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Oceanography GEO 009

Kirk Domke

Winter 2013

OFFICE HOURS: Kirk Domke

Geology 1224A

[email protected]

Thursdays 9:45-11:00am and 12:15-1:00pm

(or by appointment via email w/ 48 hours notice)

TEXTBOOK: Oceanography: An Invitation to Marine Science

7th Edition

Author: Tom Garrison

LECTURES:

Tuesdays and Thursdays

8:10 - 9:30 am

Humanities Bldg 1503

DISCUSSION:

Thursday 11:10 a.m. Pierce 3374

Thursday 1:10 p.m. Chung 141

www.ilearn.ucr.edu Syllabus and all class announcements posted here

Lecture Room Kirk’s Office Discussion Th 11:10

Discussion Th 1:10

mailto:[email protected]

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Grading

60% Midterms

NO make-ups (none…at all…for any reason!)

25% Final exam

Cumulative, but with emphasis on material

not covered on midterms

15% Discussion

Weekly quizzes (lowest score dropped)

882-E

Follow instructions at top

of first page of the exam No. 2 pencil

Mark only one bubble per row to indicate answers

to questions numbered 1 – 40.

Bring a green SCANTRON form for each exam!

(available at the bookstore)

Midterms

2 hours of prep time for each

class (UC standard):

total of 6 hours/week+ 4 class hours

Think!

Participate!

Organize!

Expectations

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This is an estimate, but it gives you an

idea for how things have finished in

previous semesters:

A+ 91-100%

A 85-90%

A- 83-84%

B+ 80-82%

B 77-79%

B- 75-76%

C+ 71-74%

The curve is “built in” to

how I write the exams

and quizzes.

You will be tested at

different levels of

understanding.

Do:

Check your UCR email often!

Clear up uncertainties in your understanding as they arise

Ask me to slow down or speak louder as needed

Don’t: X

Use the mailing lists or ilearn site for personal business

(class purposes only!)

Ask for information already in your syllabus

Vast oceans of liquid water on Earth has

allowed:

1) life to thrive (first as single-celled

microbes then complex food webs with

animals),

2) solar energy to be distributed from warm

to cold regions (equator to poles) and

stabilized climate,

3) vast, but limited resources for human

(and other organism) uses

Course Objectives

Q: The oceans cover approximately what

% area of Earth’s total surface?

a) 10%

b) 30%

c) 50%

d) 70%

e) 90%

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Q: What is the average depth of

seawater in the oceans?

a) 3 m

b) 38 m

c) 380 m

d) 3800 m

Q: What other planets in our solar

system currently have large oceans of

liquid water?

a) none

b) Mars

c) Mars and Jupiter

d) Saturn

Ocean

Resources

Chapter 17- Garrison

The ocean supplies resources:

1. Physical

2. Energy

3. Biological

4. Non-extractive

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1. Physical Resources

Petroleum and Natural Gas

– ~1/3 of production from below seabed mostly

around continental shelves (shallowest water

zone)

– oil and gas often occur together

• WHY??


Predicted World Energy Consumption

But…

A growing deficit

between consumption

and discovery of new

oil reserves


Population explosion (world population ca. 6.7 billion)

Estimates of 9 billion by 2050!

Inevitably energy demand will increase in the future


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Methane Hydrate (methane ice crystals

form at temperatures

near 0 C and 200-500m

below sea floor)

Largest known reservoir of

hydrocarbons (~50%)

Methane is CH4

(in gigatons)


Methane Hydrates are found all over the world

The promise: Might be the solution to

oil/gas depletion?

Methane Hydrate

The peril: Warming the ocean

by only 4 C could melt the

hydrate and release

methane, making global

warming worse.


Methane Hydrate

Other problems: extraction, liquefying,

transporting (expensive & dangerous)


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Burning

methane

hydrate


Sediments and minerals

Sand and Gravel – structures and

buildings

1% globally, higher locally



~50% globally from oceans

Magnesium – light, strong metal

airplane frames

construction

food, medicine (salts)



~1/3 of global production from evaporation ponds

Salt


San Jose

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Salt –

Until discovery of salt deposits by geologists

in 18th Century, evaporation was ONLY

source of salt.

Salt in historical times was valuable for food

preservation, so civilizations grew up around

salt sources (e.g., Romans, Venice).



Salt –

“Salary” from Latin “salarium” meaning “salt

allowance”, “worth their salt”


Red pigments from single celled microbes tolerant of high salinity



Salt –

Table salt - 100% NaCl (sodium chloride)

Sea salt - 78%: NaCl

22%: Calcium carbonate (CaCO3),

gypsum (CaSO4),

potassium, magnesium

salts(KCl, MgCl2)

(EDIBLE sea salt must be 97.5% NaCl - FDA rules)


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Manganese nodules + iron, manganese, copper, nickel, cobalt

Phosphorite deposits phosphorus – fertilizer (as phosphate)

Metallic sulfides and muds zinc, iron, copper, lead, silver, cadmium

(NOT economic to mine now, but maybe in the

future….increasing interest being shown)

1. Physical Resources 1. Physical Resources

(and we are polluting/depleting that at a record rate!)

