examples of these

facilities are presented in Table 11.7. Following treatment, it can be

reasonably assumed that a high percentage (>90%) of these soils will be

suitable for reuse. An assessment of contaminated soils arisings from the

scheme is presented in chapter 10 Geology and Soils.

11.4.77 As detailed in chapter 10 Geology and Soils, the Scheme is adjoined to

some historic landfill sites but there is no predicted requirement for

excavation works in or around them.

Demolition phase

11.4.78 As described in the mitigation section of this chapter, recycling and/or

reusing inert and non-hazardous waste onsite, and adhering to the

requirements of the CEMP, MMP, Logistics Plan and SWMP will ensure

that the impacts of demolition waste are minimised. It is anticipated that a

high percentage of waste arisings will be either recycled or reused (waste

recycling and reuse targets are to be set prior to the Scheme breaking

ground).

11.4.79 Therefore, despite the volumes of demolition waste likely to arise from the

Scheme, the current void space available to receive waste arisings from

the study area will not decrease significantly as a result of the demolition

phase of the Scheme.

Construction phase

11.4.80 The mitigation section of this chapter describes how the impacts of waste

arisings are minimised in relation to recycling and/or reusing inert and non-

hazardous waste onsite. The mitigation is secured by the requirements of

the CEMP, MMP, Logistics Plan, and SWMP.



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-56

11.4.81 There is a potential requirement for the removal of hazardous and

controlled waste arising from the Scheme should any be identified during

the CD&E phases, but the volumes of any hazardous or controlled waste

arising are anticipated to be negligible. This will be reviewed as necessary

as the design of the Scheme is finalised.

11.4.82 Over 96% of the waste arisings forecast are inert materials, of which a

high percentage (>90%) is likely to be reused either on or offsite.

11.4.83 Table 11.19 shows estimated annual and total CD&E waste arisings

forecast as a percentage of annual CD&E waste arising during the

construction of the Scheme and total waste capacity (landfill and waste

management facilities that could take CD&E waste) within the study area.

The table presents a reasonable worst case scenario and demonstrates

that there is sufficient waste capacity to manage all estimated CD&E

waste arisings from the Scheme.

Table 11.19 Estimated total CD&E waste arisings vs CD&E waste capacity and CD&E baseline arisings

Year


from the Scheme (tonnes)

Waste capacity (landfill and

management) (tonnes)

Baseline waste arisings within the

study area (tonnes)

Estimated waste arising from the

Scheme as a % of total waste

arisings in study area

2016 52,233 30,665,905 8,577,313 0.61%

2017 132,249 30,665,905 8,577,313 1.54%

2018 204,412 30,665,905 8,577,313 2.38%

2019 208,339 30,665,905 8,577,313 2.43%

2020 129,137 30,665,905 8,577,313 1.51%

2021 14,521 30,665,905 8,577,313 0.17%

Total 740,891 183,995,430 51,463,878 1.44%

11.4.84 Table 11.20 shows annual and total waste arisings forecast as a

percentage of annual waste arising during the construction of the Scheme

and total waste capacity (landfill and waste management facilities) within

the study area. The table demonstrates that there is sufficient waste

capacity to manage all waste arisings from the Scheme.



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-57

Table 11.20 Total waste arisings vs waste capacity and baseline arisings by waste stream

Year Tonnes

Waste arisings (tonnes/year)

Total Waste

(tonnes/year) Non-

hazardous

Hazardous Inert Non-

Hazardous -

Metal

2016 Total waste arisings from the Scheme 157 102 51,405 570 52,233

Waste capacity (landfill and management) 14,038,953 537,000* 6,725,858 305,000 21,069,811

Baseline waste arisings within the study area 2,804,913 338,442 1,052,702 4,196,057

Wastes arising from the Scheme as a % of total waste arisings in study area

0.01% 0.03% 4.88% - 1.24%

2017 Total waste arisings from the Scheme 396 257 130,153 1,442 132,249




0.01% 0.08% 12.36% - 3.15%






MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-58

Year Tonnes


Total Waste

(tonnes/year) Non-

hazardous


Hazardous -

Metal


0.02% 0.12% 19.11% - 4.87%





0.02% 0.12% 19.48% - 4.97%





0.01% 0.07% 12.07% - 3.08%

2021 Total waste arisings from the Scheme 44 28 14,291 158 14,521





MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-59

Year Tonnes


Total Waste

(tonnes/year) Non-

hazardous


Hazardous -

Metal


0.00% 0.01% 1.36% - 0.35%

*Estimated hazardous waste capacity from five landfills across the UK – one in London, one in Northamptonshire, and three in South East England



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-60

11.4.85 Using preliminary design information, approximately 97,900 HGV

movements are estimated to be needed for the waste during the CD&E

phases of the Scheme. This is equivalent to 54 HGV movements per day.

