1. parts of speech

8/10/2019 1. Parts of Speech

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LANGUAGE ENRICHMENT

Each word plays a role in the sentence. One same wordcan have more than one meaning. Look at the examplesbelow:

One word might be a nounat one time and a verbthenext.

E.g. anchor

1. We dropped theanchor near theMalaysian coast.(noun)

The role/function of the word anchor in Sentence 1 is toserve as a heavy object used to stop the movement of avessel.

2. We anchoroff the Malaysian coast. (verb)

The role/function of the word anchor in Sentence 2 is toshow the action of preventing a vessel from moving bydropping its anchor into the water.


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When a word is modified, the role/function of theword is changed too. Look at the examples below:

One word might be a nounat one time and anadjectivethe next.

E.g. beauty

1. All the boys in my class admire her beauty.(noun)

The role/function of the word beauty in Sentence1 is to show the quality of being beautiful or verygood to look at.

2. All the boys in my class admire Fatimah

because she is beautiful. (adjective)The role/function of the word beautiful in

Sentence 1 is to describe Fatimah as a goodlooking being.


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NOUN

VERB PREPOSITION

PRONOUN

ADVERB

ADJECTIVE

INTERJECTION

CONJUNCTION

ARTICLE


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NOUN

A noun is the name of a person, place,

thing or idea. Person: Ashraf likes to eat cookies.

Beyonceis a great performer!

Place: Taipingis an old town.MIMETis a university filled withsmart students.

Thing: To cook you need a couple of pots.

Idea: Honestyis a great value to possess.


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2 BASIC TYPES OF NOUN:

COMMON NOUNS: Usedto name a person, animal,place, thing or abstractconcept.

SUBDIVIDED INTO: CONCRETE NOUNS: Used

to describe things that canbe recognized by at leastone of the senses.

ABSTARCT NOUNS: whichdescribe somethingoutside of the physical (ex:joy/fear/happiness/love)

PROPER NOUNS: used toname a specific person,animal, place, or thing(and usually identifiableby the presence of capitalletters) Examples:

Incubus

Lady Gaga

Mount Everest

Pavilion

California

Darlie

Kleenex


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Lets try! Spot the different types of

noun: concrete/abstract/proper

1. She is a pleasureto work with.

2. The Queenwas on an official trip.

3. He was attacked by a squid!4. I want to playfootball for Barcelona.

5. The mournerswere full of grief.


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COUNTABLE NOUNS

Nouns that we can count. Duh!!!

One studentis absent from

class today.

That beautiful ladyis my

mother.

He goes to the library every

week.

Dalila lives in an apartment.

These booksare expensive

Fayshalarranged all thebooks on the shelves.

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Nouns that we cannot count.Duhhh!!

Her hairis very long.

We must drink water

everyday.

There is a lot of information

on the Internet.

Moneycan buy love.

The more you read, the

more knowledgeyou get.

We ought to take less sugarin our drinks if we want to

stay healthy.


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SINGULAR PLURAL

when a noun refer to one thing, place,

person or animal, it is singular.

When it refers to more than one, it

is plural.

REGULAR NOUNS

Usually adds, -es, ories to form the plural

RULES

1. Add sto most countable nouns

2. Add esto nouns ending in sh, ch, s, ss and x

3. Add s to most nouns ending with an o

4. Add esto other nouns ending with an o

5. Some words can take both s and es

6. If the word has a consonant before the final 'y' then the plural ends

with 'ies':

7. If the word has a vowelbefore the final y then you just add an 's':

8. If a noun ends with feand f, change the ending to ves. The

exceptions are roofs, chiefs, beliefs.

PLURALSINGULAR

Box

Class

Mango

Volcano

City / Baby

Days / Surveys

Boxes

Classes

Memos

Photos

Tomatoes

Potatoes

Mangos/ mangoes

Volcanos/

volcanoes

Cities / Babies

Days / Surveys

WivesKnives

WifeKnife

Memo

Photo

Tomato

Potato

BoyscakesBoyCake


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IRREGULAR NOUNS:

Do not have fixed pattern when changing to the plural

SINGULAR PLURAL

womenwoman

children

child

teethtooth

micemouse

* Some nouns are always plural: news /goods/ spectacles / shorts / trousers /

scissors


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COLLECTIVE NOUNSGROUP OF

PEOPLEExamples:

A crowd of people

A class of students

A band of

musiciansA team of players

A bevy of ladies

GROUP OF

ANIMALSExamples:

A flock of birds

A cloud of bats

A pride of lions

A swarm of bees

A parliament ofowls

GROUP OF

THINGSExamples:A flight of stairs

A troop ofmushrooms

A bouquet offlowers

A pinch of salt

A glass of water


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POSSESSIVE NOUNS

are used to show possession (owning or having)

Singular

The sky'scolor is changing

A sincere persons compliment is avaluable gift.

