11

International Enterprise International Enterprise Architecture Standards, Architecture Standards,

Organizations & ActivitiesOrganizations & Activities

17 January 200717 January 2007

L. Mark WalkerL. Mark Walker

LMWalkerLMWalker 22

AgendaAgenda• BackgroundBackground• The Multitude of Architecture Standards ActivitiesThe Multitude of Architecture Standards Activities

1- ISO:1- ISO:– TC184/SC5/WG1 (Four Enterprise Architecture TC184/SC5/WG1 (Four Enterprise Architecture

Standards) Standards) – JTC1/SC7/WG42 (based on IEEE 1471, ISO 15288, JTC1/SC7/WG42 (based on IEEE 1471, ISO 15288,

12207, etc.)12207, etc.)2- Governments:2- Governments:– US: DODAF, FEAF, CADM, etc.US: DODAF, FEAF, CADM, etc.– Europe: MODAF, etc.Europe: MODAF, etc.3- Others: OMG (SysML, UML, ArchSC), TOGAF, etc.3- Others: OMG (SysML, UML, ArchSC), TOGAF, etc.

• Status and Challenges for INCOSE, ISO, etc.Status and Challenges for INCOSE, ISO, etc.– INCOSE Chesapeake Chapter Involvement?INCOSE Chesapeake Chapter Involvement?

LMWalkerLMWalker 33

Overall Multitude Int’l Architect Standards, Overall Multitude Int’l Architect Standards, etcetc

15704

14258(2D)

19440Model

Language

19439(3D) ETC

12207(SW)

15288(SE)

25961(IEEE 1471, etc.)

10303: AP233, etc.

OMG:SysML,UML,ETC

IEEE,TOGAF,

ETC

Europe:MODAF,

ETC

US/DoD:FEAF,

DODAF,CADM,

ETC

ISO Liaisons ?

ISO Liaisons ?

Vocabulary&

Definitions

ISO The Others

ETC

ISO LiaisonsISO LiaisonsOthers: Japan,

China, etc. ?

INCOSE Liaisons ?

INCOSE Liaisons ?

Bottom Line: People are in Multiple Int’l Efforts

ISO TC184/SC5 ISO JTC1/SC7

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ISO’s Key Architecture Working ISO’s Key Architecture Working GroupsGroups

1.1. ISO/TC184/SC5/WG1ISO/TC184/SC5/WG1 is the lead for is the lead for development of Four ISO Enterprise development of Four ISO Enterprise Architecture Standards based on Architecture Standards based on manufacturing industry needsmanufacturing industry needs– TC184/SC5/WG1 initiated the upgrade TC184/SC5/WG1 initiated the upgrade

planning for their ISO 15704 this summerplanning for their ISO 15704 this summer2.2. ISO/JTC1/SC7/WG42ISO/JTC1/SC7/WG42 is developing an is developing an

architecture standard by “fast tracking” architecture standard by “fast tracking” IEEE 1471IEEE 1471– JTC1/SC7/WG42 formed in June 06JTC1/SC7/WG42 formed in June 06

3.3. ISO/JWG8ISO/JWG8 is developing the Data Standards is developing the Data Standards including 10303, 100s of standards including 10303, 100s of standards including AP233including AP233

4.4. ISO SC5/SG1 & SC7ISO SC5/SG1 & SC7: identifying vocabulary : identifying vocabulary overlaps/conflicts and recommending overlaps/conflicts and recommending commonality/”Harmonization”commonality/”Harmonization”

LMWalkerLMWalker 55

1- ISO Enterprise 1- ISO Enterprise Architecture Standards- Architecture Standards- TC184TC184

Chair: Emanuel dela Hostria (USA)Contact: ISO/TC 184/SC 5 Secretariat: gre_winchester@nema.org

ISO/TC 184Industrial Automation Systems & Integration

SC 4Industrial

DataAdvisory

Group

SC 2Robots for

ManufacturingEnvironments

SC 1PhysicalDeviceControl

PT1Revision

ofISO 10218

QC - Quality Committee

WG2Part LibraryWG3Product ModelingJWG8**Industrial manufacturingmanagement dataJWG9Electrical & electronicapplications

WG11Express language, implementation methodsWG12

Common resources

PPC Policy & planning committee

WG8Distributed installation in industrial applications

WG4NC ProgrammingLanguagesWG7Data modeling forintegration of physicaldevices

WG1-Richard Martin LeadModeling & ArchitectureMT1Communications & InterconnectionsWG4Manufacturing Software & EnvironmentWG5Application Integration FrameworksWG6Application Service Interface

JWG15Enterprise-Control System Integration

WG7Diagnostics/Maintenance/Control Integration

SG1Vocabulary and terminology

JWG8**Industrial manufacturing management data

SC 5Architecture,

Communications & Integration Frameworks

Note: Other WGs may also be of interest.

