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ECH 4102ECH 4102
ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ENGINEERINGHEALTH ENGINEERING
prepared by:prepared by:
DR. SALMIATON ALIX6297
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SOLID WASTE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
1.1. SOURCE, COMPOSITION & CHARACTERISTICS
2. BASIC PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES
3. SOURCE REDUCTION, REUSE, RECYCLING & RECOVERY OF MUNICIPAL
SOLID WASTE
4. DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
5. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS & PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS
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WHAT IS SWM ?WHAT IS SWM ?SOLID WASTE – GENERAL DEFINITION
MATERIAL ARISING FROM HUMAN & ANIMAL ACTIVITIES THAT IS NORMALLY SOLID & IS DISCARDED AS BEING EITHER USELESS OR UNWANTED
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WHAT IS SWM ?WHAT IS SWM ?US RESOURCE CONSERVATION &
RECOVERY ACT (RCRA) 1976 – “GARBAGE, REFUSE, SLUDGE FROM WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT, WATER SUPPLY TREATMENT PLANT, OR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL FACILITY, & OTHER DISCARDED MATERIAL INCLUDING SOLID, LIQUID, SEMISOLID, OR CONTAINED GASEOUS MATERIAL RESULTING FROM INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, MINING, & AGRICULTURAL OPERATIONS, & FROM COMMUNITY ACTIVITIES”
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WHAT IS SWM ?WHAT IS SWM ?SOLID WASTE – NOT INCLUDE SOLID OR
DISSOLVED MATERIALS IN IRRIGATION RETURN FLOWS OR INDUSTRIAL DISCHARGES
MANAGEMENT – CAREFULLY PLANNED, JUDIOUS USE OF MEANS TO ACHIEVE AN “END”
‘END’ – REMOVAL & DISPOSAL OF UNWANTED MATERIAL
TO ACHIEVE – TECHNICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, ADMINISTRATIVE, ECONOMIC, & POLITICAL PROBLEMS MUST BE SOLVED
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FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SWM SYSTEMSWM SYSTEMSOLID WASTE GENERATION
WASTE HANDLING SEPARATION & STORAGE AT
SITE
COLLECTION
DISPOSAL
SEPARATION, PROCESSING, &
TRANSFORMATION OF SW
TRANSFER & TRANSPORT
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SOURCES OF SWSOURCES OF SWSOURCES OF SW IN COMMUNITY – RELATED
TO LAND USE & ZONING
CLASSIFICATIONS NECESSARY – ADDRESS COMPLEX CHALLENGES OF SWM
SW DIVIDED INTO FOUR GENERAL CATEGORIES
MUNICIPAL WASTE INDUSTRIAL WASTE
AGRICULTURAL WASTE HAZARDOUS WASTE
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SOURCES OF SWSOURCES OF SW
1.1. MUNICIPAL WASTEMUNICIPAL WASTE – FROM HOUSEHOLD, INSTITUTIONAL, COMMERCIAL, MUNICIPAL, & INDUSTRIAL SOURCES (EXC. PROCESS WASTES)
RESIDENTIAL WASTERESIDENTIAL WASTE – – THIS CATEGORY OF WASTE INCLUDES REJECTED SOLID MATERIAL THAT ORIGINATES FROM SINGLE-FAMILY, MULTIFAMILY, & HIGH-RISE DWELLINGS; OFTEN CALLED HOUSEHOLD WASTES & CONSIST OF GARBAGE, RUBBISH & TRASH, BULKY WASTE & ASH
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SOURCES OF SWSOURCES OF SW
GARBAGEGARBAGE – – RESULTS FROM FOOD PREPARATION, PACKAGING, CONSUMPTION, & ASSOCIATED ACTIVITIES; QUICK REMOVAL FROM PLACE OF GENERATION, CAREFUL STORAGE, & DISPOSAL ARE NECESSARY – TENDS TO ATTRACT RATS & FLIES & PRODUCE STRONG ODORS
RUBBISH & TRASHRUBBISH & TRASH – – CONSISTS OF PAPER & PAPER PRODUCTS, CANS, BOTTLES, PLASTICS, OLD CLOTHES, LEATHER PRODUCTS, METAL PRODUCTS, GLASS, CERAMICS, DIRT, DUST, GARDEN WASTES, ETC.
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SOURCES OF SWSOURCES OF SW
BULKY WASTEBULKY WASTE – – INCLUDES HEAVY & LARGE WASTES SUCH AS APPLIANCES, FURNITURE, MATTRESSES, TOYS, TIRES, CONSUMER ELECTRONICS; DUE TO SIZE, WEIGHT & IRREGULAR GENERATION – SPECIAL HANDLING & COLLECTION TECHNIQUES REQUIRED
ASHASH – – END PRODUCT FROM BURNING FIREWOOD, COAL, ETC. FOR HEATING OF RESIDENTIAL UNITS
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SOURCES OF SWSOURCES OF SW MUNICIPAL SERVICESMUNICIPAL SERVICES – – INCLUDES SOLID RESIDUE FROM MUNICIPAL FUNCTIONS & SERVICES
WATER & WASTEWATER PLANT SLUDGEWATER & WASTEWATER PLANT SLUDGE – – NEEDS TO BE PROPERLY DISPOSED OF TO PREVENT GROUND OR SURFACE WATER CONTAMINATION; TREATMENT OPERATED BY MUNICIPALITY, PUBLIC UTILITY COMPANIES, OR SANITARY DISTRICT
STREET REFUSESTREET REFUSE – – RESULTS FROM COLLECTION OF STREET SWEEPINGS & DEBRIS THAT ARE PRIMARILY INORGANIC IN NATURE (SAND, DIRT); QUANTITY & CONTENT – DEPEND ON SEASON & FREQUENCY OF CLEANING OPERATIONS
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SOURCES OF SWSOURCES OF SW
PUBLIC PARK & BEACH REFUSEPUBLIC PARK & BEACH REFUSE – – PEOPLE USING FACILITIES GENERATE REFUSE (BOTTLES, CANS, ETC); ALSO, WASTE RESULTS FROM MAINTANENCE TREES, LAWNS, ETC.