11.4.86 Due to the high vehicular capacity of the highway network in the study

area and their capacity to accommodate increases in vehicle movements

anticipated to be required to move waste arisings offsite, the sensitivity of

this receptor is considered to be low.

11.4.87 Assessment of the sensitivity of the waste infrastructure required to

manage the wastes likely to arise from the Scheme is dependent on the

percentage of the estimated total waste generation in the study area

forecast to be produced from the Scheme (see Appendix 11.1). As a result

of the varying levels of waste forecast to be produced on an annual basis

from the Scheme, the assessment of the sensitivity of the waste

infrastructure to accept waste from the Scheme also varies. This variation

is demonstrated in Table 11.21.

Table 11.21 Annual sensitivity of waste infrastructure sites (CD&E waste arisings within the study area)

Year Wastes arising from the Scheme as a percentage of total CD&E waste

arisings in study area (%)

Assessment of sensitivity of waste infrastructure

2016 0.61% Low

2017 1.54% Medium

2018 2.38% Medium

2019 2.43% Medium

2020 1.51% Medium

2021 0.17% Low

Total 1.44% Medium

11.4.88 Despite this variation, on a Scheme-wide basis, the sensitivity of the waste

infrastructure receptors likely to be affected by the estimated waste

arisings from the Scheme is considered to be medium.



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-61

11.4.89 Assessment of the sensitivity of the waste infrastructure required to

manage the waste streams likely to arise from the Scheme is also

dependent on the percentage of the total waste arisings in the study area.

As baseline data for non-hazardous metals is not available, this waste

stream has been grouped with the non-hazardous waste in order to

assess the annual sensitivity of waste infrastructure presented in Table

11.22.

Table 11.22 Annual sensitivity of waste infrastructure sites (total waste arisings within the study area)

Year

Waste arisings from the Scheme as a percentage of total waste

arisings in study area (%)


Non-hazardous

Hazardous* Inert Non-

hazardous Hazardous* Inert

2016 0.01% 0.03% 4.88% Low Low Medium

2017 0.01% 0.08% 12.36% Low Low High

2018 0.02% 0.12% 19.11% Low Low High

2019 0.02% 0.12% 19.48% Low Low High

2020 0.01% 0.07% 12.07% Low Low High

2021 0.00% 0.01% 1.36% Low Low Medium

Total 0.06% 0.07% 11.54% Low Low High

*Baseline data from South East England and London

11.4.90 Analysing total waste data by waste stream (National Statistics, 2013), the

sensitivity of the waste infrastructure receptors likely to be affected by the

inert waste arisings from the Scheme is considered to be high.

11.4.91 Analysing total waste data by waste stream (National Statistics, 2013), the

sensitivity of the waste infrastructure receptors likely to be affected by the

non-hazardous and hazardous waste arisings from the Scheme are

considered to be low.



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-62

11.4.92 There is likely to be a very minor detriment to the highway network as a

result of increased vehicle movements carrying waste from the Scheme.

The waste infrastructure within the study area has the capacity to manage

all waste arising from the Scheme so the need for vehicle movements

outside of the study area will be minimised. As such, the magnitude of

impact on the highways network is assessed to be negligible adverse.

11.4.93 It is likely that small volumes of waste arising from the Scheme will be sent

to landfill, leading to a minor loss of the void space within the landfill sites

within the study area. Despite this, there is likely to be a very high reuse of

site won materials and the waste management facilities within the study

area have suitable capacity to manage wastes arising from the Scheme.

Therefore the magnitude of impact on the associated waste infrastructure

is assessed to be negligible adverse.


impacts described above, the significance of effect on both the highway

network and waste infrastructure resulting from wastes arising from the

Scheme is assessed to be slight adverse.

11.5 Cumulative effects

11.5.1 The cumulative developments included in the assessment of cumulative

developments are outlined in Appendix 16.1.

