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Bi-doped Fiber Lasers: Bi-doped Fiber Lasers: Opportunities and ChallengesOpportunities and Challenges

E. M. DianovE. M. Dianov

Fiber Optics Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov str., Moscow 119333, Russia.

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OutlineOutline

• Introduction

• Spectroscopic properties of Bi-doped glasses and optical fibers

• Bi-doped fiber lasers (1140-1215nm)

• Bi-doped fiber lasers (1300-1500 nm)

• Nature of Bi-related luminescent centers

• Conclusion

F O R C3

Волоконные лазерыВолоконные лазерыактивны й волоконны й

световод

внутриволоконны е реш етки показателя преломления

Блок накачкис волоконны м выходом

L D1 кВт

Преимущества:• эффективность (более 30%)• качество пучка• надежность и простота в эксплуатации• размеры и весрынок волоконных лазеров в 2007 году - 240106 долларов СШАожидается удвоение рынка в 2011 году

F O R C4

Spectral regions of the existing fiber Spectral regions of the existing fiber

laserslasers

800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

Wavelength, nm

Ho3+

Tm3+

Er3+

Nd3+

Yb3+

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F O R C6

Transmission and luminescence spectra of Bi-Transmission and luminescence spectra of Bi-

doped silica glass (Fujimoto and Nakatsuka, 2001)doped silica glass (Fujimoto and Nakatsuka, 2001)

600 800 1000 1200 1400 16000

20

40

60

80

100

Inte

nsity

, a.u

.

Wavelength, nm

pump at 500 nm pump at 700 nm pump at 800 nm

97.5SiO2-2.2Al2O3-0.3Bi2O3

F O R C7

Luminescence properties of various Bi-doped Luminescence properties of various Bi-doped materialsmaterials

• p, e – pump and emission peak wavelengths, – lifetime of Bi luminescence.

N Composition (mol%) λp (nm) λe (nm)FWHM

(nm)τ (μs) References

1 96GeO2 – 3Al2O3 – 1Bi2O3 800 1300 320 255 M.Peng et al., 2004

2 63SiO2-23Al2O3-13Li2O-1Bi2O3

700800900

1100125011001350

250450500 550

Suzuki and Ohishi, 2006

3 50SiO2-30GeO2-15MgO-5Al2O3-1Bi2O3808980

12801155

355250

J.Ren et al., 2007

459P2O5-12B2O3-15La2O3-6Al2O3-17Li2O-

1Bi2O3

530

800980

690115012701125

100

290

4

220290

B.Denker et al., 2007

5 70GeS2-9.5Ga2S3- 20KBr-0.5Bi2O3 808 1230 G.Yang et al., 2007

6 RbPb2Cl5:Bi crystal633808919

1080 ~150 140A. Okhrimchuk et

al., 2008

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Compositions of fabricated fibers and Compositions of fabricated fibers and their absorption spectra (FORC)their absorption spectra (FORC)

# Core glass composition, mol.% Bi concentration, at.%, and doping technique

Loss at 1000 nm, dB/m

1 SiO2-1Al2O3-6.6GeO2-4.2P2O5 <0.02, solution 0.2

4 SiO2-15Al2O3-1.2GeO2 <0.02, solution 2.1

5 SiO2-3.3Al2O3 0.15, solution ≈20

17 SiO2-5Al2O3-0.8GeO2 <0.02, vapor 2.2

25 SiO2-2Al2O3 <0.02, vapor 1.06

33 SiO2-5Al2O3 <0.02, solution 1.8

430 75GeO2-19SiO2-5Ta2O5-1P2O5 <0.02, vapor ~0.02

400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

Opt

ical

loss

, dB

/m

Wavelength, nm

#5

#33

#25

#430

The first low loss Bi-doped optical fibers:V.V.Dvoyrin et al., (FORC, ICHPS), ECOC’2005T.Haruna et al., (Sumitomo), OAA’2005

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Compositions of fabricated fibers and Compositions of fabricated fibers and their luminescence spectratheir luminescence spectra