DEAD ANIMALSDEAD ANIMALS – – MAJOR PROBLEM IN AREAS CLOSE TO HABITATS WITH LARGE POPULATION OF WILD ANIMALS (DEER, GOPHERS) OR IN COMMUNITIES THAT EITHER DO NOT HAVE ANIMAL CONTROL LAWS OR DO NOT ENFORCE THEM; MUNICIPALITY RENSPONSIBLE FOR REMOVAL & DISPOSAL OF DEAD ANIMALS
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SOURCES OF SWSOURCES OF SW
““ABANDONED” WASTEABANDONED” WASTE – – EVEN THOUGH IT’S AGAINST THE LAW, PEOPLE STILL PITCH BOTTLES, CANS & PAPER PRODUCTS INTO STREETS, DRAINAGE DITCHES & PARKS; JUNKED APPLIANCES ALSO ABANDONED ON PUBLIC GROUND; OLD AUTOMOBILES ABANDONED ON STREETS AFTER REMOVING LISENCE PLATES.
DEMOLITION & CONSTRUCTION WASTEDEMOLITION & CONSTRUCTION WASTE – – INCLUDES WOOD, METAL, CONCRETE, BRICKS, GLASS, PLASTICS, ETC.; MATERIALS USED IN CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING & PAVEMENT & THAT ARE REMOVED BY DESTRUCTION – QUANTITY & COMPONENTS CAN BE HIGHLY VARIABLE
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SOURCES OF SWSOURCES OF SW COMMERCIAL & INSTITUTIONAL WASTECOMMERCIAL & INSTITUTIONAL WASTE – – ORIGINATES FROM STORES, RESTAURANTS, OFFICES, HOTELS, ETC. SUBDIVIDED INTO GARBAGE & RUBBISH; GARBAGE – GENERATED IN RESTAURANT, ETC.; RUBBISH – GENERATED IN OFFICES (PAPER), STORES (PLASTIC, WOOD); SPECIAL WASTE – GENERATED BY HOSPITALS & RESEARCH LAB – MAY INCLUDE TOXIC CHEMICALS, EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS, PATHOLOGICAL MATERIALS – REQUIRE SPECIAL COLLECTION, HANDLING & DISPOSAL
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SOURCES OF SWSOURCES OF SW
2.2. INDUSTRIAL WASTEINDUSTRIAL WASTE – – 2 GENERAL SOURCES; QUANTITIES & CHARACTERISTICS ARE DIFFERENT
COMMERCIAL & INSTITUTIONAL WASTECOMMERCIAL & INSTITUTIONAL WASTE – – GENERATED BY OFFICE,CAFETERIA, & OTHER PERSONNEL-RELATED ACTIVITIES; INCLUDED IN CATEGORY OF MUNICIPAL WASTE
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SOURCES OF SWSOURCES OF SW
2.2. INDUSTRIAL WASTEINDUSTRIAL WASTE – – 2 GENERAL SOURCES; QUANTITIES & CHARACTERISTICS ARE DIFFERENT
PROCESS WASTEPROCESS WASTE – – GENERATED BY VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES; INCLUDE CHEMICAL PLANTS, REFINERIES, ETC.; SOME MAY BE HAZARDOUS; MANAGE ON SITE BY GENERATING INDUSTRIES, SOME LANDFILLED
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SOURCES OF SWSOURCES OF SW
3.3. AGRICULTURAL WASTEAGRICULTURAL WASTE – – GENERATED FROM ANIMAL FEEDLOTS & CROPS; SUBSTANTIAL QUANTITIES OF MANURE ARE GENERATED FROM FEEDING OPERATIONS OF CATTLE, HOGS, ETC.; MANAGING THESE LARGE QUANTITIES – MAJOR COST TO FEEDLOT OWNERS
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COMPOSITIONCOMPOSITION
DESCRIBE INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS MAKING UP SW STREAM & THEIR RELATIVE DISTRIBUTION, USUALLY BASED ON WEIGHT %
INFORMATION IS IMPORTANT WHEN EVALUATING EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS & MANAGEMENT PLANS
COMPOSITION OF SW HAS CHANGED CONSIDERABLY OVER THE YEARS – RESULTS FROM TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES, LIFESTYLE CHANGES, & REGULATORY RESTRICTIONS
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BREAKDOWN OF MSW IN BREAKDOWN OF MSW IN USUS
WASTE SOURCERANGE (wt
%)TYPICAL (wt%)
RESIDENTIAL & COMMERCIAL (NONHAZARDOUS)
50-75 62
SPECIAL WASTE (e.g. bulky) 3-12 5
HAZARDOUS 0-0.99 0.1
INSTITUTIONAL 3-5 4
CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION 8-20 14
STREET SWEEPINGS 2-5 4
LANDSCAPING 4-9 6
TREATMENT PLANT SLUDGE 3-8 5
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TYPICAL COMPOSITION OF TYPICAL COMPOSITION OF DOMESTIC WASTEDOMESTIC WASTE
COMPOSITION (%) US UKPOLAN
DCHINA
FOOD WASTES 9 25 24 36
PAPER, CARDBOARD 40 29 11 2
PLASTICS 7 7 2 1.5
GLASS 8 10 6 1
METALS 9.5 8 2 1
CLOTHING/TEXTILES 2 3 10 1.5
ASHES, DUST 3 14 45 57
UNCLASSIFIED (e.g. garden, yard)
21.5
4 - -
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2727Solid waste composition in New Zealand, 2007
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SingaporeSingapore
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QUANTITIES & QUANTITIES & CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
AVERAGE VALUES ARE SUBJECT TO WIDE VARIATIONS FROM CITY TO CITY, SEASON TO SEASON & WITH RESPECT
TO METHODOLOGY USED
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4.4. HAZARDOUS WASTEHAZARDOUS WASTE MANY PRODUCTS USED EACH DAY INSIDE HOME CONTAIN HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
EX.: FURNITURE POLISH, PAINT, BATTERIES, HOUSEHOLD CLEANERS, LAWN & GARDEN PRODUCTS (HERBICIDES, PESTICIDES, FUNGICIDES), ETC.
