Chapter 1-Battle of Plassey
Causes And Consequences Siraj Ud Daula CAUSES Disputed succession of Siraj ud Daula
British help to Siraj ud Daulas rivals Fortification by the British Misuse of thetrade privileges Affair of Krishana Ballabh Occupation of Calcutta and black hole tragedy Reoccupation of Calcutta by the English in 1757 Treaty of Ali Nagar in 1757 Capture of Chander Nagar Immediate cause Siraj Ud Daula Siraj Ud Daula 1757 June 23 -Battle Significance Political significance British became rulers from traders British became masters of Bengal It opened doors to conquer India End of the rule of Siraj ud Daula British came to knowabout the negative side of the character of the Indians It helped them to win in the battle of Buxar Grieved and unsatisfiedHindus under Muslim rule joined the British Muslim rule came to an end Military significance
Mughals lost Bengal forever Cowardice of the Mughals was exposed British could bring their troops easily in Bengalthrough sea route and also could use their navalpower as Bengal was situated on the sea coast In the Nawabs army 500 soldiers were killed andabout 500 were wounded whereas only 23 Britishsoldiers were killed and 49 were wounded. Economic significance
Fertile and prosperous province like Bengal came underBritish control. With the wealth of Bengal it became easy for the British toconquer other regions of India The British soldiers got much booty or plunder After the battle Mir Jafar who became the Nawab of Bengalgave a lot of wealth to the British Company. He was askedto pay a huge amount to company British company established its own mint in Calcutta It got an estate of 24 districts It got the privilege of rightto trade without paying any tax Moral significance They became more greedy and theybegan to use moral and immoral means toattain wealth They started to tyrannize the commonpeople People came to know the moraldegradation of the British Chapter-1-Battle Buxar
Causes and consequences Causes Battle of Plassey led to the battle of Buxar Misuse of the trade privileges by the British Mir Kasims desire to be free from Britishinfluences Improper trade was stopped by Mir Kasim Major Ellis attack on Patna Skirmish between Mir Kasim and Major Adam Appointment of Mir Jafar as the Nawab ofBengal On 22 October 1764 Significances Treaty of Allahabad Mir Jafar became a puppet into the hands of British Company Powers of the Nawab snatched away Mir Jafar who was made as the Nawab of Bengal promised to givecompensation of the battle He also promised to re-impose the toll tax on the Indians The troops of Nawab were reduced and in his courtthe British residentremained permanently The power of Nawab of Audh was dispersed Mir Kasim fled away Mughal emperor Sha Alam was given the right to collect revenue from thestates of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. He was given 26 lacs annuallyand alsogiven the districtsofAllahabad and Kara. Thus Mughal emperor becamefully under the control of British. Chpater-2 Robert Clive Dual system Born in England in 1725 and in 1744became a clerk in the British East IndiaCompany.
Life andcarrier Agreement between Clive and East India Company in 1755 In 1757 in the battle of Plassey he defeated Siraj ud Daula and Mir Jafar was made as the new Nawab of Bengal. He got a lot of wealth in the shape of gifts. The credit of the victory of the battle of Plassey goes to Clive. British were firmly established in Bengal with the victory in the battle of Plassey. Clive, marriage photo family and then with family Clive, Real founder of British rule in India Governorship in Bengal
First-from Second Dual system- two powers took part in theadministrationof Bengal i.e. Nawab andcompany Governorship in Bengal This is dual system End of struggle for supremacy between Nawaband British Company
Trick on European powers like French andDutch Protection from rebellions by the Indians Clive could satisfy the directors of the Britishcompany Protection from the opposition by the Marathas Economic benefits Unstable system Managed able and experienced employees Merits of dual system Demerits of dual system
Separated power and responsibility Evil of individual trade Harm to lndian trade and Indian traders Spoilt administration Anarchy and chaos Bad effect on judicial system Huge income to the company with noresponsibilities Demerits of dual system Statues of Clive established in England SHEENA KRISHNAN ULAMPARAMBATH ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Thankyou SHEENA KRISHNAN ULAMPARAMBATH ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY POST GRADUATE GOVT.COLLEGE SECTOR11,CHANDIGARH. chapter- 2Warren -Hastings
Administrative reforms Warren Hastings in Different poses Second wife of Hastings, oil canvas A cartoon of Warren Hastings Letter from Warren Hastings to GeorgeBogle, an employ of EAST INDIACOMPANY, who laterbecame P.A.ofhim. Letter Difficulties of Warren Hastings