I didnt know I was eating your catstuna.

The bus'sengine stopped.

Plural

The little babiesnursery had fivebeds.

My sisters'names are Kourtney andKhloe.

We saw the children'ssnowman.

The busses'engine stopped.


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PRONOUNWords that is used in place of a noun, in

order to avoid repetition.

SubjectPronouns

I, you, we, they, he, she, it

Example:

The children played a game.

Theyplayed a game.

The cat is sleeping.

It is sleeping.

ObjectPronouns

me, you, us, them, him, her, it

Example:

I met my friends at Pavilion.

I met themat Pavillion.

The boy returned the book tothe library.

The boy returned it to thelibrary.


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PossessiveAdjectives

my, your, our, their, his, her, its

Example

That laptop belongs to me.

That is mylaptop.

Miss Fatin teaches the studentswriting.

Miss Fatin teaches her studentswriting.

PossessivePronouns

mine, yours, ours, theirs, his,hers, its

Example

I like that car. That car is mine.

She bought those books. Thosebooks are hers.

These magazines are ours butthose newspapers are theirs.


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Relative Pronouns

Who (people)

The man is my grandfather. He

took me home.

The man, whois my

grandfather, took mehome.

The girl is wearing s mini skirt.

She is my sister.

The girl who is wearing a

mini skirt is my sister.

Whom (people)

Whomis this story about? ->

This story is about him.

With whomare you going? -> I

am going with them.This is the man whom I told

you about. (This is him.)

Whom is always the correct

choice after a preposition.

You have a childby whom? ->

I have a child by him!This is the lady towhom I

made the promise! -> I made

the promise to her.


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ContinueRelative Pronouns

Which/that (things or animals)

The book which/thatI read

was interesting.

Adam enjoyed the concert

which/thatshe attended.

Whose (To show possession. Refers

to people and followed by a noun.)

The children, whoseparents

died, lived with their

grandparents.

The doctor examined the

patient whosearmwas

fractured in the accident.

The family, whosehouse

burned down, moved to

another town.


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Non-action verb

Be verb

am, is, are, was, were

I amyour lecturer this

semester.

I was not your lecturer last

semester.Adam isa very handsome

young man.

Fayyadh and Fayshal are

siblings.

He was not a handsomeman last year.

The students wereabsent

yesterday.

Linking verb

Example: taste, seem,

look, appear, etc.

The food tastessalty.

The lecturer seemed angry

with her students as theyhad not completed their

homework.

Fazura looks pale as she

has a fever.

They appearon televisionevery Sunday.

Milk turns sour if it is not

refrigerated.

I believethat she is telling

the truth.


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Regular Verb:verbs that end with d, ed, or ied in the

simple past tense and in the past participleform.

She decidedto go home.

Brad Pitt arrivedin Malaysia

last night.

Maria helpedher sister last

night.

The students studiedhard for

the examination.

Cough coughed

Live lived

Dance danced

Ignore ignored

Jog jogged

Study studied

Worry worried

Irregular Verb:verbs that have different forms in the simplepast tense and in the past participle form.

She bought a birthday cakeyesterday.

She has bought a beautifuldress.

They ateall the food at the partylast night.

She has eaten her lunch.

The students did theirhomework last night.

The students have donetheirhomework.

She wrotea letter to her familylast month.

She has written two essays sofar.

She accidently cuther fingeryesterday.

I readan interesting book last

night.


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Auxiliary verb Can/ could

May / might

Will / shall / would

Should / ought to

Must / have to

Negative forms

Cannot/cant

Could not / couldnt

May not / might not

Will not / wont

Shall not / shant

Should not / shouldnt

Ought not to

Must not

(do/does/did) not have to/(dont/doesnt/didnt) have to

Zafran canspeak manylanguages.

She could sing well when shewas young.

I might buy a new car.

The class will end at 5pm.

I shall sleep now.

You shouldgo for exercise moreoften.

You ought to go and see adoctor.

You have to come to class oryou will fail this subject.

Everyonemust answer that

question.


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ADJECTIVESwords that describe noun or pronoun. They identify what kind,

which one, how many and how much.

Please give me somecold water.

The whitecar belongs to my brother.

The students are hardworking.

I have a beautiful house.

The weatheris warm outside.

The movie was dulland boring.

I have a wife. (be careful A wife is enough for me! -> A in this

sentence is an article NOT an adjective.)

The pavlovais delicious!

Big fast long shortBlack funny loud slow

Boring handsome old young

Careful interesting quiet ugly

Careless late right terrible

Early little sad wrong


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ADVERBword which modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb.Most adverbs end with ly & an adverb answers the question

how, when, where, how often,or to what extent.

