1 basic structure of a cell 2 introduction to cells cells are the basic units of organisms cells can...
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Basic Structure of a Cell
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Introduction to CellsIntroduction to CellsCells are the basic units of
organismsCells can only be observed under
microscopeBasic types of cells:
Animal Cell Plant CellBacterial
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Number of CellsOrganisms may be:• Unicellular – composed of one cell• Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize
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Two Main Types Cells (with DNA contained in the
nucleus)
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
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Organelles are inside of all Organelles are inside of all cellscells
Very small size
Can only be observed under a microscope
Have specific functions
Found throughout cytoplasm
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Organelles Found in Cells
Examples of Organelles include:Lysosomes – digests & gets rid of wastes
-like a cell’s stomach/digestive system
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LysosomesLysosomes• Contain Contain digestive digestive
enzymesenzymes• Break down Break down food, food,
bacteria,bacteria, and and worn worn out cell partsout cell parts for cells for cells
• Lyse (break open) & Lyse (break open) & release enzymesrelease enzymes to to break down & recycle break down & recycle cell parts)cell parts)
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Lysosome DigestionLysosome Digestion
• Cells take in food by phagocytosis
• Lysosomes digest the food & get rid of wastes
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MitochondrionMitochondrion(plural = mitochondria)(plural = mitochondria)
• “Powerhouse” of the cell• Generate cellular energy
(ATP)• More active cells like muscle
cells have MORE mitochondria
• Both plants & animal cells have mitochondria
• Site of CELLULAR RESPIRATION (burning glucose/sugar)
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What do mitochondria What do mitochondria do?do?
Burns glucose sugar to
release energy (ATP)
Stores energy as ATP
“Power plant” of the cell
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Rod shapeSite of Cellular respiration –provides energy
Cell PowerhouseCell Powerhouse
Mitochondrion( mitochondria )
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Active cells like muscles have more mitochondriaBurn sugars to produce energy “ATP”
In All Cells:In All Cells:
Mitochondria
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Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells
Made of protein and phospholipids (fat)
Selectively permeable, has holes so some stuff passes through
Cell membrane
Surrounding all Surrounding all CellsCells
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Cell or Plasma MembraneCell or Plasma Membrane
Outsideof cell
Insideof cell(cytoplasm)
Cellmembrane
Proteins
Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer
Carbohydratechains
• Composed of double layer of phospholipids and proteins
• Surrounds outside of ALL cells• Controls what enters or leaves the cell• Living layer
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Living layerControls the movement of materials into and out of the cell
Selectively permeable (stuff goes in/out)
Cell membrane
Cell or Plasma Cell or Plasma MembraneMembrane
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Nonliving layerGives structure and shape to plant and bacterial cells
Not found in animal cells (animals have bones instead)
Cell wall
Plant cell organelle:Cell Plant cell organelle:Cell WallWall
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Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane
Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm of all Cytoplasm of all Cells Cells
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Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs
Examples: chloroplast & mitochondrion float in the cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
More on More on CytoplasmCytoplasm
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Largest animal cell organelleControls the normal activities of the cell
Contain the DNA (chromosomes/genes)
Control Organelle in all cells
Nucleus
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Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes
Genes control cell characteristics
Nucleus
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Contain the green pigment chlorophyll
Traps sunlight to make to make sugars (food)
Process called photosynthesis
Plant Cell OrganellesPlant Cell Organelles
Chloropla
st
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Chloroplasts Chloroplasts (found only in Plant (found only in Plant cells)cells)• Contains
enzymes & pigments for Photosynthesis
• Never in animal or bacterial cells
• Photosynthesis – food making process
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ChloroplastsChloroplasts• Found only in
producers/plants (organisms containing chlorophyll)
• Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose)
• Energy from sun stored in the Chemical Bonds of Sugars copyright cmassengale
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Dead layerLarge empty spaces present between cellulose fibers
Freely permeable
Cell wall
Plant Cell Only:Plant Cell Only:
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Plant CellPlant Cell
Made of cellulose which forms very thin fibers
Strong and rigidsupports plants so they stand upright
Cell wall
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Flat sides that protect and support the enclosed substances
Resist entry of excess water into the cell
Give shape to plant cells
Cell wallPlant Cell OnlyPlant Cell Only
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•Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells
•Pushes out against the cell wall to maintain cell shape
Cell Membrane in PlantsCell Membrane in PlantsPlants have a cell membrane too!
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VacuolesVacuoles• Fluid filled
sacks for storage
• Small or absent in animal cells
• Plant cells have a large Central Vacuole
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large central vacuole= biggest organelle in plant cells
Contains cell sapSugars, proteins,
minerals, wastes, & pigments
Vacuole
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Kinds of Plant cells
Xylem cellsPollen
Guard Cells
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mitochondrion
nucleus
glycogen granule
cell membrane
cytoplasm Animal cellAnimal cell
No cell wall
No chloroplast
Roundish shapes
vacuole
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Different kinds of Different kinds of animal cellsanimal cells
white blood cell
red blood cell
cheek cells
sperm
nerve cell
muscle cell
Amoeba
Paramecium
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Similarities between Similarities between plant cells and animal plant cells and animal
cellscellsBoth have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm
Both have a nucleus
Both contain mitochondria
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Differences between Differences between plant cells and animal plant cells and animal
cellscellsAnimal cells Plant cells
Relatively smaller in
sizeIrregular shape
No cell wall
Relatively larger in size
Regular flat sides
Cell wall present
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Animal cells Plant cells
Vacuole small or absent
Glycogen as food storage
Nucleus at the center
Large central vacuole
Starch as food storage
Nucleus near cell wall
Differences between Differences between Plant Cells and Animal Plant Cells and Animal
CellsCells
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