Key Current Architecture WGs of Interest

LMWalkerLMWalker 66

The 4 ISO/TC184/SC5/WG1 EA The 4 ISO/TC184/SC5/WG1 EA StandardsStandards

StanrStanrdd

TitleTitle Key FocusKey Focus StatusStatus

1570415704-2000-2000

Industrial Industrial automation automation systems — systems — RequirementsRequirements for for enterprise-enterprise-reference reference architectures and architectures and methodologiesmethodologies

Enterprise-reference Enterprise-reference architectures; architectures; provides means of provides means of organizing organizing engineering projectsengineering projects. . Includes Includes requirements. Based requirements. Based on on GERAMGERAM

WG1 WG1 initiatedinitiated systematic systematic review summer review summer 0606, leading to a , leading to a revision project revision project that commenced that commenced late 2006.late 2006.

1943919439 Enterprise Enterprise integration — integration — FrameworkFramework for for enterprise enterprise modellingmodelling

Ent Arch Ent Arch Models & Models & Modeling PhasesModeling Phases (planning), views & (planning), views & genericity. genericity.

Published May06Published May06..

1944019440FDISFDIS

Enterprise Enterprise integration — integration — Constructs for Constructs for enterprise enterprise modellingmodelling

Computer Computer modeling modeling languagelanguage and key and key elements.elements.

Completed and Completed and in in for ballotingfor balloting. May . May be final by early be final by early ‘07.‘07.

1425814258-1998-1998

Industrial Industrial automation automation systems — systems — Concepts and Concepts and rulesrules for for enterprise modelsenterprise models

Provides enterprise Provides enterprise level architecture level architecture modeling basis. modeling basis. Business, operational Business, operational and metamodel.and metamodel.

15704 will 15704 will replace 14258replace 14258 when 15704 new when 15704 new version is version is approvedapproved

77

ISO 15704-2000ISO 15704-2000

Industrial automation systems Industrial automation systems — Requirements for — Requirements for enterprise-reference enterprise-reference

architectures and architectures and methodologiesmethodologies

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15704 - Scope15704 - Scope

• Covers topics deemed necessary to carry Covers topics deemed necessary to carry out all types of enterprise projects out all types of enterprise projects required for the life of the enterprise, required for the life of the enterprise, including:including:– Enterprise creation,Enterprise creation,– Major enterprise restructuring effortsMajor enterprise restructuring efforts– Incremental changes, Incremental changes, – Parts of the enterprise-life cycle.Parts of the enterprise-life cycle.

LMWalkerLMWalker 99

ISO 15704 Basis: GERAMISO 15704 Basis: GERAM(Generalized Ent. Reference Arch (Generalized Ent. Reference Arch

Methodology)Methodology)Generalized Enterprise Reference Architecture identifies concepts of enterprise integration

Enterprise MOdels provide implementable

modules of human professions, operational processes, technologies

Enterprise Engineering Tools support enterprise

engineering

Enterprise Operational Systems support the

operation of the particular enterprise

Partial Enterprise Models provide reusable reference

models and designs of human roles, processes

and technologies

Generic Enterprise Modeling Concepts (Theories and Definitions) define the meaning of enterprise modeling constructs

Enterprise Models enterprise designs, and

models to support analysis and operation

Enterprise Modeling Languages provide modeling

constructs for modeling of human role, processes and

technologiesemploys utilize

Implemented in

support

used to build

used to implement

Enterprise Engineering Methodology

describe process of enterprise engineering

(Adapted from ISO 15704)

Richard Martin

LMWalkerLMWalker 1010

15704 - Key integration principles15704 - Key integration principles• Applicability to any enterpriseApplicability to any enterprise

– total customer service solution involves information, total customer service solution involves information, culture & missionculture & mission

• Enterprise identification and mission definitionEnterprise identification and mission definition– must produce products or services desired by customersmust produce products or services desired by customers

• Separation of mission-fulfillment functions from mission-Separation of mission-fulfillment functions from mission-control functionscontrol functions– fulfilling the mission, i.e. operating processes that fulfilling the mission, i.e. operating processes that

produce product or serviceproduce product or service– achieve the desired economic or other gains that assure achieve the desired economic or other gains that assure

viability or continued successful existence of enterprise.viability or continued successful existence of enterprise.