# Core glass composition, mol.% Bi concentration, at.%, and doping technique

Loss at 1000 nm, dB/m

1 SiO2-1Al2O3-6.6GeO2-4.2P2O5 <0.02, solution 0.2

4 SiO2-15Al2O3-1.2GeO2 <0.02, solution 2.1

5 SiO2-3.3Al2O3 0.15, solution ≈20

17 SiO2-5Al2O3-0.8GeO2 <0.02, vapor 2.2

25 SiO2-2Al2O3 <0.02, vapor 1.06

33 SiO2-5Al2O3 <0.02, solution 1.8

430 75GeO2-19SiO2-5Ta2O5-1P2O5 <0.02, vapor ~0.02

600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 16000.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Lum

ines

cenc

e in

tens

ity, a

.u.

Wavelength, nm

#1 #4 # 430

b)

#1 #4

a)

F O R C10

Luminescence spectra of Bi-doped silica glass and MCVD Luminescence spectra of Bi-doped silica glass and MCVD

fibers pumped at 800 nm. fibers pumped at 800 nm.

Sumitomo

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Bi-doped fiber lasers (1140-1215 nm)Bi-doped fiber lasers (1140-1215 nm)1. E.M.Dianov et al. “CW bismuth fiber laser”, Quant. Electron. 2005;

OFC’20062. E.M.Dianov et al. “Yellow frequency-doubled bismuth fiber laser”,

ECOC’20063. V.V.Dvoyrin et al. “Yb-Bi pulsed fiber laser”, Opt.Lett., 2007.4. A.A.Krylov et al., “A mode-locked Bi-doped fiber laser”, OFC’2007.5. E.M.Dianov et al. “High-power CW bismuth fiber laser”, OFC’2007, JOSA B,

2007.6. I.Razdobreev et al. “Efficient all-fiber bismuth-doped fiber laser”, Appl. Phys.

Lett., 20077. A.B.Rulkov et al. “Narrow-line 1178 nm CW bismuth –doped fiber laser with

6.4 W output for direct frequency doubling”, Opt. Express, 2007.8. V.V.Dvoyrin et al. “Effective Bi fiber lasers”, IEEE J.QE, 2008.9. V.M. Mashinsky, V.V. Dvoyrin, E.M. Dianov. “New Results on the

Efficiency of Bismuth Fiber Lasers”, OFC’2008.10. S. Yoo et al. “Bismuth-doped Fiber laser at 1.16 m”, CLEO/QELS’2008.11. S. Kivistö et al. “Tunable mode-locked bismuth-doped soliton fiber laser”,

submitted to Electron. Lett., 2008.

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Scheme of a Bi-doped fiber laser and the absorption Scheme of a Bi-doped fiber laser and the absorption

spectrum of the Bi-doped fiber usedspectrum of the Bi-doped fiber used

Bi-doped fiber:c=1.1 m; Mode field diameter- 6.8 m,

bismuth concentration - < 210-2 at%, l=50-80 m, p=1070 and 1085 nm

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Efficiency of the Bi-doped fiber laser for four wavelengths and Efficiency of the Bi-doped fiber laser for four wavelengths and

the output spectrum for the output spectrum for =1215 nm =1215 nm

1050 1100 1150 1200 1250-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

a.u

.(lo

g)

Wavelength, nm

unabsorbedpump

SRS

laser

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Output power of the Bi-fiber laser against the fiber Output power of the Bi-fiber laser against the fiber

temperature at the pump power of 8W temperature at the pump power of 8W

0 10 20 30 40 50 600.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Out

put p

ower

(11

60nm

), W

Temperature, oC

s=1160nm

p=1070nm

L=78mP

in=8W

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Averaged optical losses of the same Bi-doped fiber against Averaged optical losses of the same Bi-doped fiber against launched power at different temperatures launched power at different temperatures

1 10 400.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

Abs

orpt

ion,

ave

rage

d, d

B/m

Launched power, W

T=24oC, 1070nm

T=0oC, 1070nm

T=50oC, 1070nm

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3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

, n

m

Laser output power (1160nm), W

L=52m L=78m

15W CW bismuth fiber laser

Bandwidth of the Bi laser radiation vs. the output power of the Bi laser.