Dual government Defective revenue system Terrible famine in Bengal( ) Ruined trade Defective judicial system Financial Bankruptcy Hostile council Regulating Act of 1773 Marathas Hostility of Haidar Ali of Mysore American war of Independence Difficulties of Warren Hastings Administrative reforms
End of dual or double government Appointment of British Collectors The treasure was brought to Calcuttafrom Murshidabad Suppression ofDacoits and Ascetics Revenue reforms Establishment of Board of revenue and Board Trade
Appointment of Rai Rayan The system of lease for one year insteadof five years End of free pass system Removal of illegal Octroi posts Reduction of toll tax Trade mission in foreign countries Revenue reforms Judicial reforms Abolition of the judicial rights of landlords
Establishment ofcivil and criminal courts Establishment ofSardar Diwani court andSardar Nizamat court Judicial process was written in the writtenform Fixed salaries to the judges, who werebanned in accepting gifts or presents orfees Establishment of peace and security Judicial reforms In 1781a college was established inCalcutta in which Indians were educated
With the help of Sir William JonesheestablishedBengal Native AsiaticSocietyfor making researches in history Changes in military system Police reforms in Calcutta Victory over hostile councils Other reforms Steps to improve financial crises
Strippedthe administrative powers of theNawab of Bengal His pension was reduced Pension to the mughal emperor Sha Alamwas stopped. He received 90 lakh rupees from theNawabof Oudh He extracted money from the Beums ofOudh and Raja Chet Singh of Benaras Steps to improve financial crises Sha Alam, his eldest son Chapter- 3REFORMS OF Cornwallis(1786-1793)
CARRIER AND ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS the judicial system set up by Cornwallis was based on the principal ofequality and western conception of justice. Religious law or personal law ofthe ruler or local agentwas replaced by codifiedsecular law. Thesovereignty of law was proclaimed in unmistakable terms. Even governmentofficials could be tried in the courts. In 1787 the collectors in charge of districtswere made judges of DiwaniAdalats, were given more magisterial powers and empowered to try criminalcases with limits. Changes were made in the field of criminal administration during The District Faujadari Adalatspresided over by the Indian judges wereabolishedcand in their place four circuit courts were set up. These courts werepresided by Europeans. These courts toured the districts twice a year andtried the person committed by city magistrates. Sadar Nizamat Adalat was replaced by a similar court set upat Calcutta. There were some undesirable effects in his code.The elaborate code was socomplicated that common man could not follow it justice proved veryexpensive false hood, chicanery and deceit began to yield dividends.Litigation increased greatly. Therewas great delay in the disposal of justice. European judges wereignorant of the customs and habits of Indians. JUDICIAL REFORMS Cornwallis Code Cornwallis judicial reforms took final shape by The newreforms were based on the principle of separation of powers. Cornwallis code divested the collector of all judicial andmagisterial powers and left him with the duty of administrationof revenue. Thus he tried to separate the revenue administrationfrom the administration of justice. A new class of officer called the district judge was created topreside over the district civil court.He was given magisterialand police functions. A gradation of civil courts was set up. The distinction between revenue and civil cases was abolishedand the new Diwani courts competent to try all civil cases. Cornwallis proclaimed the principal of sovereigntyoflaw inIndia. Important changes were introduced in the field of criminaladministration. TheDistrict Faujadari Adalat presided over byIndian officers were abolished. Reform of criminal laws
During Cornwallis introducedcertain changes in the criminal law whichwere regularized by a parliamentary act of In December 1790 a rule framed for theguidance of Muhammedan law officers. The usual punishment of amputation oflimbs of body was replaced by temporaryhard labour or fine and imprisonmentaccording to the circumstances of the case. Regulation IX 1793 amended the law ofevidence. Reform of criminal laws When the police superintendents were found corrupt a regulation was passed in 1791 defining the powersof the police superintendents. To induce the police officials to act honestlyandwith promptitude Cornwallis raised the salaries of allpolice officers offered good rewards for the discoveryand arrests of burglars and murderers. In districts the zamindars were deprived of all policepowersand English magistrates were given controlof the district police. police superintendents assisted by policeconstableswere placed in each area of each district. Police reforms Revenue reforms Reorganized revenue department.