• Two distinct transformation classes Two distinct transformation classes – 1-Information, 2-material & energy1-Information, 2-material & energy

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15704 - Key enterprise 15704 - Key enterprise integration principles (cont)integration principles (cont)

• Identification of Identification of process contentsprocess contents, three classes , three classes of implemented tasks or business processes:of implemented tasks or business processes:– information and controlinformation and control activities activities – missionmission activities activities – human activitieshuman activities, ,

• Recognition of enterprise Recognition of enterprise life-cycle phaseslife-cycle phases• EvolutionaryEvolutionary approach to enterprise integration approach to enterprise integration

– projects can be carried out individually or projects can be carried out individually or collectivelycollectively

• ModularityModularity– activities & interfaces defined in modular activities & interfaces defined in modular

fashionfashion

1212

ISO/FDIS 19439ISO/FDIS 19439

Enterprise integration — Enterprise integration — Framework for enterprise Framework for enterprise

modellingmodelling

LMWalkerLMWalker 1313

ISO/FDIS 19439- 3 ISO/FDIS 19439- 3 DimensionsDimensions

requirements definition

concept definition

implementation description

design specification

domain operation

decommission definition

domain identification

genericity

ente

rpris

e m

odel

ling

viewe

nte

rpri

se m

od

el

ph

ase

org

aniz

ati

on

vie

w

reso

urc

e v

iew

info

rmati

on v

iew

funct

ion

vie

w

partial

level

parti

cula

r lev

el

generic le

vel

Reference Catalog

Particular level

not defined at the domain operation phase

Systems Systems IntegrationIntegration: : Framework Framework for for Enterprise Enterprise ModellingModelling

Richard Martin

LMWalkerLMWalker 1414

GERA Framework (Basis for 19439)GERA Framework (Basis for 19439)

{

HardwareSoftware

Instantiation

Management Customer service

Human Machine

Life-cycle phases

Views

}

}

}

GenericPartialParticular{

}

DesignPreliminary design

Detailed design

Identification

Concept

Implementation

Operation

Decommission

Requirements

ResourceOrganisationInformationFunction

}

Reference Architecture

Particular Architecture

accordingSubdivisionto genericity

according toSubdivision

purpose of activity

according to physical manifestation

Subdivision

according to

Subdivision

model content

to means ofSubdivision according

implementation

and control

{

Source: ISO 15704:2000 Annex A and Figure 10, The GERA modelling Framework of GERAM [GERAM V1.6.3 http://www.cit.gu.edu.au/~bernus ](used with permission)

Focus of ISO 19439

Richard Martin

LMWalkerLMWalker 1515

Recursion with 19439Recursion with 19439

DoCRDIO

Dc

Enterprise A (operational)

(new) Enterpris

e B

(new) Enterpris

e C

reference catalog R

DoCRDIODc

DoCRDIODc

Enterprise operations can model new enterprises either from its own particular models or using reference constructs and partial models.

DoCRDI

Dc

DoCRDI

Dc

DoA DoB

DoR DoA DoC

Richard Martin

LMWalkerLMWalker 1616

ISO 19440 (2006/07)ISO 19440 (2006/07)

• Focus on: Focus on: Modeling LanguageModeling Language for for “Modelers” (those who develop architecture “Modelers” (those who develop architecture & modeling tools, e.g. tool vendors)& modeling tools, e.g. tool vendors)

• Use of UML being attempted Use of UML being attempted

– Evaluating SysML as alternative due to Evaluating SysML as alternative due to UML LimitationsUML Limitations

• Significant detail on modeling language Significant detail on modeling language constructsconstructs

