1 introduction to project funding. 2 the firm’s business environment - relevant factors ...
TRANSCRIPT
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The firm’s business environment - Relevant
Factors Government policy Fiscal policy and legislation Financial sector Macro-economic developments Past and current practices in
project financing
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Options for project financing
Internal funds Private sector:
1. Commercial banks2. Development corporations3. Equipment vendors & subsidiary finance Companies4. Trade finance (suppliers and customers)5. Equity
Government sector
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Internal funds
Internal funds can be generated from:
– Capital introduced by the owner
– Profits & cash flows generated by the business and retained within it
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Capital from the private sector
Long-term loans to purchase fixed assets: secured or unsecured
Short-term loans (including lines of credits without conditions on use)
Leasing
Equity (issue of shares/stock) ...
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Firms’ criteria in raising finance
Profitability Risk of excessive debt (‘Leverage’, or ‘gearing’) Matching duration of finance to
duration of project Procedures for application
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Project finance - Issues and questions (1)
What was the project? Which sources were considered? Which sources were then
approached? What information did they require? Could you provide this information? What were their criteria? (Were
these clear to the firm?)
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Project finance - Issues and questions (2)
Was the application successful? If not - why not?
Did any problems arise during the process of applying?
What requirements did the financier set concerning post-funding project management?
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Project finance - Issues and questions (3)
What do you consider the firm did well? … and not-so-well?
Would you do anything differently another time?
What advice can you offer to others from this experience?
Does this experience prompt any questions?
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Some typical project finance issues and
problems ... The project is not considered to be
economically feasible (i.e. profitable) The firm is unable or unwilling to issue
more shares or to raise debt The firm does not yet have contacts
with commercial banks The firm is in public ownership and
private sources of finance are not accessible
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…and some possible solutions (1)
Problem: the project is not considered to be economically feasible
Solution: Total Cost Assessment of project
Problem: the firm is unable or unwilling to issue more shares or to raise debt
Solution: Leasing
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…and some possible solutions (2)
Problem: the firm does not yet have contacts with commercial banks
Solution: contact chamber of commerce, local accountants, NGOs funds managers, for assistance
Problem: the firm is in public ownership and private sources of finance are not accessible
Solution: contact local national CP centre for institutional assistance
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A few general points of advice...
consider the effect of the current business environment
search widely for possible alternative sources of finance
seek advice from experts and from contacts in other firms
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Further potential sources Internal funds
Equity (owners’ capital) Leasing / equipment vendors and
subsidiary finance companies Trade credit (suppliers, customers)
Micro-credits
Development bank loans
Government finance
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Internal funds (1)
Internal funds = retained profits (‘reserves’)
Size of reserves depends on:-– Past profitability of business– Minimizing tax liabilities– Proportion of profits retained
vs. Paid out to owners in dividends
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avoids having to approach external sources (and transaction costs)
preserve borrowing power for future projects
have an indirect opportunity cost not available to new firms must be built up over time
Internal funds (2)
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Equity capital
Equity = ordinary shares, i.e. owners’ capital
Potential sources of new equity:-– more capital from the current owners
(shareholders)– new shareholders, by private
approaches– venture capital– a public share offering
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Equipment vendors and subsidiary finance
companies Leasing has become a major source of
financing that is provided by some equipment vendors and subsidiary finance companies (‘lease-providers’).
With ‘financial leases’ (or ‘capital leases’):– Title to the equipment is held by the firm which
operates it (the ‘lease-holder’)– The lease-provider retains a first security
interest in the equipment– The lease-holder faces the risks and receives
the rewards of ownership
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Trade finance potential sources
– suppliers of raw materials– suppliers of other goods and services– key customers
their motive: to secure a key customer or source of supply
risk: being tied to a particular supplier or customer and unable to develop business freely
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Micro-Credits (MC) aim: ‘to match appropriate technologies and financing, through the development of packages that build on community values’ local initiatives, depending on MC managers’ knowledge of their own localities and markets an expanding source for socially desirable projects - but little-known
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Grameen Bank (1) Grameen Bank,Bangladesh: the
pioneer (founder: Mohammed Yunus)
core belief: the credit-worthiness of the poorest members of a community
aim: to break out of the poverty cycle, using innovative technologies
a model for many similar banks operating across the world
Micro Credit example
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finance derived from international sources (e.g. development banks) Grameen uses this to make ‘soft’ loans to local borrowers several projects in renewable energy and other environmental investments website: www.Grameen-info.org
Grameen Bank (2)Micro Credit example
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Grameen’s lending policy no requirement for security repayable in weekly instalments eligibility for subsequent loans depends on full repayment of any earlier loans transparency in bank transactions helps to encourage repayments by borrowers, through social pressure
Micro Credit example
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Grameen - the results
2.34 million borrowers in Bangladesh
94% are women loans for projects in 39,000 of
86,000 villages in Bangladesh 1977-1997, total lending - US$2
billion now, 223 Grameen-type
programmes in 58 countries
Micro Credit example
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Development banks (1)
examples:– World Bank– International Finance Corporation– Inter-American Development Bank– Asian Development Bank
wide and diverse range of programmes and projects
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Development banks (2)development banks aim:-
– to lend large amounts…– … but at low transaction costs
therefore, traditionally, mainly large projects in the public sector stringent guidelines on project characteristics and lending criteria (e.g. to be environmental, social,
developmental, technically innovative)
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Development banks (3)
Benefits of development bank finance:
can help with technological and managerial advice on the project
project packaging
liaison with other potential sources of finance
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Raising finance from government schemes
identify the available schemes find out:-
– the criteria and conditions of the scheme– the procedures for application
develop the firm’s application:-– to match the scheme’s criteria – to identify how the project supports public policy objectives
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Grants low or zero cost of capital may be available for only part of a
project, or on restrictive terms preserves borrowing power for other
purposes accessible via local brokers and/or
international development agencies BUT:-
– can conceal true long-term costs– misses opportunity to build long-term
relationship with financiers
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Past funding experience successful past experiences with
financing projects?
how might CP projects be different? Why might they be ...
– more difficult to finance?– easier to finance?
could these further sources be relevant? If so - when and how?
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Summary a wide range of potential sources means:-
– more likely to be able to raise finance...– … and on better terms
the range varies between countries
and over time an early search for a wide range of sources can be very worthwhile each source will have its own criteria and procedures