In 1787 the province of Bengal was divided intofiscal areas and each was placed under a collector. The number of collectorships was reduced from 36to 23. The old committee of revenue was as the as theboard of revenue and charged with the duty ofsuperintending the work of collectors. His great reform was permanent settlement andaccording to this the zamindars were recognized asthe owners of land anda ten years settlement wasmade with them in The state demand wasfixed at 89% of the rental , leaving 11% with thezamindars as their share for their trouble andresponsibility. Revenue reforms Permanent settlement in Orissa Permanent settlement in Bengal Permanent settlement in Bihar He tried to put an end to the corruptionrampant in the commercial department.Hefound that the companys servants weremaking huge profits while sending goods toEngland. The members of board were alsofound accepting bribes and gifts. He tookmeasures to put an end to all thesepractices. He forbade the companys officials andemployees the acceptance of bribes andgifts or indulgence in private trade by raisingtheir salaries. Commercial reforms Europeanization of administrative machinery
He reserved all higher services for theEuropeans and reduced the Indians tothe position of hewers of wood drawersof water. The doors of covenantedservices were closed to Indians. In the army the Indians could not riseabove the position of Jemadars andSubedars and in civil services not abovethe status of Munsiffs or Sadar Amins orDeputy Collectors. Europeanizationof administrative machinery Thank you Presented By: Sheena Krishnan Ulamparambath
G.C.G. Sector 11, Chandigarh REFORMS OF WILLIAM BENTICK(1828-35)
Carrier and Achievements As governor general of India
William Cavendish Bentick succeeded LordAmherst as governor general of India. Hetook the charge of Indian administrationin July 1828. Began his carrier in army. Soon became Lieutenant Colonel. Member of Parliament in 1796. Governor of Madras in 1803. Governor general of India in 1828. As governor general of India Social reforms Abolition of sati and other cruel rites
In India women were forced to burn themselveswith the dead body of their husbands. This wasknown as sati. The widows below 16 and evenpregnant women were cruelly burnt. Raja Rammohan Roy urged William Bentick to takenecessary steps to declare the practice of satiillegal. Bentick collected relevant facts regarding sati cases,enquired the views of army officers, judgesof Nizamat Adalat, Superintendents of Police of theLower and UpperProvinces etc. Regulation No. XVII of December 1829 declared thepractice of sati illegal and punishable by the criminalcourts. Suppression of infanticide and child sacrifices
a.Though Bengal RegulationXXI of andRegulation III of declared this practiceillegal it was stillcontinued. b.Hence William Benticktook vigorous steps tosuppress this inhumancrime and even he issuedprompt ordersto stopthe ritual of offering childsacrifices at specialoccasions in Saugar islandin Bengal. Suppression of infanticide and child sacrifices The thugs who belonged to both Hindu and Muslimreligions were a sect of hereditary assassins and robberswho lived by preying upon innocent defenselesstravellers. They offered the heads of their victims assacrifices to their goddesses. They were active in theentire area from Oudh to Hyderabad and in Rajputanaand Budelkhand. Sometimes a dozen men weremurderedat the same time. Colonel William Sleeman was given the charge of thesuppression of the thugs with the co-operation of therulers of Indian states. About thugs were arrestedand were either sentenced to death or put inimprisonment for life. Thus William Bentick succeeded inthis mission. Suppression of Thugi Section 87 of the charter Act of provided that no Indian subject of thecompany of India was to be debarredfrom holding any office under thecompany by reason of his religion, placeof birth, descent and colour. This charterclause was inserted at the instance ofWilliam Bentick. Removal of humiliating distinctions in the recruitment to public service William Benticks government defined the aim of education in India
William Benticks government defined the aim ofeducation in India. He appointed Macaulay as thepresident of the committee of Public Instruction.Macaulay had planned to produce a class of personswho would be Indians in blood and colour, but Englishin taste, in opinions, in morals and intellect. Heexpressed thehope in one of the letters to his fatherthat if our plans of our education are followed up,there will not be a single idolater among therespectable classes in Bengal 30 years hence. He setforth his views in his famous minute dated 2 February in which he ridiculed Indian literature and thevernacular languages. Educational Reforms Other Reforms 1. Financial reforms