LMWalkerLMWalker 1717

19440 Figure B.4 19440 Figure B.4 Functional Functional aspectsaspects

LMWalkerLMWalker 1818

ISO 14258- Published 1998ISO 14258- Published 1998• Focus is on: Concepts & RulesFocus is on: Concepts & Rules• Based on “System Theory” Based on “System Theory” • Introduces 2D perspectiveIntroduces 2D perspective

– Plan/Build, Use and Operate, DisposePlan/Build, Use and Operate, Dispose– What, How and Do ActivitiesWhat, How and Do Activities

• Addresses:Addresses:– Hierarchy, Structure, Behavior, Real Hierarchy, Structure, Behavior, Real

World, Reqts for model World, Reqts for model interoperabilityinteroperability

• 14258 will be incorporated into upgraded 14258 will be incorporated into upgraded 15704 version15704 version

LMWalkerLMWalker 1919

ISO 15704 and IEEE 1471 Meta ISO 15704 and IEEE 1471 Meta ModelsModels

TBD

LMWalkerLMWalker 2020

Overall Multitude Int’l Architect Standards, Overall Multitude Int’l Architect Standards, etcetc

15704

14258(2D)

19440Model

Language

19439(3D) ETC

12207(SW)

15288(SE)

25961(IEEE 1471, etc.)

10303: AP233, etc.

OMG:SysML,UML,ETC

IEEE,TOGAF,

ETC

Europe:MODAF,

ETC

US/DoD:FEAF,

DODAF,CADM,

ETC

ISO Liaisons ?

ISO Liaisons ?

Vocabulary&

Definitions

ISO The Others

ETC

ISO LiaisonsISO Liaisons

ISO TC184/SC5 ISO JTC1/SC7

Others: Japan, China, etc. ?

INCOSE Liaisons ?

INCOSE Liaisons ?

Bottom Line: People are in Multiple Int’l Efforts

LMWalkerLMWalker 2121

2- JTC1/SC7/WG422- JTC1/SC7/WG42• WG42 established June 06- identifying membersWG42 established June 06- identifying members• ISO/IEC 25961:ISO/IEC 25961: Fast Tracking IEEE 1471-2000Fast Tracking IEEE 1471-2000• Includes systematic review of TC184/SC5/WG1’s Includes systematic review of TC184/SC5/WG1’s

15704:2000 (Liaison Activity)15704:2000 (Liaison Activity)• Harmonize with Harmonize with ISO 15288 & 12207ISO 15288 & 12207 (ISO Systems and (ISO Systems and

Software Engineering Standards)Software Engineering Standards)– FYI; 15288 now in revision alsoFYI; 15288 now in revision also

• Includes Vocabulary ReconciliationIncludes Vocabulary Reconciliation– Includes architecture “views” and “viewpoints” Includes architecture “views” and “viewpoints”

among other SE terms and ISO/IEC 10746among other SE terms and ISO/IEC 10746• Includes 1 yr Milestone:Includes 1 yr Milestone:

– Possible Reassignment & Re-staffingPossible Reassignment & Re-staffing• INCOSE STC also supporting this effort INCOSE STC also supporting this effort

LMWalkerLMWalker 2222

3- ISO/JWG8: Data Standards 3- ISO/JWG8: Data Standards (ISO 10303, Includes 100+ (ISO 10303, Includes 100+ standardsstandards

• Industrial Manufacturing Management Industrial Manufacturing Management DataData

• Extensive set of standards, over 100Extensive set of standards, over 100– AP233 one of the more well known AP233 one of the more well known

standards under this umbrellastandards under this umbrella• INCOSE also involved in this effortINCOSE also involved in this effort

LMWalkerLMWalker 2323

4- ISO SC5/SG14- ISO SC5/SG1• Identifying vocabulary overlaps/conflicts and Identifying vocabulary overlaps/conflicts and

recommending commonality in SC5 Standardsrecommending commonality in SC5 Standards– Currently reviewing over 500 terms/words and Currently reviewing over 500 terms/words and

definitions, many overlaps and inconsistenciesdefinitions, many overlaps and inconsistencies– Similar effort to SC7Similar effort to SC7– Similar challenges with use of terms/words Similar challenges with use of terms/words

and definitionsand definitions• These efforts need to be further coordinated These efforts need to be further coordinated

across themselves (an ISO Liaison task).across themselves (an ISO Liaison task).• Then what about the other international Then what about the other international

architecture and SE activities?architecture and SE activities?