HAZARDOUS MATERIAL – HARMFUL TO PUBLIC HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT IF IMPROPERLY USED OR DISPOSED
ANOTHER SOURCE – COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS: SOLVENTS FROM REPAIR SHOP, INKS FROM PRINT SHOP, ETC.
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MANAGEMENT OF MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTEHAZARDOUS WASTE
MOST EFFECTIVE WAY – ELIMINATE (SMALL QTY IN MSW) IS SEPARATE THEM AT POINT OF GENERATION
CITIZENS SHOULD ALSO BE EDUCATED ABOUT PROPER USE, STORAGE, & DISPOSAL OF HOUSEHOLD HAZARDOUS WASTES
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SW BASIC PROCESSINGSW BASIC PROCESSING1. PREPROCESSING – PRODUCE A WASTE
STREAM WITH GREATER HOMOGENEITY & PERMIT RECOVERY OF MATERIALS
WEIGH STATIONS – PROVIDE ACCURATE INFO ON QTT RECEIVED & ALLOWS EQUITABLE FEES FOR PROCESSING
RECEIVING & STORAGE AREAS – RECEIVE INCOMING VEHICLES, PROVIDE SPACE FOR THEM TO UNLOAD & ALLOW STORAGE WASTE MATERIAL BEFORE PROCESSING
REFUSE CONVEYING – VARIETY OF TRANSPORT PROCESSES TO MOVE SW INTO, AWAY FROM, & BETWEEN PROCESSING STAGES
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in USAin USA
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SW BASIC PROCESSINGSW BASIC PROCESSING
2. PHYSICAL PROCESSING
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF UNPROCESSES SW – RAW SW IS A MIXTURE WITH VARYING SIZES & SHAPES
SHREDDING & SIZE REDUCTION – REDUCE SIZE OF WASTE & PRODUCE A RELATIVELY UNIFORM MATERIAL
SEPARATION OF WASTE COMPONENTS – CAN SEPARATE EITHER BY PARTICLE SIZE, DENSITY, OR MAGNETIC SEPARATION
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SW BASIC PROCESSINGSW BASIC PROCESSING3. CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION
(COMBUSTION)
ENGINEERED PROCESS THAT EMPLOYS THERMAL DECOMPOSITION VIA THERMAL OXIDATION AT HIGH T (≥ 1400OF) TO CONVERT WASTE TO LOWER-VOLUME, NON-HAZARDOUS MATERIAL OR ENERGY
MAJOR ELEMENTS IN FUEL – C, H, O, SOME S CONTENT, SOME N CONTENT.
WHEN ADEQUATE OXYGEN AVAILABLE – C OXIDIZE TO CO2, H TO H2O, S TO SO2, N TO NO
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SW BASIC PROCESSINGSW BASIC PROCESSING COMBUSTION – CHEMICAL REACTION, THUS,
FOLLOWS THE LAWS OF CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM, CHEMICAL KINETICS & THERMODYNAMICS
COMBUSTION REACTION – FUNC. OF OXYGEN, TIME, TEMPERATURE, TURBULENCE
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SW BASIC PROCESSINGSW BASIC PROCESSING4. BIOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION
ORGANIC MATTER IN MSW – HAVE DISPOSAL PROBLEM, - BUT HAVE POTENTIAL TO BE CONVERTED INTO USEFUL CHEMICALS & FUELS
MICROORGANISMS BIODEGRADE THE ORGANICS INTO GASES, SOLIDS & ENERGY
TO CONTINUE REPRODUCE & FUNCTION PROPERLY, HOWEVER, THESE ORGANISMS MUST HAVE A SOURCE OF ENERGY: CARBON TO SYNTHESIZE NEW CELLS, INORGANIC ELEMENTS (i.e. nutrients), PROPER pH & TEMPERATURE, & A NONTOXIC SUBSTRATE
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SW BASIC PROCESSINGSW BASIC PROCESSING4. BIOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION
(CONT.)