Appointment of two committees i.e. military and civil to reducethe expenditure. Reducedbhatta, i.e. extra or additional allowance paid tomilitary officers. Reduced the allowance of civil servants. Better measures for the collection of land revenue in Bengal andnorth western provinces. Appointment of maximum Indians in place of high paidEuropeans. Opium trade was regularized and licensed which gavecompanya share in the profits in the shape of duties. Encouraged iron and coal production and also tea and coffeeplantations. Other Reforms Other Reforms Liberal policy towards press. Judicial reforms
Abolition of Provincial Courts of Appeal andCircuitsetup by Cornwallis and transferred their duties tomagistrates and collectors. SeparateSadar Nizamat Adalat and Sadar Diwani Adalatat Allahabad for the convenience of the public of upper provinces. Qualified Indianswere appointed in junior judicialcapacities ofMunsiffs and could rise to the position ofsadar Amins. Option ofusing Persian or vernacular languages in fillingthe suits. Other Reforms Thank you Presented By: Sheena Krishnan Ulamparambath
G.C.G. Sector 11, Chandigarh Reforms of Lord Dalhousie(1848-56)
Life and carrier Early life Born in 1812 atScotland Castle in anoble family. Original name James AndrewBrownRamsay. Came to in India in as a governor general. He was only 36years when he was appointed as governorgeneral of India. He is regarded as one of the greatestgovernor generals of India. Administrative reforms
Bengal was placed under the charge of lieutenant governor. Set up Non regulation system. Under this system he appointed a commissioner over a newly acquired territory, who was made directly responsible to thegovernor general. Thus introduced the system of centralized control. Military reforms Dalhousies annexation policy had extended British India from Bengal in the east and Punjab and Sind in the west. The head quarters the Bengal artillery were shifted from Calcutta to Meerut. Permanent headquarters of the army were shifted to Shimla. Shimlabecame the seat of the government of India. He proposed to reduce the strength of the Indian element in the army. Three regiments were added to the army. A new irregular force was created in the Panjab under the direct control Panjab administration. Gorkha regiments were raised. Educational reforms The famous educational despatch known Woods Despatchwas introduced in 1854 by Charles Wood, the president of the board of control. It introduced a properly articulated scheme of education from the primary school to the university. It laid the foundation on which the modern education system has been built. It recommended Anglo-Vernacular schools throughout the districts, government colleges of higher grade in important townsand a university in each of the three presidencies in India. It decided to appoint a director of public instruction in each province. On the model of London University three universities were set up at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. Thus first three universities of India were established in 1857. teaching both in vernacular and in English was encouraged. An Engineering college was established at Roorkee. Development of Railways
The broad outlines of the scheme were laid down by Dalhousie in his famous Railway Minute of 1853 which formed the basis for the future railway extension in India. The first railway line connecting Bombay with Thane was laid down in The following year a railway line was built from Calcuttato the Raniganj coal fields. Then in Madrasand after that various routs were constructed I 1856. Besides encouraging trade and commerce the railways have gone a long way in uniting India. The introduction of electric telegraph
Dalhousie is regarded as the father of electric telegraph in India. Nearly 4,000 miles of electric telegraph lines were constructedconnecting Calcutta with Peshawar, Bombay, Madras andother parts of the country. In Burma a line was laid down from Rangoon to Mandalay. The telegraph department proved of great assistance during the revolt of 1857 to Britishers. Postal reforms The basis of modern postal system was laid down by Lord Dalhousie. A new post office act was passed in 1854. Director general was appointed to superintend the work of post offices in all presidencies. An uniform rate per letter was introduced. Postage stamps were issued for the first time. He turned post offices as the source of revenue. Earlier it was a drain on the treasury. Public works A separate Public Works Department was set up first time.