Material resources

11.5.2 It is assumed that the material resources to be used for other

developments will be sourced using a market-wide approach, in line with

that adopted for the Scheme. As such, the sensitivity of the material

resource receptors likely to be affected by the materials resource

requirements of the Scheme in combination with the other developments

identified is considered to be low.

11.5.3 It has been assumed that the other developments identified will adhere to

industry good practice; where possible, maximising the reuse of site-won

materials and procure materials with a recycled content percentage. As

such, the magnitude of impact on material resources resulting from the

Scheme in combination with the other developments identified is assessed

to be negligible adverse.



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-63


impacts described above, the significance of the cumulative effect on

material resources to be used by the Scheme in combination with the

other developments identified is assessed to be slight adverse.

Waste

11.5.5 Estimates of the waste arisings from the developments planned within 1km

of the Scheme have been calculated by applying BRE SmartWaste

benchmarks (Ref 11-31) for specific development types to the

developments gross internal or gross external floor areas.

11.5.6 The gross internal floor areas of the developments have been sourced

from publicly available online data and relevant planning portals. However,

the necessary data for all developments to calculate or estimate the

internal floor area of the development proposed elements was available.

Therefore, a number of assumptions/calculations have been made. These

include:

a) residential developments have an average of two bedrooms per

dwelling. The average two bedroom dwelling size has been based

on CABE research (Ref 11-32);

b) the average number of 25 houses per hectare of residential

development has been based on CABE research (Ref 11-33);

c) average floor areas of educational facilities have been based on

Department for Education data (Ref 11-34);

d) average floor areas of the specific BRE building types, present within

the cumulative developments, were used to calculate floor areas in

the absence of development specific data; and

e) demolition and infrastructure associated with the developments was

omitted in the absence of any data.

11.5.7 The quantitative assessment of the cumulative effects of the Scheme and

developments planned within 1km of the Scheme on waste are presented

in Table 11.23. These developments are presented in Drawing 16.1.



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-64

Table 11.23 Total waste arisings from development within 1km of the Scheme

Development Number/Type

Development area

Non- hazardous

Non- hazardous

- Metal

Non- hazardous

(total)

Hazardous Inert TOTAL

(m2) (Tonnes)

1 Residential 15,656 8,108 21 8,129 13 1,191 9,333

Leisure 31,349 18,578 60 18,637 6 958 19,601

2 Industrial 33,910 26,968 100 27,069 74 3,363 30,506

3 Commercial Other 39,664 21,629 181 21,810 0 132 21,943

4 Leisure 31,349 18,578 60 18,637 6 958 19,601


6 Commercial Retail 4,800 4,984 34 5,018 24 372 5,414

7 Industrial 22,540 17,926 67 17,992 49 2,235 20,277

8 Mixed Use 175,578 237,755 318 238,073 135 55,135 293,343

9 Industrial 33,699 26,800 99 26,900 74 3,342 30,316

10 Industrial 104,513 83,119 308 83,427 229 10,365 94,022

11 Infrastructure No information available



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-65


Development area

Non- hazardous

Non- hazardous

- Metal

Non- hazardous

(total)


(m2) (Tonnes)

12 Industrial 33,699 26,800 99 26,900 74 3,342 30,316

13 Industrial 33,699 26,800 99 26,900 74 3,342 30,316

14 Commercial Retail 21,102 21,909 150 22,059 105 1,635 23,799

15 Mixed Use 156,320 211,677 283 211,960 120 49,087 261,168

16 Residential 1,434 743 2 745 1 109 855

17 Residential 4,866 2,520 7 2,527 4 370 2,901

18 Residential 7,870 4,076 11 4,086 6 599 4,692

19 Mixed Use 194,836 263,833 352 264,185 150 61,182 325,518

20 Residential 3,606 1,867 5 1,872 3 274 2,149


22 Mixed Use 175,578 237,755 318 238,073 135 55,135 293,343

23 Mixed Use 10,980 14,868 20 14,888 8 3,448 18,345

24 Residential 39,858 20,641 53 20,694 33 3,033 23,760



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-66


Development area

Non- hazardous

Non- hazardous

- Metal

Non- hazardous

(total)


(m2) (Tonnes)

