11 andrew jones
TRANSCRIPT
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Urban regeneration
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Urban Regeneration in Europe
Presentation to the CATCH Final Event,Liverpool, June 2005
Dr Andrew Jones
Birkbeck College, University of London
020 7631 6471
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1) Introduction
Urban regeneration & ways in which Europeangovernments have used it to tackle social deprivation& urban decline
Urban regeneration argued to be a widely
experienced but little understood phenomenon Most towns & cities in Europe have engaged with the
idea somehow - a policy panacea
A long history to urban regeneration policy: widevariety of ideas, policies & projects
Recently: key impacts on debate around sustainability& ramifications for environmental quality (energyefficiency, air quality, CO2 emissions)
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This talk: tackles definition of urbanregeneration
Then examines principles of urbanregeneration
Provides wider context across Europe &differences from UK
Role of transport & degree to which that hasbeen absorbed into regeneration policy
Examines how that relates to environmentalsustainability
Considers two European examples: Bilbao,northern Spain & Rotterdam in theNetherlands
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2) What is UrbanRegeneration?
Simple definitions:
(1) comprehensive and integrated vision andactionwhich leads to the resolution of urbanproblems and which seeks to bring about a
lasting improvement in the economic,physical, social and environmental conditionof an area that has been subject to change.(Lichfield 1992)
(2) the regeneration of urban areas to stem
processes of economic, environmental, social& cultural decline that bring with themaccompanying decay of the physical builtenvironment. (Roberts 1999)
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Principles of 21st Century UrbanRegeneration (Roberts 1999)
1) detailed analysis of the urban fabric
2) simultaneous adaptation of physical, social,economic & environmental realms
3) integrated & comprehensive strategy
4) sustainability 5) clear operation objectives
6) make best use of resources
7) include stakeholders
8) recognise the importance of measuring progress 9) flexibility & ability to revise programmes
10) recognise that different elements progress atdifferent speeds
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3) Re-generating European Cities Roberts & Sykes (2000) in their Handbookargue 4
major aspects of the need for regeneration:
1) Economic Transition & Employment Change (deindustrialization, inappropriate labour market
skills)
2) Social & Community Issues
(counterurbanization, migration, communitydecline)
3) Physical obsolescence
(obsolescence of buildings, dereliction,contamination, outdated infrastructure)
4) Environmental Quality & Sustainability Many of the above factors degrade urban
environments, unsustainable urbanization
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EU has no specific urban regeneration mandate, butsought to tackle through various policies
From 1990s, specific policies (Urban Pilot Projects &
Urban Initiative) Sustainable urban regeneration through wide variety of
different policy tools (structural funds, social policygrants, links to voluntary organizations)
Place-marketing & culture-led regeneration become the
dominant overall paradigm for achieving regeneration Aim: attract mobile international capital investment, new
industries (tourism, services) & specialized personnel
Draws on US lead in 1980s e.g. waterfront developmentsin Baltimore, Boston, New Orleans
Sustainable regeneration (as with S. development)mixture of meanings: environment only one factor & oftensecondary consideration
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4) Transport & SustainableRegeneration
Transport policy often cited in regeneration plans
BUT multiple goals & usually driven by economic notenvironmental aims
European cities embraced less US-style car-oriented post-warurban development than in UK
Also historical preservation an earlier priority than UK
Left legacy of less car-centred transport systems (e.g. retentionof trams in Vienna, Amsterdam; car-usage controls in Rome)
As env. agenda absorbed, already an existing preference &track record of public transport infrastructure investment
BUT conflicting dimensions to role of transport in EU urban
regeneration in relation to env. sustainability e.g . key role of cheap air travel linkages important Car-free
cities
Consider 2 cases: Rotterdam & Bilbao
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Rotterdam, Netherlands
City-region of 1 million, used cultural strategies from
late 1980s Several major investments in Waterstad area
Festival (1988), theatre, maritime museum, leisurecomplex, reconstruction of harbour, offices
By mid 1990s, perceived as major success: 1000
direct new jobs, 2000 housing units, 100 000 squaremetres of office space
Followed by removal of an urban motorway & itsreplacement with pedestrian area
Significant pedestrianisation of Waterstad & areas
Use of space for craft markets & street theatre
Development of tram metro system, & mixed transportusage (tram, peds, cycles, buses)
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Erasmus Bridge, Rotterdam
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Rotterdam: mixed transport
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Bilbao, northern Spain Bilbao is the core of a metropolitan area of more than
1 million people Suffered major deindustrialization since 1970s
Poor external image & losing out to neighbouringSantander & San Sebastian
1980s: City Council & Basque regional govt beganculturally-centred programme of urban regeneration
Spending more than 10m per annum mid late 1980s
Key elements
Change the image of the city
Transform economic base Environmental improvements
Flagship: Frank Gehrys Guggenheim museum in olddockland area
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Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao
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Role of strong local political leadership
Key aspects of transport: new airport, new metro (2
phases), new roads, new pedestrian routes inc. bridge Transport: 2nd phase of new metro tram system (Dec
2002) attempting to mitigate car usage
Env. goals mixed in & integrated at early stage ofplanning
Transport shift away from private car (better publictransport, encourage peds / cycles)
BUT air travel connection key to international linkage& fly-drive key component of that
Sustainable transport not an explicit goal in projects& only applied where fitted wider regeneration vision
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Tram, Bilbao
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5) Conclusion & Lessons Wide degree of sustainable urban regeneration policy
experience across Europe
Significant success across economic, social &environmental goals
Culture-led strategies key as in UK
Suggest: in Europe transportation historically more
focused on alternatives to car From political leadership & planning phase, greaterpriority (e.g. membership of carfree networks)
European cities offer regeneration example on mixeduse transport, innovation and integrated approach
BUT not all env. sustainable (ie. Budget airlineconnections, car-oriented developments)
Scope for radical thought about env. Impacts ofcurrent sustainable regeneration practice
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Key requirements for applying to UK:
Integrated approach to planning & localleadership
Involvement & agreement of private sectorpartners
Sufficient planning powers: e.g. need for landpurchase and closure / access forconstruction
Incorporation of env. sustainability at earlyplanning / project conception stage
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