He wrote the report correctly. (how)

He wrote the report yesterday. (when)

He wrote the report here. (where)

He wrote the report twice. (how often)

He wrote the report very quickly. (to what extent)

Careful!

Lee is a fast talker. (adjective)

Lee talks fast. (adverb)

She is late. (adjective).

The students come late. (adverb)


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Lets look at how adverbs can modify verbs,

adjectives, and other adverbs

Verbs

Justin walkedslowly.

The boys drovehome.

Hannah laughedloudly.

Carmen writes

carelessly.

Adjectives

It is anextremelystrange idea.

I have a verybadtoothache.

It was ratherastupid behavior.

He was partiallydressed.

Adverbs

She ran veryfast.

He sang tooquietly.

I sighed rathersadly.

He smiled quite

cheerfully.


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ARTICLESarticles are placed before nouns and before adjectives describing

the nouns.

Indefinite articles:

used before singular and countable

nouns

She bought apiece of dress

yesterday. I have anaunt live in

Indonesia.

She studied for anhour last

night.

The lady is married to a

European.

That was anunusual story.

Definite articles:Used before both singular and plural

countable nouns as well as uncountablenouns

I saw a cat. Thecat belongs to

my brother. She is driving the car her

father bought her.

Theshortest man in the world

lives in Europe.

I borrowed a book from Adeeb.

Thebook is very interesting.

T


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Here is a list of commonly used prepositions:

across

after

among

at

before

between

by

during

for

over

round

since

through

to

under

until

up

with

from

in

into

like

near

off

on

out

opposite

PREPOSITIONSword that shows the relationship between people, things,

actions or places.


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Preposition to show time

At

In

On

For

During

Ill see you at 8.15 a.m.

Do not go out atnight. It is not safe.

She will meet me at noon.

I was born in1988.

I drive to workin the morning.

It is hot insummer.

Im always sleepyon Monday mornings.

The meeting is onMay 2nd.

It is good to have an ice cream ona hot day.

I have been waiting forthree hours.

My husband will be away fora year.

Students are very busy duringthe semester.

I got a headache duringthe examination.


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Preposition to show place

In

At

On

Under

Beside

Between

Above

By

Against

I left my bag inthe car.

Theres no one inthe classroom.

I live inMalaysia.

My nieces are waiting for me atthe airport.

Turn left atthe next corner.

The sweater looks good onyou!

My office is onthe first floor.

Please put you feet underthe table.

Can I sit besideyou?

Adam is sleeping betweenFariq and Fikri.

My office is abovethe accountants room.

Come and sit byme.

Im leaning against the wall.


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Preposition to show direction/movement

to

From

Into

Across

Along

Out

I always come toclass early.

Welcome toour country! (Not welcome in our country!)

She just came fromher room.

Messi isfrom Argentina.

Pour the milk intothe cup.

I saw a cat jumped intothe water.

The old man lives acrossthe river.

Brad Pitt and Fariesha like to walk alongthe

beach in the evening.

Takeout a piece of paper.


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Preposition: general

About

By

For

With

Please tell us aboutyour fascinating trip to

Paris.

I go to work bybus.

This book is written byJackie Collins.

Lets go fora coffee.

I bought this car foryou.

My handsome nephew will stay withme for a

year.

The wife hit the husband witha sledge

hammer.


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CONJUNCTIONword which joins two words, phrase, clauses or sentences.

Coordinateconjunctions

For, and, nor, but, or,yet, so

The teacher andtheprincipal spoke.

Fariq is studyingcomputer science forhe plans to be asystem analyst.

Zafran wanted to buy a

MacBook Pro buthedoes not have enoughmoney.

Zikri loves to travel,yethe has not visitedJohor.

Correlativeconjunctions

BothKhaleisha andFariesha applied for

the English lecturerposition.

Neither Khaleisha norFariesha applied forthe English lecturerposition.

Not onlyKhaleisha

butFariesha alsoapplied for the Englishlecturer position.

Eitheryou work hardoryou leave.

Subordinateconjunctions

Althoughhe was tired,he continued to run.

Ifyou dont do youassignment, you aregoing to fail thissubject.

I dont know whereZayan lives.

Qaseh called whileyou

were out. I didnt buy the

handbag becauseitwas too expensive.


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INTERJECTIONword that expresses any sudden feelings. It is often followed byan exclamation mark (!). They have no grammatical relation to

the rest of the sentence.

Wait! I am not finished.

Great, I would love to go to the beach.

Whew, that was close. Thanks, I needed that.

Careful, the tiger is hungry!

Ouch, that hurts!

Wow, that was easy!

1. parts of speech

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