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SH*RT 2STI*S4hat is si#ple ha#%ni$ #%ti%n 4hat ae the ne$essa $%nditi%ns 7% a

8%d t% e9e$ute si#ple ha#%ni$ #%ti%nThe s pecial k ind of v ibratory motion o f a proportional to its displacement fromiscalledmeansi#pleor ha#%ni$ #%ti%n.

)%nditi%ns:

i)Acceleration is directly proportional to its ii)Acceleration is directed toards the mean

po

Think %7 se;eal e9a#ples in e;eda li7e %7 #%ti%n that ae si#pleha#%ni$.

i)!scillatin" simple pendlm ii)!scillatin" mass sprin"

system iii)$endlm of all clock

4hat ae da#ped %s$illati%ns H%w da#pin" p%"essi;el edu$es thea#plitude %s$illati%nsThe continos decrease of amplitde of oscilld theoscillationsda#pedare%s$illati%nscalled.%imple harmonic oscillations are ideal. &n ca decrease o f a mplitde hich ltimately be

com medim hich redces ner"ythemechanicalofsystem.e This resi da#pin" 7%$e.

H%w $an %u de7ine the te# wa;e la8%ate the di77een$e 8etween#e$hani$al and ele$t%#a"neti$ wa;es

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Daw a tans;ese wa;e with a#plitude %7 $# and a wa;elen"th %7 B $#.

+a8el a $est and t%u"h %n the wa;e.

Dei;e a elati%nship 8etween speed> 7eCuen$ and wa;elen"th %7 wa;e.

4ite a 7%#ula elatin" speed %7 a wa;e t% its ti#e pei%d and wa;elen"th.&f the speed ,;ofandavesthe istime period of the Tpla seconds, t hen t he di stance covered;T.As bity tishe e' avelen"th, therefore,

1 vT

v T or /T We knothatfthen/T1V f

4a;es ae the #eans %7 ene" tans7e with%ut tans7e %7 #atte. ?usti7this state#ent with the help %7 a si#ple e9pei#ent.&f e hold an end of a lon" strin" andis setp"iveon itth strin" a nd the o ther e nd a lso s

tartssome vibrattime) confirms the transfer of ener"ystrin"by. the&t confirmhelpof of ener"y

and not the transfer of mass.

9plain the 7%ll%win" p%peties %7 wa;es with e7een$e t% ipple tanke9pei#ent.1-Re7le$ti%n:When a stikeav san obstacle placed ine7le$tedits 8a$kpath,in ai particlar direction.Thise7le$ti%nphenomenonofaves.is called as of reflection are:

i) An"le of incident ray 0An"le i)An"leand) refileCualectedbe. rayii) An"le0 i),An"le0) andn%#althe, allliesat the sa#e plane.-Re7a$ti%n:

When avesentefrom%ne #ediu# t% an%the, a p art o f i t is

same medim hile%thepattheistans#itted int% the %the #ediu#. Thisphenomenon is called refraction of aves.

Thewa;e speedandwa;elen"thof a $han"eve in t he s econd me

7eCuen$ d%es n%t $han"e.0111 dra fi"re from book)

3-Di77ea$ti%n:

The8endin"ofaves arond obstacles is called diffr (or eample, radio and T2 avesreach in tho directly de to diffraction

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D%es in$easin" the 7eCuen$ %7 a wa;e als% in$ease its wa;elen"th I7 n%t>h%w ae these Cuantities elatedWe kno the 2frelation

&t cl early s hos i f f re'ency i ncreasesthe h prodct is constant that is velocityis.2elocityconstant

A 8all is d%pped 7%# a $etain hei"ht %nt% the 7l%% and keeps 8%un$in". Isthe #%ti%n %7 the 8all si#ple ha#%ni$ 9plain.As the ball is dropped from certain hei"ht 3h4 and k eeps bo ncin". & t i s o bserved a fter e

a decreasin". A nd t ime p eriodimes perialso d decreasinnot total ener"y is not conserved

so the motion of

A student pe7%#ed tw% e9pei#ents with a si#ple pendulu#. He use tw%8%8s %7 di77eent #asses 8 keepin" %the paa#etes $%nstant. T% hisast%nish#ent the ti#e pei%d %7 the pendulu# did n%t $han"e 4h

(ormla of time period of simple pendlm is i of mass of bob no chan"e in time period is

epe

4hat tpes %7 wa;es d% n%t eCuie an #ateial #ediu# 7% theip%pa"ati%nElectroma"netic aves do not re'ire any mater eample-ray,5 6adio aves, T2 aves etc.

'lane wa;es in the ipple tank unde"% e7a$ti%n when the #%;e 7%#deep t% shall%w wate. 4hat $han"e %$$us in the speed %7 the wa;esWhen ater aves c omin" f rom de eper po rtion re"ion of shallo ater re"ion, then

these sh re"ions is notchsan"eme deof vatoleen"ths.of ave

De7ine ;i8ati%nal #%ti%n.