LMWalkerLMWalker 2424

Current ISO SC5/WG1 & INCOSE ActivitiesCurrent ISO SC5/WG1 & INCOSE Activities• ISO TC184/SC5/WG1ISO TC184/SC5/WG1

– Developing Plan for 15704 revision Developing Plan for 15704 revision – Evaluating 15704/GERAM & IEEE1471Evaluating 15704/GERAM & IEEE1471– Involved with INCOSE, OMG (SysML & UML), etc.Involved with INCOSE, OMG (SysML & UML), etc.– Considering DODAF 2.0 Efforts/EvolutionConsidering DODAF 2.0 Efforts/Evolution– Reviewing 15704/GERAM Comments & Recommendations Reviewing 15704/GERAM Comments & Recommendations

from Manufacturing Industryfrom Manufacturing Industry– Terminology IssuesTerminology Issues

• INCOSEINCOSE– Standards Tech Committee: Committed to Supporting Standards Tech Committee: Committed to Supporting

SC5/WG1, SC7/WG7, etc.SC5/WG1, SC7/WG7, etc.•Among Higher STC PrioritiesAmong Higher STC Priorities

– INCOSE TC184/SC5 Liaison (Mark Walker Lead)INCOSE TC184/SC5 Liaison (Mark Walker Lead)– INCOSE Connect Webpage EstablishedINCOSE Connect Webpage Established– INCOSE INSIGHT Articles (Jan & April 07)INCOSE INSIGHT Articles (Jan & April 07)– ISO EA Standards Tutorial- Symposium ‘07ISO EA Standards Tutorial- Symposium ‘07

LMWalkerLMWalker 2525

Overall AssessmentOverall Assessment• Many Semi-Independent International Architecture Standards Many Semi-Independent International Architecture Standards

& Activities& Activities– Harmonization is Critical, Too Many Conflicting Terms, Many Harmonization is Critical, Too Many Conflicting Terms, Many

Perspectives, Varied ApplicationsPerspectives, Varied Applications• Other Issues:Other Issues:

– US/DoD Architecture Perspectives (DODAF, CADM, FEAF) – US/DoD Architecture Perspectives (DODAF, CADM, FEAF) – DODAF 2.0 Coming in ‘07DODAF 2.0 Coming in ‘07

– INCOSE Architecture related WGs biased towards DoD/US INCOSE Architecture related WGs biased towards DoD/US Gov’t perspectives/needsGov’t perspectives/needs

• ISO TC184/SC5 EA Standards biased to Int’l & Manufacturing ISO TC184/SC5 EA Standards biased to Int’l & Manufacturing Industry Architecture PerspectivesIndustry Architecture Perspectives

• Harmonizing these diverse International EA viewpoints Harmonizing these diverse International EA viewpoints together is a major challengetogether is a major challenge

Being involved provides Opportunity to Learn future direction Being involved provides Opportunity to Learn future direction of Architecture & Influence Resulting Standards, of Architecture & Influence Resulting Standards,

Applications, etc.Applications, etc.

LMWalkerLMWalker 2626

Challenge to Chesapeake ChapterChallenge to Chesapeake Chapter

• Should we start an Interest Group?Should we start an Interest Group?– Understand the ISO EA Standards, Understand the ISO EA Standards, – Application to our companies and customersApplication to our companies and customers– Involvement with INCOSE Liaison EffortsInvolvement with INCOSE Liaison Efforts– Learn Potential Architecture Principles, Learn Potential Architecture Principles,

Methods, Terminology, Perspectives, Methods, Terminology, Perspectives, Applications, etc.Applications, etc.

• Who is Interested?Who is Interested?

2727

BackupsBackups

LMWalkerLMWalker 2828

15704 Contents: Requirements15704 Contents: Requirements

• Applicability and coverage of enterprise-entity types– Generality– Enterprise design– Enterprise operation

• Concepts– Human oriented– Process oriented– Technology oriented– Mission-fulfillment oriented– Mission-control oriented– Framework for enterprise modeling– Life cycle, Life history– Modelling views– Genericity

LMWalkerLMWalker 2929

15704 Contents: Requirements & 15704 Contents: Requirements & AnnexesAnnexes

• Components of enterprise-reference architectures– Engineering methodologies– Modelling languages– Generic Elements– Partial models– Particular models– Tools– Modules– Enterprise-operational systems