TYPES OF MOs USED DURING BIODEGRADATION ALSO SHOULD BE CONSIDERED (AEROBIC/ ANAEROBIC)
ONE IMPORTANT APPLICATION OF BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES – IN PROCESS OF COMPOSTING SW
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SW BASIC PROCESSINGSW BASIC PROCESSING5. LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
RAW MATERIAL ACQUISITION
MATERIAL PROCESSING
PRODUCT MANUFACTURIN
G
PACKAGING & DISTRIBUTION
USE & SERVICE
RETIREMENT
TREATMENT & DISPOSAL
THE EARTH & BIOSPHERE
PRODUCT REUSE
SOLID WASTES, AIR & WATER EFFLUENTS,
WASTE HEATS & ENERGY RECOVERY
OPEN-LOOP RECYCLING
(MATERIAL DOWN-CYCLING INTO
ANOTHER PRODUCT SYSTEM)
REMANUFACTURING
RECYCLING
ENERGY, RAW
MATERIALS, AIR, WATER
INPUTS
OUTPUTS
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Minnesota, USAMinnesota, USA
4343
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SOURCE REDUCTION, SOURCE REDUCTION, REUSE, RECYCLING & REUSE, RECYCLING &
RECOVERYRECOVERY ACCORDING TO US EPA - STATES,
MUNICIPALITIES, & WASTE MANAGEMENT INDUSTRY SHOULD FOLLOW THIS HIERARCHY TO REDUCE SWM PROBLEM EFFECTIVELY
1. SOURCE REDUCTION
2. REUSE
3. RECYCLING
4. TREATMENT
5. DISPOSAL
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4545
SOURCE REDUCTION, SOURCE REDUCTION, REUSE, RECYCLING & REUSE, RECYCLING &
RECOVERYRECOVERY “WASTE THAT IS NOT PRODUCED DOES NOT
HAVE TO BE COLLECTED” – VERY GOOD CONCEPT
CONSEQUENTLY, PREVENTING WASTE & POLLUTION HAS BECOME A MAJOR ISSUE
SOURCE REDUCTION PROGRAMS – INCLUDE THE DESIGN, MANUFACTURE, & PACKAGING OF PRODUCTS WITH LITTLE OR NO TOXIC CONTENT, A MINIMUM VOLUME OF MATERIAL, AND/OR A LONGER PRODUCT LIFE-TIME
INVOLVES CHANGING THE WAY PRODUCTS ARE MADE & MARKETED
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4646
SOURCE REDUCTION, SOURCE REDUCTION, REUSE, RECYCLING & REUSE, RECYCLING &
RECOVERYRECOVERY EFFECT - LANDFILL CAPACITY & NATURAL
RESOURCES ARE CONSERVED, LESS ENERGY IS USED IN MANUFACTURING, & LAND, AIR, & WATER POLLUTION ARE REDUCED
ELEMENTS OF SOURCE REDUCTION ACTIVITIES - INCLUDE PRODUCT REUSE, REDUCED MATERIAL VOLUME, REDUCED TOXICITY, INCREASED PRODUCT LIFETIME, & DECREASED CONSUMPTION
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4747
SOURCE REDUCTION, SOURCE REDUCTION, REUSE, RECYCLING & REUSE, RECYCLING &
RECOVERYRECOVERY EX. OF PRODUCT REUSE – REUSABLE
SHOPPING BAGS, CLOTHES & OTHER ITEMS AT SALVATION ARMY, RETREADED TIRES,& RECHARGED BATTERIES
REDUCED MATERIAL VOLUME – POSSIBLE BY USING CONCENTRATES, LIGHTER-METAL CANS, & GLASS CONTAINERS
TYPICAL PACKING ITEM – 1/3 NATIONAL WASTE STREAM BY WEIGHT, & POTENTIAL TARGET FOR WASTE REDUCTION
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4848
SOURCE REDUCTION, SOURCE REDUCTION, REUSE, RECYCLING & REUSE, RECYCLING &
RECOVERYRECOVERY SOME PACKAGING IS ESSENTIAL FOR
PROTECTING, TRANSPORTING, & MARKETING, BUT WASTE REDUCTION IS POSSIBLE BY ELIMINATING UNNECESSARY PACKAGING - DESIGNING BETTER PACKAGES, & REUSING & REFILLING
IN EUROPE, DRAMATIC STEPS HAVE REDUCED PACKAGING WASTE – STRATEGIES ARE BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE THAT “THE POLLUTER PAYS”
THIS MAKES THE PRODUCERS RESPONSIBLE FOR PACKAGING WASTE, IN EFFECT “INTERNALIZING” COST OF WASTE MANAGEMENT & PROVIDING INCENTIVES FOR SOURCE REDUCTION
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4949
REDUCING QUANTITY & REDUCING QUANTITY & TOXICITYTOXICITY
REDUCING QUANTITY & TOXICITY OF WASTE & REUSE OF MATERIALS BEFORE ENTERING WASTE STREAM ARE PRACTICES IMPLEMENTED BY MANUFACTURERS & CONSUMERS
PRODUCTS CAN BE DESIGNED & FORMULATED BEFORE MANUFACTURING TO CONTAIN LESS-OR EVEN NONE- OF SUBSTANCES THAT POSE RISKS WHEN BECOME PART OF WASTE STREAM
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5050
REDUCING QUANTITY & REDUCING QUANTITY & TOXICITYTOXICITY
TOXIC MATERIALS IN HOUSEHOLD WASTES - AS SYNTHETICS REPLACED MANY TRADITIONAL MATERIALS - DERIVED TOXIC MATERIALS IN SUCH WASTE HAVE INCREASED APPRECIABLY; TOXIC CONSTITUENTS IN SW INCLUDE HEAVY METALS, CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS, & USED MOTOR OIL
REDUCTION IN TOXICITY CAN BE ACHIEVED BY USING LESS (OR NO) PROBLEMATIC SUBSTITUTES FOR TOXIC CONSTITUENTS
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5151
RECYCLINGRECYCLING SEPARATION OF A GIVEN WASTE MATERIAL
FROM WASTE STREAM FOR REUSE OR PROCESSING TO BE SUITABLE FOR USE AS A RAW MATERIAL FOR MANUFACTURING
AFTER SOURCE REDUCTION (TOP PRIORITY IN SWM HIERARCHY), RECOVERY OF MATERIALS FOR RECYCLING & COMPOSTING IS THE NEXT IMPORTANT ACTIVITY
COMMONLY ACCEPTED DEF’N. OF SW RECYCLING – TO USE ONE OR MORE COMPONENTS IN A WAY THAT THEY ARE NOT DEPOSITED IN A SANITARY LANDFILL & THAT CONSERVES NATURAL RESOURCES
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5252
RECYCLINGRECYCLING MOST RECYCLING PROGRAMS -
SUBSIDIZED FINANCIALLY - THE COLLECTION & TRANSPORT OF WASTE FOR RECYCLING REQUIRE SUBSTANTIAL AMT. OF LABOUR & ENERGY
RECYCLING PROCESS - INCLUDES SEPARATING RECYCLABLES BY TYPE, COLLECTING THEM, PROCESSING THEM INTO NEW FORMS, MANUFACTURING THEM INTO PRODUCTS, & MARKETING THEM AS GOODS MADE FROM REPROCESED MATERIALS
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5353
RECYCLINGRECYCLING SEPARATION (USUALLY) COMES BEFORE
COLLECTION – GENERALLY DONE BY GENERATORS
RECYCLABLES – THEN DELIVERED OR PICKED UP FOR DELIVERY TO A MATERIAL-PROCESSING CENTRE OR A SCRAP PROCESSOR
SOURCE - SEPARATED WASTES MAY BE COLLECTED AT CURBSIDE OR DELIVERED TO DROP OFF CENTRE
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5454
RECYCLINGRECYCLING YEARS AGO, RECOVERY FOR RECYCLING &
COMPOSTING HAD LITTLE EFFECT ON THE TOTAL WASTE STREAM
DECREASING LANDFILL CAPACITY, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, IMPROVING MARKETS, ECONOMIC INCENTIVES & POLITICAL SUPPORT - STRONG EMPHASIS ON RECOVERY FOR RECYCLING (INCLUDING COMPOSTING) DEVELOPED
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5555
RECYCLINGRECYCLING USES FOR RECYCLED MATERIALS
PAPER & PAPER PRODUCTS – USED TO MAKE NEWPRINT, PAPERBOARD FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF BOXES, CONTAINER BOARD, & CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS; VARIOUS PAPER PRODUCTS RECOVERED FROM SW CAN BE REPULPED & MADE INTO NEW PRODUCTS; PROPORTION OF RECYCLED PAPER BLENDED WITH VIRGIN FIBERS DEPENDS ON QUALITY OF RECYCLED MATERIAL; HOWEVER, RESULTS IN SHORTENING OF PAPER FIBER WHICH SOON REACHES A SIZE THAT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO USE ANYMORE
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5656
RECYCLINGRECYCLING USES FOR RECYCLED MATERIALS
(CONT.)
