1 well completion
TRANSCRIPT
Section-1Section-1
10/03/1431 PETE 302: Subsurface Production Engineering
1
The Petroleum IndustryThe Petroleum Industry
Production System Overviewy
Integrated ViewIntegrated View
Drilling Engineering
Well Completion
P d ti E i iProduction Engineering
Surface P d ti
Subsurface P d tiProduction Production
Surface ProductionSurface Production(from wellhead to
downstream)
PetroleumPetroleum Production Vertical flow
Performance(from wellbore to Wellhead)
System(from wellbore to Wellhead)
Inflow Performance(from reservoir to
wellbore)
Petroleum Production SystemPetroleum Production System
Petroleum Production SystemPetroleum Production System
Build Your HabitsBuild Your Habits
•Private:-Be proactive
Begin with the end in mind-Begin with the end in mind-Put first things first
Go from Dependence to Independenceto Independence
•Public:-Think win/winThink win/win
-Seek first to understand th t b d t dthen to be understood
-Synergize
G f I d dGo from Independence to Interdependence
•Sharpen the saw; Self renewal:
-Physical (exercise, nutrition, stress management)
-Mental (reading, visualizing, planning, writing)
-Social (service empathy synergy intrinsic security)-Social (service, empathy, synergy, intrinsic security)
-Spiritual (value clarification & commitment, study &meditation)
Well CompletionWell Completion
•Well completion includes all
design work and operations
needed to prepare the well, after
it h b d ill d fit has been drilled, for
productionproduction.
W k O tiWork-over Operations•Work-over operations, on the other
hand, include all operations
performed on the well after starting
d ti f th fproduction for the purpose of
remedial of producing problemsremedial of producing problems.
Section-2Section 2
Well Completion DesignWell Completion Design
Main objective:j
Recovery MaximumTo Obtain WayEconomicalIn The Most WayEconomical In The Most
Factors Influencing Well gCompletion Design
Reservoir Considerations
Production Rate Starting Point
Reservoir Drive Mechanism
• Location of Determines the •Solution GasLocation of various fluids in the formation
• Flow of fluids
Determines the size of: • Producing Conduits
•Solution Gas Drive• Gas Cap DriveFlow of fluids
through the rock
• Characteristics
Conduits• Surface Facilities
Drive• Water Drive
of the rock
Solution Gas-Drive
Reservoirs
Low Angle of Dip
Solution Gas-Drive Reservoirs
HighHigh Angle of Dip
Gas Cap Drive Reservoirs
Low Angle of DipLow Angle of Dip
Gas Cap Drive Reservoirs
High Angle of DipHigh Angle of Dip
Water Drive Reservoirs
Low Angle of Dip
(Thick Sand)Low Angle of Dip
Water Drive Reservoirs
iHigh Angle of Dip
(Thin Sand)
Gas Fingering
Water Encroachment
Fingering of Free Gas into Well Along B ddi PlBedding Planes
Fingering of Water into Well Along Bedding PlanesBedding Planes
Solution-Gas Drive Reservoirs
Low Structural Relief, Not St tifi d
High Angle of Dip
Stratified
Gas Cap Drive R iReservoirs
High Angle of DipLow Angle of Dip
Water Drive ReservoirsWater Drive Reservoirs
Low Angle of Dip High Angle of Dip
Reservoir ConsiderationsReservoir Considerations1 Multiple Reservoirs 2 Secondary Recovery1. Multiple Reservoirs
• Multiple Completions in one casing
• Multiple Completions in
2. Secondary RecoveryNeeds
• Completion method should be adaptable• Multiple Completions in
Several Casings• Commingling Production• Several Wellbores
should be adaptable to secondary recovery:• Water floodingSeveral Wellbores • Water flooding Increase in volume of fluid to be handled• Thermal Methods
3. Stimulation • Special perforating pattern Thermal Methods
Special casing cementing, etc.
• Special perforating pattern (to isolate zones) • Adaptable to high injection rates (fracturing)rates (fracturing)• Special isolation equipment
Reservoir Considerations
4. Reservoir H t itHeterogeneityStagger Completion
I t l
Water Encroachment
IntervalBest: Concentrate on
one zone at a timeone zone at a time starting from bottom
Additional CompletionAdditional Completion During Workover (W/O)
Gas Fingering
Reservoir Considerations
5 Sand Control5. Sand Control • Affects type of
completionLi it d ti t• Limits production rate
6. Artificial Lift• Single completion• Single completion• Large casing and tubing
7. Workover Frequency• Completion conductive towire linewire line• Through-tubing re-completion and workover
Factors Influencing Well Completion DesignCompletion Design
Mechanical Considerations:Mechanical Considerations:Key To:y
Deplete the reservoir effectively Monitor downhole performance
C t l fl f i fl idControl flow of reservoir fluidsMinimize / Remedy damageMinimize / Remedy damage
Modify well situation when necessary
Mechanical ConsiderationsConsider automatic shut-in
SafetyConsider automatic shut-in
systems and press control methods (offshore, populated &
remote locations)
Cost Consider most economical Cost procedure
Simplicity Simplest, reliable equipment & proceduresp y procedures
Operating C diti
Pressure, temperature, corrosivity tConditions etc.