The to and fro motion of a body abot is its me (or eample simple pendlm, flappin" of

in"s body f rom o ne e treme po sitionback t%tothersamendi ;i8ati%n.

H%w spide dete$ts its pe.

A spider detects its prey de to vibration prod

De7ine Ti#e 'ei%d and FeCuen$1 The time to complete oneti#evibrationpei%d. is called2 The nmber of vibratisecondone fre'encyiscalled.

4hat d% %u kn%w a8%ut da#pin" %7 sh%$k a8s%8e %7 aut%#%8iles.

%hock a bsorbers i n a tomobiles a re one o f t motionA.s hock a bsorber c onsists o f a pi

stonas omoil

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When the car travels over a bmp on road, the absorbers damp these vibrations and

convert th Ths the passen"ers do not feel vibrations.

H%w pendulu# $l%$k was in;ented

Christian 7y"ens invented the pendlm clock of 8alileo ho had discovered that all

pendl amont of time to complete one fll sin".

4hat d% %u kn%w a8%ut the speeds %7 +%n"itudinal and Tans;ese wa;esth%u"h ;ai%us #attes

on"itdinal aves move thanfasterthro"h"asesolid Transverse aves move thro"h thansolidshalfat ofa st of lon"itdinal aves. &t

forceisbecaseeertedthedr and do n mo tion of pa rticles o f t he me di eertedby a ba ck a nd f orth mo tion o f p lon"itdinal aves.

4hi$h tpe %7 wa;e $a #%e ene". Hi"h 7eCuen$ wa;es % l%w7eCuen$To "enerate a hi"h fre'ency ave re'ired mor fre'ency aves carry more ener"y than

lo fre'

+*< 2STI*S9plain the #%ti%n %7 #ass atta$hed with a spin" %n a h%iz%ntal and7i$ti%nless plane is si#ple ha#%ni$ #%ti%n.1 Consider the folloin" fi"re. 09ra fi"re )from book

2 &n the fi"re, a sprin" is plac%neend ison attachesmoo firm spport#assE#. isAattached on its other end.

3 &n this state,isn%e9tensi%ntherein sprin", e'ilibrim.itstateis. in4 &f a fEFe9torceis9etedon ma ss t oardlen"thri"ht,ofs prin"the

in$eased by an amontE9.ass ill move fromE*t%EA.its posit As perH%%kes law

(et (et k

7ereisk a constant, andconistantcalledGalue.%7kisprin"obtainede'ationet)0k (

Theati%of E ternalFe9t)( orceand i0ncrease9) iisn lcspin"en"thalled$%nstant. &ts#nit

-1. is

Aftere#%;in"the9tenal F%$e0(et), s prin" moves%i"inaltoarp%siti%n;!

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9einetiato, massE#d%es n%t st%pat ;! mk

De7initi%n %7 SH=:3Theaccelerationof b ody e ectin" %. 7. is d

displacement o f the bo dy from,and eis'ilibrimalaysdirepos the e'ilibrim position.4

Kineti$ and p%tential ene"ies %7 #ass atta$hed t% spin" at di77eentdispla$e#ent.

Consider a ho ri?ontal-masssystemprin".T he m ass i sharmonic motion nder restorin" force.

At th e m ean position, it h as m aimm v elener"y and ntial?ero poteener"y.

1 At the etreme position it has maimm pot kinetic ener"y is ?ero.

2 At any displacement it has partially kinet total ener"y is constant.

9plain the #%ti%n %7 a 8all in a 8%wl. Sh%w that it is si#ple ha#%ni$#%ti%n.

Consider a balle'ilibrimisplaced3!4positionatthebottom lof. a b

When th e b all is a t t he b ottom o f t he breaction6so net force is ?ero.

1 When a b all is " ently d isplaced f orm t he abot centrethetodeforce of "ravityhich acts as

2 !nce the ball is places at position Atoardsand t the mean positionnderits ei"ht.

3 At the mean position it "ains maimm veloc to the point @ de to inertia.

At @ i t h as ? ero v elocitybts ohamaimm?seropotentikiener"y.

A"ain f rom po int @ i t ill mo ve t oard

maimm velocity at !, bt does"o pnottostopA. at1 &n this ayillthecontineballtooscillate beteen the p point !, it has simpleon.

harmonic moti


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4hat is a si#ple pendulu# e9plain the #%ti%n %7 the 8%8 is si#ple ha#%ni$#%ti%n.1%ee fi"re from book

1 %imple pendlm sin"leconsistsis%lated 8%8f, ahichsuspendedis from a7i$ti%nless supp%t by meansli"htofine9tensi8le stin".

&neCuili8iu#position, it is held stationary8%8is atin vE*.