PLASTICS – MOST ARE SYNTHETIC COMPOUNDS COMPOSED OF POLYMERS CONTAINING HYDROGEN, CARBON & OXYGEN, & ARE USUALLY MANUFACTURED FROM PETROLEUM & ITS DERIVATIES; REQUIRES GREAT CARE BECAUSE OF POSSIBLE CONTAMINATION BY PRODUCTS THE PLASTIC ONCE CONTAINED OR EVEN BY A SMALL QUANTITY OF DIFF. TYPES OF PLASTICS WITH DIFF. RESINS; SORTING NOT NECESSARY BECAUSE COMINGLED PLASTICS (MIXTURES) CAN BE SHREDDED, MELTED & EXTRUDED INTO USEFUL FORMS
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5757
RECYCLINGRECYCLING USES FOR RECYCLED MATERIALS
(CONT.)
ALUMINUM – HAS BEEEN SUCCESSFUL, ESPECIALLY ALUMINUM CANS; ECONOMIC INCENTIVE IS DIRECTLY ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE FACT THAT RECYCLED ALUMINUM USES ONLY 2-3% OF ENERGY REQUIRED TO MAKE NEW ALUMINUM FROM BAUXITE ORE; RECYCLYING HELPS TO REDUCE PLACED ON LANDFILLS & SAVES SIGNIFICANT AMT OF ENERGY
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5858
RECYCLINGRECYCLING USES FOR RECYCLED MATERIALS
(CONT.)
GLASS – GLASSMAKERS RETURN GLASS THAT IS BROKEN DURING MANUFACTURING TO GLASS FURNACE; MANY MANUFCTURING PLANTS ALSO HAVE A BUY-BACK PROGRAM FOR BROKEN GLASS WHEN THEIR OWN SUPPLY IS IMPROPER;BROKEN GLASS MIXED AT RATIO 15% WITH RAW MATERIAL USED FOR NEW PRODUCT MANUFACTURE; AS LONG AS THE SAME COLOR, CAN BE USED WITHOUT ADDITIONAL REFINING
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5959
RECYCLINGRECYCLING CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION
WASTES
ASPHALT - OLD PAVEMENT MATERIAL IS PROCESSSED WITH CONCEREE & STONES OR BY ITSELF
CONCRETE – CRUSHED & SCREENED FOR USE AS ROAD BASE, OR MIXED WITH NEW CONCRETE OR USE IN MAKING NEW PRODUCTS
WOOD – CLEAN WOOD IS PROCESSED FOR FUEL & LANDSCAPING; REMAINING IS SHREDDED & PASSED THRU CLASSIFIER, WHERE LARGE PIECES ARE SEPARATED
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6060
RECYCLINGRECYCLING CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION WASTES
(CONT.)
USED TIRES – POSE A MAJOR DISPOSAL PROBLEM; PILES IF TIRES ARE EYESORES & CAUSE ENVIRONMENTAL & PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEMS; ALSO FIRE HAZARD, CAN PRODUCE NOXIOUS BLACK SMOKE & FUMES; TIRE COLLECTORS SEPARATE TIRES THAT CAN BE REUSED AFTER RETREADING, REMAINDER ARE STORED OR SHREDDED FOR LANDFILL DISPOSAL; PRESENT RECYCLING PROGRAM – INCINERATED OR BURNED AS A FUEL IN A SPECIALLY DESIGNED POWER PLANTS & UTILIZED FOR MISCHELLANOUS PURPOSES (PLAYGROUND EQUIPMENT)
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6161
RECYCLINGRECYCLING OILS, SOLVENTS, ACIDS & METALS
OIL RECOVERY – USED LUBRICATING OILS CAN BE RECOVERED TO A QUALITY ESSENTIALLY EQUAL TO THAT OF VIRGIN LUBRICATING OILS; DIRT & SLUDGE THAT BUILD UP IN THESE OILS MAKE DECONTAMINING & RECLAIMING IT CALLED OIL RE-FINING; PREFERRED METHOD FOR RE-FINING – DISTILLATION
SOLVENT RECOVERY – SEPARATE CONTAMINANTS FROM WASTE SOLVENTS THUS RESTORING SOLVENT TO ITS ORIGINAL QUALITY OR TO LOWER-GRADE SOLVENT; COMMON USED IS DISTILLATION. EVAPORATION, FILTRATION, ETC.