Minimize number of components
ReliabilityLimit moving parts Avoid debris traps
Use proved technology and components
Methods of CompletionMethods of CompletionMain Objective of Completion:j p
To produce for maximum recovery in themost economical and safest mannermost economical and safest manner
Basic Decisions in Designing Well Completion:p
Method / Type of completionCasing tubing configurationCasing – tubing configuration
Completion intervalSize of production tubing
Methods of Completionp
Openhole Completion
LinerLiner Completions
Perforated CompletionsCompletions
Open Hole CompletionOpen Hole Completion
AdvantagesMinimum formation damage
W/gravel pack, providesexcellent sand control
No perforating ExpensesLog Interpretation not critical
Full diameter opposite pay zoneEasily deepened
Easily converted to liner orperforated completionsp p
Open Hole CompletionOpen Hole Completion
Disadvantages Difficult control of excessDifficult control of excess
Gas or water productionDifficult selectiveDifficult selective
stimulationCSG t i th d kCSG set in the dark
Open Hole C l ti
Ad t
CompletionAdvantages
Minimum formation damage
No perforating expensesLog interpretation not
criticalAdaptable to sand control
techniqueClean out problems
avoided
Open Hole C l tiCompletion
Disadvantages Different control of excessDifferent control of excess
Gas or water productionProduction casing is setProduction casing is set before drilling producing
zoneSelective stimulation
Additional rig timeAdditional rig timeReduced diameterCannot be easilyCannot be easily
deepened
Perforated Liner Completion
Advantages
Perforated Liner Completion
AdvantagesMinimum formation
damageExcessive water/gas can
be controlledSelective stimulationSelective stimulation
possibleCan easily be deepenedCan easily be deepened
Helps control sand productionproduction
Perforated Liner CompletionPerforated Liner Completion
DisadvantagesReduced well bore
diameter Log interpretation is criticalLog interpretation is critical
Selective stimulationDiffi lt li tiDifficult liner cementing
More expensive (perforating, cementing &
Rig time)
Perforated Cased Completion
Ad t
Perforated Cased Completion
AdvantagesEasy control of excessive gas or
water productionwater production Can be selective to stimulation
Logs & formation samplesLogs & formation samples available to assist in decision to
set CSG or abandonEasily deepened
Adaptable to sand control Adaptable to multiple
CompletionMinimum rig timeMinimum rig time
Perforated Cased CompletionPerforated Cased Completion
DisadvantagesPerforating cost couldPerforating cost could
be significant Liable to formationLiable to formation
damage S l ti ti l tiSelective stimulation
Log interpretation critical
Casing–tubing ConfigurationsCasing tubing Configurations
Conventional Configurations1Single Zone Completion .1Single Zone Completion
.2Multiple Zone Completion
Unconventional (Tubing-less).1Single Zone Completion .2Multiple Zone Completion.2Multiple Zone Completion
Cased completion with TubingTubingpperforated interval and
tubingProductionProductionCasingCasing
tubing
PackerPackerPackerPacker
Perforation
Conventional Completions
SINGLE ZONE COMPLETIONS
U d FUsed For
High producing rates
Corrosive well fluids
High PressuresHigh Pressures
Governmental / Operator
li ipolicies
Flowing Well Pumping Well
Alternate CompletionAlternate CompletionGas Lift
Conventional CompletionsConventional Completions
MULTIPLE ZONE COMPLETIONS
Used For
Obtaining higher productionObtaining higher production
Faster pay out
Multi-Reservoir control
i trequirements
Dual-Zone CompletionCompletion
Triple Completion
-Three Zones-Two or Three Packers-Two or Three Tubing g
Strings
Unconventional Completionsp
Multiple Tubingless CompletionsInitially used with 27/8 in. pipe, currently, 3 1/2 in. & 4 ½
in. are used
Advantages:•Reduced cost •Reduced cost•Each zone is independent•Communications between strings is easily •Communications between strings is easily
detected and eliminated.Disadvantages:Disadvantages:
•Restricted production rates•High-rate stimulation treatments are moreHigh-rate stimulation treatments are more
difficult
TripleTriple Tubingless C l tiCompletion
Openhole Multilateral DrillingOpenhole Multilateral Drillingp gp g
T t Z
Dyna Drill
Target Zone
Target Zone
9 5/8-in. Casing
Running Hollow Whip-stock andRunning Hollow Whip-stock and
9 5/8 Cas gOrientation NippleStarter Mill
Whip stock and Packer - Orienting and Setting Packer
Whip stock and Packer - Orienting and Setting Packer
Shear Stud
Millable HoseComposite Coreand Setting Packerand Setting Packer Composite Core
Soft-Centered Hollow Whip-stock
Anchor Latch
Multilateral Packer
Orienting Nipple