&f the bob is distrbed*t%A,statit#%;in"froma8%ut its #ean p%siti%n.This to and fro motionints isA andbeteen@. po

&tsa$$eleati%nremains toards ;! l" Where ;l< is the len"th of pendlm and ;"< i

4ite d%wn the $haa$teisti$s %7 SH= and "i;e s%#e e9a#ples 7%# dailli7e)haa$teisti$s:1) %7 is a vibratory motion.ii)A body doin"alwas%.;i8ate7., a8%ut its #ean0e'ilibrim) po3) &tsa$$eleati%nis alaysdie$ted t%wad its #eanposition.

4) &tsa$$eleati%nisdie$tl p%p%ti%nalto displa$e#entits from the m position.

5) &ts;el%$itis#a9i#u# at #eanposition,#ini#u#andat e9te#epositions.

6) The $.E is maimm at etreme position and ? vii)Amplitde of oscillation for %7

remains con

Dail +i7e 9a#ples:

1 An oscillatin" simple pendlm.2 An oscillatin" mass sprin" system.3 The motion of a ball and bol system.4 The motion of the pron" of a tnin" fork.

9plain the te# wa;e. 4hat ae tpes %7 wa;es

The periodic distrbance spreadin" all arond i&t has to types:

1-=e$hani$al 4a;es:Waves t hat ne ed a me dim f or t heir pr odmechanical aves. ( or e ample aves ehcanicaprodcedaves have frther to types:

+%n"itudinal 4a;es:Those aves i n hich t he pa

vibrate p arallel to th e d irection o f pcompressional or lon"itdinal aves. (or ea


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1 Tans;ese 4a;es: Those aves in hich the particlperpendiclar to the direction

of propa"ati aves(or. eample aves prodced by Thosedippin"par of transverseaves here the particles of position are$estandcalledparts here the particles o

their normal positiont%u"h. are called-le$t%#a"neti$ 4a;es:

The aveshich do no t r e'ire a ny me dim f or

electroma"netic aves-ray,.(orli"hteampleaves,nd5T2 radioves.a

9plain wa;es as $aie %7 ene" and wite the tw% #eth%ds %7 tans7e %7ene".There tw%aremethods of transferrin". ener"y i) Thro"h matter.

ii)Thro"h aves.Th%u"h #atte:

1) When "n is fired, bllet "et ener"y and the tar"et, it transfers the ener"y to it

place.ii)6nnin" ater in dams is ralsotransferseampleits . blades, de to hich trbine

start rotatinTh%u"h 4a;es:

i) (ill a tb ith ater.

ii)ove a rod p and don in it. Waves are pr from rod.

3) $lace of cork ontbotheronaterend ofsrface.4) Bo ill see cork ill also move p and do5) &n this pr ocess, e ner"y spplied by r od cork by ater aves.

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FeCuen$Thenmbervibrationsof completed in one second is c'ei%d:

The time re'ired to complete one vibration is4a;e 7%nt:

The i ma"inary s rface t ochin" a ll t hose po i ave front.

Sphei$al 4a;e 7%nt:

The ave front de to aves "enerated by a p the point sorce, from ave fronts in shapeof'lane 4a;e 7%nt:

The ave frontambernde toof aves movin"anotherparallelisshapeinto of plane ave

front.

4hat is ipple tank 9plain the $%nstu$ti%n and w%kin" %7 a ipple tank.%imple apparats, calledusedt% %8se;eripplethe p%petiestankis%7wa;es0e.".reflection, refraction, interference, difRipple Tank: - This apparatse$tan"ulacosiststaithof"lass8%tt%#. &t is placedhal7#etenarlya8%;ethe srface. of a table 4a;esarep%du$edon the srface of ater;i8at%ith. the This;i8at%is%s$illatin"anele$ti$ #%t%hich is fiedw%%den plateon.a1 Thisplate is sspended byu88eme8andsns andof l%weits end t%u$hes the

ater srface. !n s ettin";i8at% %n, th is p late startsstai"htvwa;esibratin"are

"enerated on the ater srface.0***Draw Figure here from book.)

A8ul8is hn" o ver th e tr ay. W ithi#a"esthe%7hwateelp owa;es is obtained on the hite paper or screen.

The$ests of t he aves 85i"htappearlines onas the pa per be cfnction$%n;e9likelensand$%n;e"ethe rays of li"ht fallin

Thet%u"hs of t he aves dakap linesparon a ts he pa per be cfnction$%n$a;elikelensandi;e"ethe rays.

1 To"eneate $i$ula wa;es, the vibratin" barkn%8is attacheraised to it is loered insch a ay that it toche

2 (or the detailedanalsisof these wa;esmovin"the sh%uld 8e 7%zenby one ay orthe other. This is donest%8%s$%pebymeans. of a

3 %troboscope consists%unddis$ithofslitsaon itsed"e. Thisdiskcan%tatedbe abot its centre by pttin" it i

When e see thro"hdisc,weseethiswa;es %nl, hen a sl it pasor eye.

&f adJuste the speed of s troboscope, s o t hat a s l

replaced by a nother dr in" t he t ime i n%ne hi wa;elen"th, the aves

appearnarytoandbe estatiosay that37%zen4 .

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10 phy unit 10 new

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