A large scale works of pubic utility had began. Irrigational works were undertaken on large scale. The main stream of the Ganges Canal was completed and declared open on April 8,1854. Bari Doab Canal work in Punjab was started. The work on the Grand Trunk Road was started with more enthusiasm. Many bridges were constructed. Commercial reforms Ports India were thrown open to the commerce of the world. The harbours of Karachi, Bombay and Calcutta were developed . A large number of light houses were constructed. Indian agriculture received special attention. Indian resources particularly cotton, flax and tea were developed to supply raw material for the millsin Britain. Indian trade began to be more dominated by Englishmen. Thank you Presented By: Sheena Krishnan Ulamparambath G.C.G. Sector 11, Chandigarh Chapter -3 The Uprising of 1857
Causes revolt POLITICAL CAUSES Lord Dalhousies Doctrine of Lapse The fear of other Kings Despotism and arrogance of the Britishofficers Impartial judicial system The British were considered as foreigners The plan to destroy the Mughal dynasty Provocation of the Muslims Anti-social elements Religious reforms Military reforms Educational reforms Postal reforms Administrativereforms Development ofrailways and electronic telegraphs Public works Commercial andrevenue reforms RELIGIOUS REFORMS Propagation of Christianity in India The Indian civilization was endangered bythe British Condemnation of Hindu scriptures Reduction of the influence of the Panditsand Maulanas Social reforms The role of Brahma Samaj and Raja Rammohan Roy ECONOMIC CAUSES Absolute control of the trade by the British
No development in Indian Industries Pitiable condition of Indian agriculture Impose of land tax on the tax free lands Destruction of High class land lords Deprival of higher posts to the educatedIndians Economic disadvantages and losses ECONOMIC CAUSES Dissatisfaction among the Indiansregarding the military administration
The law of the recruitment of commonservants Indiscipline in the army Differences between the salaries of theIndian soldiers British The excessive number of Indian soldiersin the army The annexation of Oudh to the Britishempire Ruin of the British in the Afgan war MILITARY REFORMS IMMEDIATE CAUSES AND THE MAIN EVENTS
Use ofGreasedCartridges THE MAIN EVENTS Revolt at Barrackpur on 29 March 1857 Revolt at Meerut on 9 May 1857 Occupation of Delhi on 11 May 1857 Re-occupation of Delhi by the British Revolt at Lucknow Revolt at Kanpur Revolt at Banaras and Allahabad Revolt at Bihar Revolt at Barailly Revoltat Shah Jahanpur Other centers IMMEDIATE CAUSES AND THE MAIN EVENTS CAUSES OF THE FAILURE Supremacy of the British in many spheres
Revolt did not spread in all parts of India Allthe states did not take part in the revolt The co-operationof the Indian rulers to the British The Gorkhas and the Sikhs did not co-operate withtherebels Weak organization lack of capable leaders No common objective The revolt started before the prescribed time Friendly relation between the British and Afghanistan Policy of oppressions by the British The supreme Naval power of the British Ideal time to the British CAUSES OF THE FAILURE RESULTS OF THE REVOLT Consolidation of the British empire
Increase in the number of British troops Direct administration of India into the hands of the crown The policy of the annexation came down Racial discrimination increased Policy of divide and rule by the British End of the Mughal dynasty The end of the rank of the Peshwa New policy towards the native states Recognition of the old treaties Inspiration to the national war of independence Amalgamation of the armies of the crown and the company Conciliation of different castes Artillery was handed over to the Europeans Abolition of religious discrimination Hostilitybetween the Hindus and the Muslims Indian Council Act of 1861 organization of financial system Declaration by the queen Victoria RESULTS OF THE REVOLT chapter -4 Commercialization of agriculture
INTRODUCTIONOF PLANTATION CROPS Coffee, largest producer Karnataka Tea cultivation Hilly areas more favourable workers Another view Rubber Indigo Impact of commercialization -Rural indebtedness POVERTY Unemployment MISERIES&LACK OF FOOD RIOTS PUBLICATIONS PRESENT SCENARIO IN FARMS DESTRUCTION OF COTTAGE INDUSTRIES Thankyou SHEENA KRISHNAN ULAMPARAMBATH ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY POST GRADUATE GOVT.COLLEGE SECTOR-11,CHANDIGARH Textile, Jute and paper industries
Agro based industries Textile, Jute and paper industries The first industry of cotton clothes in India was established in 1853 at Bombay In 1879 the number of cotton mills was 56. In 1895 it became 144 and in 1905 it was 206. It is a large scale industry. Southern regions produced more cotton than the northern regions. Textile Textile, Oldest and largest industry The first jutemill in India was established in at Rishra in Bengal by Mr. George Ackland.Jute is known as golden fiber. In 1882 there were 20 jute factories in India. In 1895 it became 36. JUTE Largest producer of jute in India is West Bengal
Largest producer of jute in India is WestBengal. Sunderban delta in West Bengal is the largest producer of jute. It is thedwelling place of tiger also. Sunderban delta Paper industry An agro based industry. Origin in 1812
First paper mill at Serampur in WestBengal Paper industry Paper industry SHEENA KRISHNAN ULAMPARAMBATH ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Thankyou SHEENA KRISHNAN ULAMPARAMBATH ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY POST GRADUATE GOVT.COLLEGE SECTOR-11,CHANDIGARH.