1 scholarly publishing & academic resources coalition an initiative of the association of...
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Scholarly Publishing & Academic Resources Coalition An initiative of the Association of Research Libraries
Scientific Publishing: What Does the Future Hold?
Lehigh University • 12 November 2005 • Bethlehem, PA
Julia C. Blixrud • SPARC Assistant Director, Public Programs
Advancing Public Access for the Public Good
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Rapid Pace of New Technological Developments
MARCH 2, 2004
Tearing Down the Walls in TelecomIn a few years, it "will be a sectorless industry," with phone, cable, and even power companies all selling the same communications services…
May 28, 2004
Downloads 'fuel music recovery' The beleaguered global music industry says it expects to see an increase in music sales next year.
Bound For Industry Upheaval–
With A Layover In Dallas June 7, 2004 The Internet continues to drive change in the travel-reservation business, and Sabre is sure to be in the middle of it.
iTunes
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Opportunity for Change
New models born of the Web
Availability of digital publishing technologies
Availability of ubiquitous network Internet economics -- low marginal cost of
dissemination
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Functions of Scholarly Publication
ARCHIVINGof scholarly record
for future use
AWARENESSof new research
by potential users
REGISTRATIONof intellectual
priority
CERTIFICATIONof quality/validity
of research
REWARDING of scholars
ARTICLE
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arc J O U R N A L
Bundling of Functions
MULTIPLEARTICLES
ARCHIVINGof scholarly record
for future use
AWARENESSof new research
by potential users
REGISTRATIONof intellectual
priority
CERTIFICATIONof quality/validity
of research
REWARDING of scholars
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Unbundling of Functions
ARTICLE
ARTICLE
ARTICLE
ARTICLE
D E C O N S T R U C T E D J O U R N A L
ARCHIVINGof scholarly record
for future use
AWARENESSof new research
by potential users
REGISTRATIONof intellectual
priority
CERTIFICATIONof quality/validity
of research
REWARDING of scholars
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Canada - Apr 15, 2003
Canadian researchers put SARS data on Web
VANCOUVER — The Vancouver researchers who mapped the genetic sequence of the virus believed to cause SARS have put their data on the Internet.
Data Sharing
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“…it’s clear the current model is breaking up.” – Outsell (Feb. 2004)
Market Forces Driving Change
1. The effects of technology2. Research library funding constraints
continue3. Market power of STM giants - mergers,
acquisitions change complexion of marketplace
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SCHOLARLY COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Impetus for Change
Market ForcesGrassroots Efforts
Market ForcesGrassroots Efforts
Societal BenefitsDevelop Public Policy
Societal BenefitsDevelop Public Policy
Why open
access?
How open
access?
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Scientific Imperative
A Foundation for Discovery
If sharing of knowledge is the foundation of scholarly advancement, then faster and wider sharing will fuel its progress.
GOALS OF OPEN ACCESSGOALS OF OPEN ACCESS
ImproveInformation
Access & Sharing
AccelerateDiscovery
Stimulate Further
Discovery
ReduceSystemic Cost &
Inefficiency
Enable New Research
Strategies (e.g., data mining)
Translate Knowledge into Public Benefits
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What is “Open Access”?
Immediate free availability on the public Internet
Research literature that scholars produce without expectation of payment (e.g., journal articles)
Recognizes that the value of research increases with use
Exploits economics of Internet An access model, not a business model
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What Open Access Can Achieve
Expand information usage and application Remove barriers that make content scarce Focus economic return on value addition (rather
than content control) Eliminate systemic inefficiencies by unbundling
functions Weaken the position of publishers that use their
monopoly position to support excessively high prices
Introduce price competition
Benefits outweigh dislocations
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Open Access Statements
Budapest Open Access Initiative
www.soros.org/openaccess/
Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing
www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/bethesda.htm
The Wellcome Trust
www.wellcome.ac.uk/en/1/awtvispolpub.html
Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities
www.zim.mpg.de/openaccess-berlin/ berlindeclaration.html
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“Open Access” Strategies
Two main approaches:
1. Open-access journals – require alternative business models to replace subscription-based models.
www.doaj.orgwww.doaj.org
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“Open Access” Strategies
Two main approaches:
1. Open-access journals – require alternative business models to replace subscription-based models.
2. Open-access archives – publicly available digital repositories, exist alongside traditional publishing.
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Open Access Archives
FEDERATION
……exist alongside traditional publishingexist alongside traditional publishing
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How the Pieces Work Together
Content Services
Inte
rop
erab
ilit
y S
tan
dar
ds
Overlay Journals
CiteBase(impact metrics)
Google Scholar, OAIster
LoCKSS(archiving integrity)
Archiving
Awareness
Rewarding
CertificationInstitutional
Repositories
Disciplinary Repositories
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Issues of Open Access
Reward structures Peer review Funding organizations Business models Patterns of access to scientific information Copyright and intellectual property Author self-interest in self-archiving
research papers
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Societies and Open Access
Societies were pioneers in open access Optics Express New Journal of Physics Molecular Biology of the Cell
Estimated 20% of titles in Directory of Open Access Journals from societies
Open access a means of driving high impact But most societies skeptical of converting
subscription journals to open access Fear loss of publishing surpluses Open access decision easier when society has diversified
revenue base
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Societies Consider Open Access
Each society must assess its own situation Whether: internal appeal? external market
pressure? How: feasibility & internal hurdle; availability of
alternative business models It’s not all or nothing (embargoed access) Unpack & examine the business models for
programs subsidized by journal profit Experiment while there’s time
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Open Access Resources
ARL Open Access Web Sitewww.arl.org/scomm/open_access/index.html
SPARC Open Access Newsletterwww.arl.org/sparc/soa/index.html
Guide to Business Planning for Converting a Subscription-based Journal to Open Accesswww.soros.org/openaccess/oajguides/html/business_converting.htm
Guide to Business Planning for Launching a New Open Access Journalwww.soros.org/openaccess/oajguides/html/business_planning.htm
Directory of Open Access Journalswww.doaj.org/
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About SPARC
Coalition of academic & research libraries (200 in North America + 100 in Europe) to address inequities in the scholarly communication system
Stimulates emergence of new systems that: Leverage networked digital environment to serve scholarship Expand dissemination of research Reduce financial pressures on libraries
Provides practical assistance to innovative scholarly communication initiatives through
Incubation Education Advocacy
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Strategic Thrusts
Aid Editorial Boards & non-profit publishers
Build capacity & scale in non-profit sector
3. ACT3. ACT
Reduce startup/entry risk
Lobby for public policies
Build coalitions
2. ADVOCATE2. ADVOCATE
Advance cultural & institutional change
Enhance awareness & price signaling
Present options for action
1. INFORM1. INFORM
Present success stories
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Advocacy Program: Education
Raise key policymakers’ awareness of Open
Access
Build understanding of why Open Access is
important to them Use outside experts to assist in creating
coordinated, sustained effort Engage policymakers to spur them to take
action
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Advocacy Program: Outreach
Regular Communications/Outreach to members of
scholarly community on Open Access policy issues
through SPARC Open Access News (monthly)
Open Access News Blog (daily)
SPARC e-News (bi-monthly)
Website updates (daily)
Full roster of e-lists (as often as needed)
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Advocacy Program: Outreach
Establish and continually build active media program that
includes network of reporters interested in Open Access
Provide background info and education on Open Access
issues
Established SPARC and its coalition members as reliable
source of expertise and commentary on Open Access issues
Stories regularly placed in academic press (Science, Nature,
Chronicle of Higher Education) and also in national media
(Wall Street Journal, New York Times, Washington Post)
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Advocacy Program: Coalitions
Develop internal “networks” of libraries poised to take
specific, issue-oriented action i.e., letter-writing campaigns on proposed legislation
Establish larger, external coalition of library organizations
similarly poised to act OAWG (ALA, ARL, MLA, SLA, etc.)
Create and deploy wider coalitions targeting specific
issues , expanding coalitions beyond academic community Alliance for Taxpayer Access
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Taxpayer Costs
Credit Suisse First Boston: “[W]e would expect governments (and taxpayers) to examine
the fact that they are essentially funding the same purchase three times: governments and taxpayers fund most academic research, pay the salaries of the academics who undertake the peer review process and fund the libraries that buy the output, without receiving a penny in exchange from the publishers for producing and reviewing the content....
“We do not see this as sustainable in the long term, given pressure on university and government budgets.”
–Sector Review: Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishing, April 6, 2004
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The Message: Four Principles
American taxpayers are entitled to open access on the Internet to the peer-reviewed scientific articles on research funded by the U.S. Government.
Widespread access to the information contained in these articles is an essential, inseparable component of our nation’s investment in science.
This and other scientific information should be shared in cost-effective ways that take advantage of the Internet, stimulate further discovery and innovation, and advance the translation of this knowledge into public benefits.
Enhanced access to and expanded sharing of information will lead to usage by millions of scientists, professionals, and individuals, and will deliver an accelerated return on the taxpayers' investment.
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Direct Work with Federal Agencies
Regular education efforts in both U.S. House of
Representatives and U.S. Senate
Ongoing conversations key to building understanding of
Open Access issues
Opening conversations/education efforts in various federal
agencies (Department of Energy, Department of
Agriculture, National Science Foundation)
Contact with Administrative/Policy oversight agency
(Office of Management and Budget (OMB))
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Common Themes in Policies
Right of public to have access to results of taxpayer
funded research
Create useful, long-term archive of federally
funded material
Accelerate pace of research; stimulate discovery
and innovation
Leverage the return on taxpayer investment
Promote the advancement of science
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Emerging Policies
NIH Public Access Policy ( FY05) Appropriations
Committee Report Language - June, 2004 “The (U.S. House of Representatives Appropriation’s)
Committee is concerned that there is insufficient public
access to reports and data resulting from NIH-funded
research.”
“….contrary to the best interests of the U.S. taxpayers
who paid for this research.”
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Further information
For more information on progress of these (and other)
emerging Open Access policies in the U.S., please
see:
www.arl.org/sparc/soan
www.taxpayeraccess.org
www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/fosblog.html
www.nih.gov/about/publicaccess/
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arc Julia C. Blixrud
Assistant Director, Public Programs
SPARC
21 Dupont Circle, Ste 800
Washington, DC 20036
202-296-2296 ext. 133
202-872-0884 (fax)
202-251-4678 (mobile)
SCHOLARLY PUBLISHING & ACADEMIC RESOURCES COALITION
An initiative of the Association of Research Libraries