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Frequency-doubled bismuth fiber laserFrequency-doubled bismuth fiber laser

Output spectrum of yellow lightOutput spectrum of yellow light

Motivation: medicine, astrophysics

PPLN (Global Fiberoptics, Ltd)

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Желтый лазерЖелтый лазер

AlInGaAs/InP

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Bi-doped fibers for the 1300-1500 nm spectral Bi-doped fibers for the 1300-1500 nm spectral

regionregion

markCore glass composition,

(consentration in mol.%,)

a PGSB 83.5SiO2-1.5P2O5-15GeO2

b GSB 85SiO2-15GeO2

c PSB 92.5SiO2-7.5P2O5

d ASB 97SiO2-3Al2O3

Dianov et al. “Luminescence and lasing of Bi-doped fibers in a spectral region of 1300-1520 nm”, submitted to OFC’2009.

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Emission and gain spectra of PGSB fibersEmission and gain spectra of PGSB fibersEmission spectra of PGSB fibers pumped

1 at p=1230 nm and

2 p=808 nm;

Variation of the on/off gain with signal wavelength for a PGSB fiber pumped at 33 fiber length L=30 m p=1230 nm and

44 fiber length L=13 m p =808 nm.

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I.A. Bufetov et al. “Bi-doped fiber lasers and amplifiers for a spectral region of 1300–1470 nm”, Opt. Lett., 33, 2227-2229 (2008)

Output emission spectra of BOutput emission spectra of Bi-doped fiber lasersi-doped fiber lasers

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Output power of BFLsOutput power of BFLs

as a function of absorbed pump power as a function of absorbed pump power at T=300Kat T=300K

The efficiency of the laser at T=77K is shown in brackets.

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What is a nature of Bi-related centers What is a nature of Bi-related centers emitting in near IR?emitting in near IR?

•Bi5+ - Fujimoto and Nakatsuka, 2001

•Bi+ - X. Meng et al., 2005

•BiO – J. Ren et al., 2006

•Bi2, Bi2-, Bi2

2- - Khonthon et al., 2007; Sokolov et al., 2008

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Sh.Zhou et al, Bi-doped Nanoporous Silica Sh.Zhou et al, Bi-doped Nanoporous Silica Glass, Adv. Funct. Mater., 18, 1407, 2008Glass, Adv. Funct. Mater., 18, 1407, 2008

glass A (air) p=280nm, e=465nm (Bi3+)

glass B (argon) p=280nm, e=465nm (Bi3+) p=483nm, e=590nm (Bi2+) p=532nm, 980nm, e=1100nm (Bi+?) p=800nm, e=1400nm (Bi+?)

glass C (hidrogen) no emission

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B.Denker et al., ”Absorption and emission properties of Bi-doped Mg-Al-Si oxide glass system”, submitted to Appl. Phys. Lett., (2008).

Extinction coefficient of Mg-Al-Si glass Extinction coefficient of Mg-Al-Si glass at the peak wavelength 500 nm versus Biat the peak wavelength 500 nm versus Bi22OO33 concentration concentration

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M.Yu. Sharonov et al. „Spectroscopic study of optical centers formed in Bi-, Pb-, Sb-, Sn-, Te-, and In-doped germinate glasses“, Opt. Lett., vol. 33, pp. 2131-2133, 2008

Fluorescence spectra are vertically shifted for clarity; fluorescence intensity is about zero at 1800 nm forall samples.

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ConclusionConclusion• Demonstration of Bi-doped fiber laser generation

in a spectral region of 1140-1500 nm represents a significant milestone towards producing efficient fiber lasers and wideband optical amplifiers for this spectral region.

• Unforeseen properties of Bi in glasses might hinder development of practical Bi-doped fiber lasers and amplifiers.

• Further vast fundamental researches of properties of Bi in glasses are necessary.