1 the citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cyle) 1. the link between gycolysis and citric acid...
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The Citric Acid Cycle (Tricarboxylic Acid Cyle)
1. The link between gycolysis and
citric acid cycle
2. TCA cycle oxidizes 2 –C units
3. Entry and metabolism
controlled
4. Source of precursors
5. Glyoxylate cycle enables plants
and bacteria to grow on acetate
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Glucose Metabolism Under Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions
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Citric Acid Cycle takes place in the Matrix of the Mitochondria
(Eukaryotic cells, under aerobic conditions)
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Citric Acid Cycle is the first step in Cellular Respiration
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The link between Glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycle
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (E. coli)
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The conversion from Pyruvate -> Acetyl-CoA
-> goes in 3 steps:
And requires:
1. The 3 enzymes of the complex
2. 5 co-enzymes (thiamine pyrophosphate TPP, lipoic acid, FAD, CoA, and NAD+
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Reaction mechanism of the conversion Pyruvate -> Acetyl-CoA
Carbanion of TPP
Oxidized form Reduced form
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Reaction mechanism of the conversion Pyruvate -> Acetyl-CoA
Reduced form
Oxidized formReduced form
Oxidation
+ 2e-
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Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
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The Citric Acid Cycle
Isomerization
Oxidative Decarboxylation
Oxidation (Regeneration of Oxaloacetate)
Oxidation + Decaroboxylation
Generation of electrons
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1. Citric Synthase forms citrate from oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA
Aldol Condensation
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2. Citrate is isomerized into Isocitrate
Aconitase
Hydroxy group is not located correct for decarboxylation reaction -> Isomerization
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3. Isocitrate is Oxidized and Decarboxylated to α-Ketoglutarate
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4. Oxidative Decarboxylation of α-Ketoglutarate gives Succinyl-CoA
Mechanism analog to decarboxylation of pyruvate
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5. GTP is generated from Succinyl-CoA
Energy-rich thioester
Synthetase
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6. Oxaloacetate is regenerated by Oxidation of Succinate
This metabolic motif -> also found in fatty acid Synthesis + degradation, degradation of some AA
Methylene group (CH2) -> carbonyl group (C=O)
1. Oxidation2. Hydration3. Oxidation
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3 NADH -> 6e-
1 FADH2 -> 2e-
-----------------------> 8e-
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Regulation of the Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Regulation by Allosterie +
Phosphorylation
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Regulation of the Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
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Control of the Citric Acid Cycle
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The Citric Acid Cycle is a Source of Precursors
”Fast refill” of oxaloacate by carboxylation of pyruvate (in mammals)
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Pathway Integration
Pathways active during exercise after a night’s rest
Rate of citric acid cycle increases during exercise -> requiring the “refill” of oxaloacetate + acetyl CoAOxaloacetate -> from pyruvate
Acetyl CoA -> from pyruvate + fatty acids
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Blocking of Pyruvate -> Acetyl-CoA Reaction
By Poisoning with Hg and As
By Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency – Beriberi
TPP (thiamine) is co-factor in reaction
Relieves the inhibition -> forms complex -> excreted
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The Glyoxylate Cycle
Enables Plant and Bacteria to grow on Acetate
It bypasses the decarboxylation steps of citric acid cycle
Enzymes that allow conversion from acetate into succinate are in blue boxes
- Intake of 2 acetyl groups/cycle
- production of succinate -> glucose
- regeneration of oxaloacetate from glyoxylate
Plant cell
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Regulation of the glyoxylate cycle