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6262
RECYCLINGRECYCLING OILS, SOLVENTS, ACIDS & METALS
(CONT.)
ACID REGENERATION – USUALLY INVOLVES SEPARAION OF UNREACTED ACID FROM AN ACID WASTE; IMPURITIES ARE REMOVED AS A PRECIPITATE BY COOLING THE ACID
METALS RECOVERY – CAN BE RECOVERED BY USING DIFFERENCES IN THE MELTING & BOILING PROPERTIES TO SEPRATE THEM AT HIGH T; ANOTHER TECHNOLOGY REMOVES & CONCENTRATES METALS FROM LIQUID WASTE BY USING PROCESSES SUCH AS PRECIPITATION, ION EXCHANGE, MEMBRANE FILTRATION, SOLVENT STRIPPING, ADSORPTION, REVERSE OSMOSIS
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6363
RECYCLINGRECYCLING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS – REDUCE
POLLUTION & ENERGY USE THUS RESULTING IN ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFIT
WHEN SECONDARY MATERIALS ARE USED IN MANUFACTURING, VIRGIN RESOURCES ARE CONSERVED
LIMITATIONS TO THE RECOVERABILITY OF MATERIALS RESULT FROM PHYSICAL & ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS
RECYCLING EFFECTS ARE NOT ALWAYS POSITIVE; INVOLVES REPROCESSING OR REMANUFACTURING MATERIALS THAT HAVE NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
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6464
DISPOSAL OF SWDISPOSAL OF SW
LANDFILL IS DEFINED AS A SYSTEM THAT IS DESIGNED & CONSTRUCTED TO DISPOSE OF DISCARDED WASTE BY BURIAL IN LAND TO MINIMIZE THE RELEASE OF CONTAMINANTS TO THE ENVIRONMENT
CURRENTLY A SIGNIFICANT PART OF MSW MANAGEMENT & HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
IN US, LANDFILL – MOST WIDELY USED METHOD OF WASTE MANAGEMENT WITH ~ 80% OF NATION’S MSW IS LANDFILLED
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6565
DISPOSAL OF SWDISPOSAL OF SW
BECAUSE OF INCREASED CONCERN AMONG CITIZENS & GOVERNMENT REGARDING THE ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSOCIATED WITH IMPROPERLY LOCATED, DESIGNED & OPERATED LANDFILLS, ALSO HARD TO FIND NEW LANDFILL SITE – THE “3-R’s” ARE BEGINNING TO HAVE SOME EFFECT ON PUBLIC OPINION
“3-R’s” – REDUCTION, REUSE, & RECYCLING
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6666
DISPOSAL OF SWDISPOSAL OF SW
NUMBER OF LANDFILL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM HAVE BEEN PROPOSED
CLASS DESIGNED TO HANDLE
I (SECURE LANDFILLS) HAZARDOUS WASTE
II (MONOFILLS) DESIGNATED WASTE
III (SANITARY LANDFILLS) MSW
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6767
DISPOSAL OF SWDISPOSAL OF SW
SITING CONSIDERATIONS – PROPER SITING IS CRUCIAL TO PROVIDE ECONOMICAL DISPOSAL WHILE PROTECTING HUMAN HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT
FOUR MAJOR ISSUES IN THE PROCESS OF LANDFILL SELECTING
1. DATA COLLECTION – MANY MAPS & OTHER INFORMATION (e.g. solid waste volume, landfill volume) MUST BE STUDIED TO OBTAIN DATA WITHIN THE SEARCH AREA
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6868
DISPOSAL OF SWDISPOSAL OF SW
2. LOCATION CONSTRAINTS – A SEARCH FOR A SUITABLE LANDFILL SITE TYPICALLY BEGINS BY ELIMINATING ENVIRONMENTALLY UNSUITABLE LOCATIONS; CERTAIN TYPES OF LAND ARE ENVIRONMENTALLY UNSUITABLE (flood plains, wetlands, land near airports)
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6969
DISPOSAL OF SWDISPOSAL OF SW
3.ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC REACTION – PUBLIC SHOULD BE INFORMED REGARDING THE POSSIBILITY OF LANDFILL IN THEIR AREA AS SOON AS A LIST OF POTENTIAL SITES IS DEVELOPED; LESS SUSPICIOUS & MORE OPEN TO DISCUSSION; PUBLIC CONCERN: ODORS, HEALTH HAZARDS, PROPERTY VALUES, LEACHATE
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7070
DISPOSAL OF SWDISPOSAL OF SW
4. AREA REQUIREMENTS – IN SELECTING POTENTIAL SITS, IT IS NECESSARY TO ENSURE THAT SUFFICIENT LAND AREA IS AVAILABLE; SITE SIZE BASED ON QUANTITY OF SW TO BE DISPOSED IN PROPOSED LANDFILL DURING ITS LIFETIME; ADDITIONAL LAND IS REQUIRED FOR BUFFER ZONE, ACCESS ROADS, OFFICE & SERVICE BUILINGS & UTILITIES – REACTORS RANGING ~ 1.25 FOR AREA METHOD & 2.0 FOR TRENCH METHOD
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7171
DISPOSAL OF SWDISPOSAL OF SW
SITE SUITABILITIY
SOIL PROPERTIES –TYPES & QUANTITIES OF SOIL AVAILABLE ARE SIGNIFICANT FACTORS IN THE COST OF OPERATING A LANDFILL; SOILS ARE NEEDED AS A COVER & AS A MOISTURE BARRIER IN LANDFILL BOTTOM; ALSO ABLE TO SUPPORT EQUIPMENT USED TO TRANSPORT & PLACE THE SW, & ON COMPLETION OF A LANDFILL, A SOIL CAPABLE OF SUPPORTING A GOOD VEGETATIVE COVER IS PROVIDED; SUCH PROPERTIES INCLUDE PERMEABILITY, SWELLINGS & CRACKING, SUPPORT OF VEGETATION
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7272
DISPOSAL OF SWDISPOSAL OF SW PERMEABILITY – FUNCTION OF PARTICLE SIZE