Window andWindow andWindow and Watermelon Mills Used to Ream/
Window and Watermelon Mills Used to Ream/Used to Ream/Feather WindowUsed to Ream/Feather Window
Watermelon Mill
Window Mill
Formation Bit Formation Bit 9 5/8-in. Casing9 5/8-in. Casing
and Directional-Drillingand Directional-DrillingDrilling Assembly Used to Drill Angle-
Drilling Assembly Used to Drill Angle-
Soft-Centered Whipstock
to Drill AngleBuild Section of Hole
to Drill AngleBuild Section of Hole / OHoleHole 8 1/2-in. Openhole Lateral
MWDMotor
BitBit
Limited-Isolation/Limited-Isolation/Limited Isolation/Access Multilateral Completion
Limited Isolation/Access Multilateral Completion Tubing Access
SleeveCompletionCompletion Sleeve
Commingled Production
Dual-Production
Limited-IsolationPacker
Tubing Access Multilateral Access Sleeve
CompletionLevel 1 TAML(Segregated production) PackerPacker
Open-hole horizontal branch
Drillpipe Wash-down System9 5/8-in. CasingCentralized Lateral Liner Hangers
Drillpipe Wash down System for Screens Run in Open Hole (Sized-
Centralized Liner Joint
in Open Hole (SizedSalt Mud Displaced)
8 1/2-in. Open Hole
7-in. Casing
Production Packer
3 1/2-in. DualPrepack Screen
6-in. Open Hole
Float Shoe withSealbore Sub
Seal Expandable FlapperRunning ToolAssemblyWashpipe
Ad dAd d 4 1/2 in Upper TubingAdvancedMultilateral AdvancedMultilateral
4 1/2-in. Upper Tubing
Top of 7-in. Liner13 3/8-in. Casing
CompletionCompletion Window Bushing Assembly
Orienting LatchHollow Whipstock
Commingled Production
Orienting Nipple
Multilateral PackerOrienting LatchCommingled Production
4 1/2-in. Predrilled Casing 4 1/2-in.
Predrilled Casing
Retrievable Packersg pp
6 1/8-in. Open Hole6 1/8-in.
Open Holep
9 5/8-in CasingAdvanced Multilateral Advanced Multilateral
9 5/8-in. CasingDual Packer
CompletionCompletion Durasleeve
Swivel
7-in. Lateral Liner
Access Sleeve on Long StringAccess Sleeve on Long String8 1/2-in. Hole
Hollow Whipstock and Orienting Ratch Latch
Segregated Production
and Orienting Ratch Latch
Multilateral Packer
Orienting NippleOrienting Nipple with Mating Lock
PBR and Seal AssemblyRe-entry yRe-entry
Guide
9 5/8-in. Casing
Re-entry AccessRe-entry AccessCentralized Steel Window Joints
Re entry Access Re entry Access
Retrievable DiverterWindow Bushing
for Full-Gauge Tools
for Full-Gauge Tools8 1/2-in. Open Hole
7-in. Casing
Tools Tools g
Full-Gauge 7-in. Service Tool
Intelligent CompletionsIntelligent Completions
•Sensors•Ability to open/shut-offAbility to open/shut off•Currently main application: water
ti t lcresting control
Multilateral well completion for downhole separation and disposal of waterseparation and disposal of water
P blProblems
•1.- Three wells producing from the same reservoir, have the following pressure data:
••Pressure, psi @ node # •Well # 8 6 3 1•1 3250 1700 400 301 3250 1700 400 30•2 3250 2800 400 30•3 3250 2800 1400 30•Discuss pressure distribution in the 3 wells and possible problems in each one.
•2.- List two ways by which the following factors affect well•completion design: •-Driving Mechanism •-Driving Mechanism
–- …………………………………………………………–………………………………………………………….
•-Multiple ReservoirsMultiple Reservoirs–…………………………………………………………….
•…………………………………………………………….••-Needs for artificial lifting
–……………………………………………………………–..………………………………………………………….
•3.- Find the density and pressure gradient in psi/ft for the•following fluids : •-Fresh water - …………………•-Crude of 36 API - ………………………..•-Gas with a molecular weight of 19 at 1500 psi and 180ºF…. •-Brine of 1.075 specific gravity - ………………………….••4.- Show where would you drill & complete wells in the•following reservoirs:
•5 -A well encountered zone A which is oil-bearing and was •5.-A well encountered zone A, which is oil-bearing, and was•covered by 9 5/8 inch production casing with shoe @•7,500’.The presence of another, oil bearing lower zone B was•confirmed from improved seismic so the well was deepened •confirmed from improved seismic, so the well was deepened•using an 8 ½ inch bit to a depth of 8,200’.•You are required to design a suitable completion for the well,
taking into consideration the following points:taking into consideration the following points:-The completion should allow simultaneous production from
the two zones. Zone A has sweet, high API ( 40ºAPI )crude,hil B h d i l ti l l itwhile zone B has sour and corrosive, relatively low gravity
( 29ºAPI ) crude.Zone B is composed of loose sand that would be produced
l ith th d Th i i di t ib ti i i talong with the crude. The grain size distribution is as given to allow the calculation of gravel and screen sizes.
Grain Diam., inch: o.1 0.07 0.04 0.01 0.006 0.001C Wt % 12 34 60 81 90 99Cum. Wt., % : 12 34 60 81 90 99
You can draw sketches as needed.