• Annexes:– Representation– Glossary– Completeness and compliance

LMWalkerLMWalker 3030

15704- Benefits15704- Benefits

• The enterprise-reference architecture The enterprise-reference architecture and methodology requirementsand methodology requirements– checklist for completeness with checklist for completeness with

respect to current and future purpose. respect to current and future purpose. • Relevant to any group charged with Relevant to any group charged with

improving an enterprise improving an enterprise infrastructure or its processes. infrastructure or its processes. – Select or create a reference Select or create a reference

architecture of its ownarchitecture of its own– Terminology that pertains specifically Terminology that pertains specifically

to the company, industry, and culture to the company, industry, and culture involved. involved.

LMWalkerLMWalker 3131

15704 – Aim & Benefits for 15704 – Aim & Benefits for enterprise-reference architectures & enterprise-reference architectures & methodologiesmethodologies• An An enterprise-reference architectureenterprise-reference architecture with with

associated methodologies & enterprise-engineeringassociated methodologies & enterprise-engineering• TechnologiesTechnologies that fulfill requirements enable that fulfill requirements enable

integration & planningintegration & planning• TeamingTeaming to determine and develop course of action to determine and develop course of action

that is complete, accurate, properly oriented to that is complete, accurate, properly oriented to futurefuture

• Business developments to:Business developments to:– describe tasks required;describe tasks required;– define necessary quantity of information;define necessary quantity of information;– specify relationships among humans, processes, specify relationships among humans, processes,

and equipment in integration considered;and equipment in integration considered;– address management concerns;address management concerns;– address relevant economic, cultural, and address relevant economic, cultural, and

technological;technological;– computer-support required;computer-support required;– support process modelling for enterprise historysupport process modelling for enterprise history

LMWalkerLMWalker 3232

INCOSE Activities INCOSE Activities • INCOSE Standards Tech CommitteeINCOSE Standards Tech Committee

– Standards TC working with other WGsStandards TC working with other WGs– Developing Overall INCOSE Approach and PlanDeveloping Overall INCOSE Approach and Plan– Coordinate INCOSE WG involvement, tasks, etc.Coordinate INCOSE WG involvement, tasks, etc.– Liaison for ISO Standards effortsLiaison for ISO Standards efforts– Developing Standards Architecture Tutorial(s) for ’07 Developing Standards Architecture Tutorial(s) for ’07

Symposium and Jan ‘07 Int’l WorkshopSymposium and Jan ‘07 Int’l Workshop• Other INCOSE WGsOther INCOSE WGs

– Mark Sampson- Consolidating Arch Info.Mark Sampson- Consolidating Arch Info.– Identify ISO WG(s)/standard(s) of interestIdentify ISO WG(s)/standard(s) of interest– Identify WG Lead and others who will supportIdentify WG Lead and others who will support– Contact STC with WG’s intentions, focus and objectives for Contact STC with WG’s intentions, focus and objectives for

involvementinvolvement• Special EA Workshop @ Jan ‘07 IWSpecial EA Workshop @ Jan ‘07 IW

LMWalkerLMWalker 3333

INCOSE Involvement INCOSE Involvement 1.1. Level of INCOSE InvolvementLevel of INCOSE Involvement

• At INCOSE Symposium, July 06At INCOSE Symposium, July 06• Strong Additional WG, etc. interest establishedStrong Additional WG, etc. interest established• Mark Sampson to capture scope of architecture Mark Sampson to capture scope of architecture

activitiesactivities• Established ISO TC 184/SC5 website, etc.Established ISO TC 184/SC5 website, etc.• Initiated INCOSE awareness and recommended INCOSE Initiated INCOSE awareness and recommended INCOSE

Steering CommitteeSteering Committee• INCOSE Liaison for ISO SC7/WG42 (IEEE 1471) Fast Track INCOSE Liaison for ISO SC7/WG42 (IEEE 1471) Fast Track

efforteffort2.2. Involvement of other INCOSE WGs: Strong interestInvolvement of other INCOSE WGs: Strong interest

– Architecture, Model Driven System DesignArchitecture, Model Driven System Design– Tools Database, Tools Integration and InteroperabilityTools Database, Tools Integration and Interoperability– Information SystemsInformation Systems– Requirements & OOSEM & SysMLRequirements & OOSEM & SysML