25 Residential 72,666 37,631 97 37,728 60 5,529 43,317

26 Residential 11,598 6,006 16 6,022 10 882 6,914

27 Residential 82,845 42,903 111 43,013 68 6,303 49,385

Education 400 348 1 350 0 34 384

28 Residential 117,408 60,802 157 60,959 97 8,933 69,989

Commercial Retail 2,500 2,596 18 2,613 12 194 2,820

Community building/primary school/sports pavilion

No information available


30 Commercial Retail 9,100 9,448 65 9,513 45 705 10,263

31 Residential 58,236 30,158 78 30,236 48 4,431 34,715

Commercial Offices 185 114 0 114 0 15 129

Healthcare 185 216 1 216 0 18 234



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-67


Development area

Non- hazardous

Non- hazardous

- Metal

Non- hazardous

(total)


(m2) (Tonnes)

Commercial Other 185 101 1 102 0 1 102

Industrial 220 175 1 176 0 22 198

32 Commercial Offices 6,966 4,279 18 4,297 1 555 4,853

33 Commercial Offices 13,880 8,526 36 8,561 3 1,105 9,669

34 Industrial 7,310 5,814 22 5,835 16 725 6,576

Commercial Retail 7,998 8,304 57 8,361 40 620 9,020

35 Industrial 33,699 26,800 99 26,900 74 3,342 30,316


TOTAL 1,620,066 1,551,849 3,504 1,555,353 1,803 293,081 1,831,237



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-68

11.5.8 The Scheme and the other developments identified are forecast to

produce a total of 2,591,128 tonnes of waste, amounting to 10% of the

total waste arisings in the study area. This tonnage of waste (of just under

431,855 tonnes per annum if waste production is split evenly across each

construction year of the Scheme) can be managed by the waste capacity

within the study area as demonstrated by Table 11.24.

Table 11.24 Total cumulative waste arisings

Waste stream (tonnes) Non-hazardous Hazardous Inert

Total waste arisings from the Scheme

10,300 1,440 729,151

Waste arisings from developments within 1km of the Scheme

1,555,353 1,803 293,081289

Cumulative waste arisings 1,565,65 3,243 1,022,232

Waste capacity (landfill and metal treatment)

26,063,718 3,222,000* 40,355,148

Baseline waste arisings within the study area (over the 6 years of the construction phase of the Scheme)

16,829,478 2,030,652 6,316,212

Cumulative wastes arising as a percentage of total waste arisings in study area (%)

9.21% 0.16% 16.13%


High Low High

*Estimated hazardous waste capacity from five landfills across the UK – one in London, one in Northamptonshire, and three in South East England

11.5.9 Waste quantifications put forward in Table 11.24 suggest that the waste

infrastructure within the study area has the capacity to manage the waste

generated from the Scheme in combination with the other developments

identified. The levels of non-hazardous and inert wastes forecast to be

arise from the Scheme and the other developments identified, would

amount to a significant proportion of the total of these waste streams

forecast to arise within the study area. As such, the sensitivity of the waste

infrastructure receptors likely to be affected by the waste arisings from the



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-69

Scheme in combination with the other developments identified is

considered to be high.

11.5.10 It is likely that small volumes of waste arising from the Scheme and the

other developments identified will be sent to landfill, leading to a minor loss

of void space at landfill sites within the study area. Despite this, it is

reasonably and appropriately assumed that the Scheme and the other

developments identified will apply industry good practice and endeavour to

reuse site-won inert materials either onsite or offsite where possible and

aim to achieve a high recycling percentage of non-hazardous materials.

However, for the purposes of assessment, a worst case scenario has been

assumed, whereby no waste will be reused onsite or offsite and as

demonstrated in Table 11.23, the waste management facilities within the

study area have suitable capacity to manage all wastes arising from the

Scheme and the other developments identified. Therefore, the magnitude

of impact on the associated waste infrastructure resulting from the

Scheme in combination with the other developments identified is assessed

to be negligible adverse.


impacts described above, the significance of the cumulative effect on

waste infrastructure to be used by the Scheme in combination with the

other developments identified is assessed to be slight adverse.

11.6 Limitations encountered in compiling the ES

11.6.1 There are no published or formalised significance criteria relating to the

assessment of waste impacts. Professional judgement has therefore, been

drawn upon to assess the significance of the Scheme’s environmental

effects.

11.6.2 Whilst considered sufficient to inform the assessment, initial quantifications

of the material resources use and waste arisings forecast from the

Scheme have been derived from the preliminary design information,

typical types and quantities of material resources to be used, key

performance indicators obtained from similar schemes and professional

judgement.