> 97% in ocean (salty)

< 1% is fresh and found at

surface or in groundwater (<800 m depth)

Water


In many places, potable water costs MORE

than gasoline (if you can even find it)!

Desalination of sea

water is expensive

and energy intensive.

Water

Desalination plant

on Catalina Island

Wind farm off the coast of Denmark

2. Energy Resources

Wind

Winds are typically

stronger and more

steady out at sea

World’s fastest growing

power source

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2. Energy Resources

Waves and currents

Fig. 17-10b, p. 483

Tubes flexed by

passing waves

pressurize

hydraulic fluid to

generate power

2. Energy Resources

Waves and currents

Tide turbines, Norway

Turbines rotate slowly

as tidal current passes

them

15 C

1 C

2. Energy Resources

Thermal Gradient

Uses natural

temperature differences

in seawater to push

turbine (generate power)

2% efficient

2. Energy Resources

Promising future sources, but minimal

contribution now

- still too costly and inefficient

Provides approximately 7% of US

domestic energy needs

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IS THIS SUSTAINABLE? NO!

3. Biological Resources

Fish, crustaceans, mollusks

• 18% of animal protein consumed now

• 5X increase from 1950-1977 (for 2X population increase)

• Maximum sustainable yield 2001 catch

• 1995 - US fishing industry spent $124B to

catch $54B worth of fish


Whales

• Meat, oil, bones - substitutes exist for all

Fur-Bearing Mammals

Hunted almost to extinction but quotas and

protection have allowed species to recover

• Fur (duh)

• Gel coating from seaweed used in salad

dressing, paint, printer’s ink, ice cream, beer,

wine, diet pills, etc.


Algin

Cultivation of marine organisms in the open

ocean - oysters, salmon, plaice

Growing as commercial (wild) fishing

declines

Creates pollution and infection and it is

energy-intensive process with lots of waste


Mariculture

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Pharmaceuticals

• Up to 10% of marine species may yield

useful drugs

• Anticancer, antiviral, antitumor chemicals

identified in sponges, corals, sea cucumbers

Acyclovir (from Caribbean sponge) - antiviral: herpes of skin and nervous system

Vidabarin (also from a sponge)

- attacks AIDS virus directly

Transportation

4. Non-extractive Resources

• Oil

65% of Global

trade value

• Iron, coal, grain

24%

• Nikes, Toyotas, etc.

10%

Recreation

4. Non-extractive Resources

• Tourism

(revenue) based

on surfing, sport

fishing,

sunbathing,

cruise lines, etc.

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Renewable vs. Nonrenewable

Resources • Depends on rate of use compared to rate

of regeneration - Time scale counts!

Nonrenewable Renewable

use rate > regen. rate use rate < regen. rate

Sustainable

use rate regeneration rate

Youngest sediments containing

oil are ~2-5 million years old -

most is in older rocks

(Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas, 2004)

Use Rate >> Regeneration Rate

Non-renewable!

Oil

Fish

Remember: maximum sustainable yield

2001 catch (130 million metric tons)

Use Rate Regeneration Rate

Sustainable…

Overfishing of N. Atlantic

has depleted fish stocks

1900-1999

Cod populations “so thick

that you could walk on them”

drew the Vikings to the New

World.

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List of seafood recommended to be used or avoided.

www.montereybayaquarium.org

Whales

Fur-Bearing Mammals

Almost extinct at one time,

but quotas/bans on hunting

have made many of them a

renewable resource.

Renewable resource

because numbers killed

annually are less than

numbers born.

… but they ARE cute!

Does extinction make a

biological resource non-renewable?

WHY?

Dodo bird R.I.P. 1681

What resource was lost when this bird became extinct?

Potable Water (drinkable water)

Is it renewable?

Population increase and changes

in global and local climate patterns

mean that many parts of the world

do not have abundant water resources

http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/

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Who owns the ocean resources?

Treaty - Divide them up

(more civilized)

How did countries/empires claim them?

War - Take them!

(the usual approach)

Only countries with shorelines?

All nations?

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): 200 nautical miles from shore

(In 2009, 80 countries can apply to extend to 350 miles)

Nations control resources here.

UN Draft Convention, 1982

The International Law of the Sea

Territorial waters: 12 nautical miles from shore

Nations have sole jurisdiction here.

High Seas: Beyond 200 miles from any shore

Common property of all people

1988 - legally binding (140 countries signed)

US did not sign treaty but instead

declared in 1983:

US Exclusive Economic Zone : 200 miles from shore

US controls resources and has jurisdiction here.

Difference with International Law?

US does not recognize that

high sea resources are shared

by all people. The USEEZ is greatly expanded by

distant US territories

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“By most calculations, we have used more natural

resources since 1955 than in all of recorded

human history up to that time”

Garrison page 474 (Chapter 17 Marine Resources)

About 1/3rd may be unwanted bykill Fig. 17-21, p. 490Drift net fishing (50 mile long nets)

“Acid waters,

dying corals,

melting ice caps,

rising slime,

a plague of plastic

and a dearth of fish..”

16 page special

report on the sea

Jan 3rd, 2009

From: The Economist, 3rd January, 2009

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