& DISTRIBUTION; LOW PERMEABILITY WILL PREVENT PASSAGE OF WATER INTO LANDFILL & LOSS OF LEACHATE FOM IT; EFFECTIVE PURPOSE - TIGHT CLAY
SWELLING & CRACKING – CERTAIN ARE PRONE TO SWELLING WHEN WET & CRACKING WHEN DRY
SUPPORT OF VEGETATION – WHEN LANDFILL IS COMPLETED, A FINAL COVER OF SOIL IS PLACED; MUST SUPPORT GOOD VEGETATION TO PROTECT AGAINST EROSION & TO DISSIPATE THE WATER THAT MAY INFILTRATE INTO TOP LAYERS OF COVER
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7373
DISPOSAL OF SWDISPOSAL OF SW
HYDROGEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES – OBJECTIVE
IS TO REDUCE THE POSSIBILITY OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION BY LEACHATE FROM THE FILL; TO PREDICT THE FATE OF LECHATE THAT LEAVES A LANDFILL SITE & ITS POTENTIAL FOR CONTAMINATING GROUNDWATER
UNDERSTANDING HOW WATER FLOWS THROUGH SUBSURFACE MATERIALS IS NECESSARY
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7474
DISPOSAL OF SWDISPOSAL OF SW
LANDFILLING TECHNIQUES – VARIOUS TITLES ARE USED TO DESCRIBE LANDFILLING, BUT ONLY 2 BASIC TECHNIQUES ARE INVOLVED
AREA METHOD – SW IS DEPOSITED ON THE SURFACE, COMPACTED, & THEN COVERED WITH A LAYER OF COMPACTED SOIL AT THE END OF THE WORKING DAY; THIS METHOD IS SUITABLE FOR MOST TERRAIN
TRENCH METHOD – SW IS SPREADED & THEN COMPACTED IN AN EXCAVATED TRENCH THAT MAY BE 10 – 15 FT DEEP
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7575
DISPOSAL OF SWDISPOSAL OF SW
LANDFILL COVER DESIGN – WATER INFILTRATING THE LANDFILL COVER PICKS UP SOLUBLE CONTAMINANTS DURING ITS PASSAGE THROUGH SW; THID LIQUID (i.e. leachate) IS A POTENTIAL GROUNDWATER CONTAMINANT; THEREFORE, ONE IMPORTANT DESIGN CONSIDERATION IS TO MINIMIZE LEACHATE PRODUCTION DURING THE OPERATION OF LANDFILL & AFTER ITS CLOSURE
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7676
DISPOSAL OF SWDISPOSAL OF SW
SURFACE VEGETATIVE LAYER – COMPLETED LANDFILL SITES ARE NOW BEING DEVELOPED AS PARKS, GOLF COURSES, & BICYCLE PATHS; AS A RESULT, EFFECTIVE VEGETATIVE GROWTH MUST BE ESTABLISHED & MAINTAINED ON THE SURFACE LAYER; THIS GROWTH HELPS TO MAINTAIN THE WATER BALANCE & TOPROTECT THE SURFACE COVER; ALSO HELPS TO PREVENT EROSION & ENCOURAGES EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
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7777
DISPOSAL OF SWDISPOSAL OF SW
FILTER LAYER – PROTECTS THE OVERLYING COVER SOIL; SOIL IS SELECTED FOR ITS PARTICLE SIZE GRADATION & GEOTEXTILE FIBER MAY ALSO BE USED; INTENT IS TO PREVENT DOWNWARD MOVEMENT OF THE SOIL PARTICLES FROM VEGETATIVE LAYER INTO DRAINAGE LAYER, BUT AT THE SAME TIME, ALLOW PASSAGE OF INFILTRATING WATER; MOVEMENT OF SOIL PARTICLES MAY CUSE PLUGGING OF DRAINAGE LAYER AND/OR GAS COLLECTION IN GRAVEL LAYER
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7878
DISPOSAL OF SWDISPOSAL OF SW
DRAINAGE LAYER – REMOVES WATER THAT INFLTRATES THE TOP LAYER OF THE COVER; THIS FUNCTION TAKES ON ADDED IMPORTANCE IN AREAS OF HIGH PRECIPITATION & LOW EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; PERMEABLE DRAINAGE LAYER, SLOPED TO A DRAIN LINE TO REMOVE LIQUID; SUITABLE COARSE – UNIFORM SAND OR GRAVEL (LESSENS CONTACT TIME OF LEACHATE WITH WATE BY CONDUCTING PERCOLATION AWAY FROM THE WASTE)
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7979
DISPOSAL OF SWDISPOSAL OF SW
HYDRAULIC LAYER – MINIMIZES THE INFILTRATION THAT REACHES THE SW; PREFERRED MATERIAL – TIGHT CLAY, SYNTHETIC CLAY LINER, OR SYNTHETC MEMBRANE
FOUNDATION LAYER – SEPARATES GEOMEMBRANE (i.e. hydraulic barrier) FROM THE SW & PROTETS THE GEOMEMBRANE FROM DAMAGE; CAN BE BUILT FROMLOCAL SOILS W/O STONES OR OBJECTS THAT MAY DAMAGE THE MEMBRANE
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LANDFILL DESIGNLANDFILL DESIGN
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Secured landfillSecured landfill
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LANDFILL LANDFILL DESIGNDESIGN
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DISPOSAL OF SWDISPOSAL OF SW
LANDFILL LINERS – A BARRIER TO INTERCEPT LEACHATE & DIRECT IT TO A LEACHATE COLLECTION SYSTEM
MOISTURE IN LANDFILLS – LEACHATE IS GENERATED BY PERCOLATION OF WATER OR SOME OTHER LIQUID THROUGH ANY WASTE & THE SQUEEZING OF THAT WASTE BY SELF-WEIGHT; QUANTITY OF LECHATE GENERATED DURING ACTIVE OF A LANDFILL & AFTER ITS CLOSURE IS IMPORTANT IN MANAGING A LANDFILL
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DISPOSAL OF SWDISPOSAL OF SW
ESTIMATION OF LEACHATE GENERATION RATES – DESIGN OF LEACHATE COLLECTION, TREATMENT, & DISPOSAL SYSTEMS SHOULD CONSIDER THE ESTIMATED LEACHATE GENERATION; TYPICAL METHODS USED: HELP COMPUTER MODEL & WASTER BALANCE METHOD