11.6.3 As the development of the design continues the accuracy and extent of the

figures for material resources use and waste quantifications will improve,

supporting the effective planning and management of any wastes likely to

arise from the Scheme.



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-70

11.6.4 Total CD&E waste for the study area is available from 2005. However, this

data does not split the CD&E waste into specific wastes streams to enable

an assessment of the Scheme’s specific waste stream arisings against this

baseline.

11.6.5 Therefore, to gain a baseline split of specific waste streams arising from

the study area, 2013 Office of National Statistics data has been used.

However, this data is not specifically related to CD&E waste and is

inclusive of CD&E, municipal, commercial and industrial wastes, etc.

11.6.6 Both the 2005 and 2013 data have been presented to enable the context

of the levels of waste likely to arise from the Scheme to be appropriately

discussed.

11.6.7 Consistent and complete waste infrastructure capacity data for specific

CD&E waste streams is not available for the study area. However, total

CD&E waste facility capacity, the capacity of total non-hazardous and inert

landfill, metal recycling facilities and a demonstration of a suitable market

for the receipt of inert wastes and contaminated spoil has been presented.

Through the presentation and assessment of these available

infrastructures, the capability of the waste infrastructure to receive and

manage the waste streams likely to arise from the Scheme has been

demonstrated.

11.6.8 Total waste management capacity for inert and contaminated soils has not

been presented due to a lack of an available, consistent data-set being

provided from the consulted LPAs. However, it is anticipated that there will

be numerous ‘receptor’ sites which will be able to receive large quantities

of inert wastes generated by the Scheme and some suitably located sites

have been presented.

11.6.9 Similarly, a number of contaminated soil treatment sites have been

presented. These lists are non-exhaustive, however, they demonstrate the

presence of a suitable facilities for such wastes.

11.6.10 As demonstrated in Table 11.7 and Table 11.8, these sites have suitable

capacity with which to effectively handle the levels of inert and

contaminated spoil arising from the Scheme. Given the non-exhaustive

nature of the sites presented, a reasonable worst-case scenario against

which a qualitative assessment can be made is presented. These markets

will be further investigated and utilised as the Scheme design and

construction progresses, this will be supported by the further development



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-71

and implementation of the Scheme SWMP and MMP, outlines of which are

appended to the Outline CEMP.

11.7 Summary

11.7.1 Of particular relevance to the Application is the NN NPS (Ref 11-10). The

delivery of the mitigation measures set out in the mitigation section of this

chapter will support adherence to the requirements of the NN NPS through

the application of the waste hierarchy. The Scheme would apply the waste

hierarchy in order to move waste management practices as far up the

hierarchy as practicable minimising disposal and maximising reuse and

recycling.

11.7.2 Also, minimising waste arisings has been considered throughout the

design process of the Scheme by considering the WRAP designing out

waste and all waste arisings will be properly managed through the further

development and implementation of the CEMP, MMP, Logistics Plan and

SWMP as described in the mitigation section of this chapter and in chapter

10 Geology and Soils.

11.7.3 The residual effects that could arise from CD&E phases of the Scheme are

set out in Table 11.25.



MARCH 2015

PAGE 11-72

Table 11.25 Materials impact summary table

Impact description Receptor(s) affected Mitigation Significance of residual effect

Temporary impacts

Transportation of CD&E materials to site.

Highway network. Minimise lorry movements through maximising reuse of materials onsite.

Slight adverse

Transportation of CD&E waste offsite.

Highway network. Minimise lorry movements through maximising reuse of materials onsite.

Slight adverse

Use of the waste management facility capacity with the study area.

Waste infrastructure. Scheme design minimising waste.

Effective delivery and adherence to Scheme’s CEMP, SWMP, Logistics Plan and MMP.

Slight adverse

Permanent impacts

Depletion of finite material resources e.g. aggregate for construction.

Material resources. Reuse of site-won materials where possible. Use of recycled and secondary aggregates where possible.

Slight adverse



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PAGE 11-73

Impact description Receptor(s) affected Mitigation Significance of residual effect




Slight adverse

Cumulative impacts

Depletion of finite material resources e.g. aggregate for construction.

Material resources. Reuse of site-won materials where possible. Use of recycled and secondary aggregates where possible.

Slight adverse




Slight adverse

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