LANDFILL OPERATION – A GOOD OPERATING SCHEDULE, PLAN, & METHODOLOGY RESULT IN PUBLIC HEALTH & SAFETY, MINIMIZED OPERATING COSTS & MINIMIZED LEACHATE PRODUCTION
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DISPOSAL OF SWDISPOSAL OF SW SITE OPERATIONS – SEVERAL TYPICAL
PROBLEMS
LITTER – CAN BE A PROBLEM DURING HIGH WINDS & A SOURCE OF COMPLAINTS FROM RESIDENCE CLOSE TO LANDFILL
ODOR – RESULT FROM ORGANIC WASTES,LANDFILL GASES, & LEACHATE
NOISE – CAN CAUSE PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS & LOSS OF HEARING IN WORKERS
DUST – CAUSE ALLERGIC REACTIONS & NUISANCE CONDITIONS FOR WORKERS & NEARBY RESIDENTS
INSECTS & RODENTS – NUISANCE & HAVE POTENTIAL FOR SPREADING DISEASE, BUT CAN BE CONTROLLED BY COVERING SW
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DISPOSAL OF SWDISPOSAL OF SW ON-SITE OPERATION FACILITIES
FENCES & SIGNS – FENCES SHOULD BE BUILT AROUND THE LANDFILL TO LIMIT ACCESS BY PEOPLE &ANIMALS; SIGNS & NOTICES SHOULD BE POSTED AT VARIOUS LOCATIONS FOR SAFETY & BETTER SITE OPERATION
PUBLIC DROP-OFF AREA – SOME LANDFILL SITES MAY HAVE A PUBLIC DROP-OFF AREA FOR REYCLABLE ITEMS; THIS AREA MAY ALSO BE COMBINED WITH A TRANSFER STATION; THE DROP-OFF FACILITY SHOULD BE SO DESIGNED & LOCATED SO THAT ITEMS CAN BE DROPPED OFF & TRANSFERRED FROM SMALL VEHICLES TO LARGE VEHICLES
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ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS & ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS & PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTSPUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS
SOURCES OF DISEASE – UNDER WARM, MOIST CONDITIONS, MOST ORGANIC OR FOOD WASTES BECOME A HAVEN FOR DISEASE-CAUSING ORGANISM
PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL HAZARDS – CERTAIN SW COMPONENTS CAN ALSO BE A SOURCE OF OTHER HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
DISEASE & OTHER HAZARD PREVENTION – INVOLVES CLEANLINESS, GOOD HOUSEKEEPING, & APPLICATION OF RECOMMENDED SANITARY CONTROL MEASURES (ELIMINATION OF FOOD, MOISTURE, & WARMTH)
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ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS & ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS & PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTSPUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS
TRANSFER, PROCESSING, RECOVERY, & DISPOSAL FACILITIES – 2 TYPES OF PUBLIC HEALTH & SAFETY ISSUES ARE INVOLVED IN THE DESIGN & OPERATION OF SW FACILITIES: 1) HEALTH & SAFETY OF GENERAL PUBLIC, 2) HEALTH & SAFETY OF WORKERS AT THOSE FACILITES
COMPOSTING – PROCESS OF CONVERTING MOST WASTE ORGANICS INTO USEFUL SOIL CONDITIONER; PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE INVOLVED – POTENTIAL FOR PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS TO SURVIVE THE PROCESS
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ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS & ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS & PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTSPUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS
AIR POLLUTION & WATER POLLUTION FROM SWM
PRODUCTION OF CH4 GAS BY
MICROORGANISMS THAT DECOMPOSE ORGANIC MATERIAL ANAEROBICALLY; MAY SEEP THRU TRASH & ACCUMULATE IN UNDERGROUND POCKETS, & IF NOT PROPERLY VENTED, CAN BE A POTENTIAL FOR EXPLOSION
WATER POLLTION FOM IMPROPERLY DESIGNED & OPERATED LANDFILL
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ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS & ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS & PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTSPUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS
INCINERATORS – PRODUCE LARGE QUANTITIES OF ASH, WHICH CURRENTLY DISPOSED OF INSPECIAL SANITARY LANDFILLS OR HAZARDOUS WSSTE SITES; ASH CONTAINS TOXIC MATERIALS, INC. HEAVY METALS & DIOXIN
IMPROPER DISPOSAL OF SW – CAN POLLUTE ATMOSPHERE THRU ODORS FROM DECAYING GARBAGE, SMOKE & FUMES FROM FIRES AT THE SITE, OR THE PRODUCTS OF OPEN BURNING
OTHER HAZARDS – TOXIC, EXPLOSIVE, & IGNITABLE WASTES – CAN BE MINIMIZED THRU CAREFUL SEPARATION & THEIR DISPOSAL AS HAZARDOUS WASTE
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Class AssignmentClass Assignment
1. Work in a group of 3
2. Choose one type of solid waste in Malaysia except plastic bottles, paper products, aluminum cans and glass to be studied
3. Explain why you choose this type of solid waste, advantages of recycling or recovering this solid waste
4. Design a simple process using Process Flow Diagram (PFD) for recycling or recover valuable product based on characteristics or properties of the waste
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