1 basic structure of a cell 2 introduction to cells cells are the basic units of organisms cells can...
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Basic Structure of a Cell
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Introduction to CellsIntroduction to CellsCells are the basic units of organismsCells can only be observed under
microscopeBasic types of cells:
Animal Cell Plant CellBacterial
Cell
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The Cell TheoryThe Cell Theory
• All living things are composed of cells.
• Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
• New cells are produced from pre-existing cells.
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Number of CellsOrganisms may be:• Unicellular – composed of one cell• Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize
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Prokaryotes include bacteria & lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles
Eukaryotes include most other cells & have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (plants, fungi, & animals)
Cells May be Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
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ProkaryotesNucleoid region contains the DNA
•Cell membrane & cell wall
• Contain ribosomes (no membrane) to make proteins in their cytoplasm
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Eukaryotic Cell
Contain 3 basic cell structures:
•Nucleus•Cell Membrane•Cytoplasm with
organelles
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Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
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OrganelleOrganelless
Very small size
Can only be observed under a microscope
Have specific functions
Found throughout cytoplasm
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Organelles Found in Cells
Examples of Organelles include:Endoplasmic reticulum (rough & smooth) – canals for movement
Golgi Bodies – wrap & export proteins
Nucleolus – makes ribosomes
Lysosomes – digests & gets rid of wastes
Ribosomes – makes proteins
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Golgi Bodies• Stacks of Stacks of flattened flattened
sacssacs• Have a shipping Have a shipping
side & a receiving side & a receiving side;side;
• Packaging center Packaging center of the cell.of the cell.
Transport
vesicle
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Lysosome• Contain digestive Contain digestive
enzymesenzymes• Break down food Break down food
and worn out cell and worn out cell parts for cells parts for cells
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Nucleolus• Cell may have Cell may have 1 1
to 3to 3 nucleoli nucleoli• Inside nucleusInside nucleus• Makes ribosomesMakes ribosomes
that make that make proteinsproteins
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Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ER lacks ribosomes & makes proteins USED In the cell
Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface & makes proteins to EXPORT
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Rod shapeSite of Cellular respiration
Cell PowerhouseCell Powerhouse
Mitochondrion( mitochondria )
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Active cells like muscles have more mitochondria
In Animal Cells:In Animal Cells:
Mitochondria
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Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells
Made of protein and phospholipids
Selectively permeable
Cell membrane
Surrounding the Surrounding the CellCell
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Living layerControls the movement of materials into and out of the cell
Selectively permeable
Cell membrane
Cell or Plasma Cell or Plasma MembraneMembrane
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Nonliving layerGives structure and shape to plant and bacterial cells.
Cell wall
Cell WallCell Wall
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Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane.
Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm of a Cytoplasm of a Cell Cell
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Control center of the cell;
Contain the DNABounded by a nuclear membrane
Contains chromosomes
Control Organelle
Nucleus
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Contain the green pigment chlorophyll;
Traps sunlight to make sugars (food);
Process called photosynthesis
Plant Cell OrganellesPlant Cell Organelles
Chloropla
st
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Protect and support the enclosed substances (protoplasm);
Give shape to the cell
Cell wall
Plant CellPlant Cell
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Have a large central vacuole;
Contains cell sapSugars, proteins,
minerals, wastes, & pigments
Plant Cell OrganellesPlant Cell Organelles
Vacuole
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Different kinds of Different kinds of plant cellsplant cells
Onion Epidermal Cells
Root Hair Cell
root hair
Guard Cells
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mitochondrion
nucleus
glycogen granule
cell membrane
cytoplasm Animal cellAnimal cell
No cell wall or chloroplastStores glycogen in the cytoplasm for food energy
vacuole
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Animal Cell OrganellesAnimal Cell Organelles
•Near the nucleus•Paired structures•Help cell divide
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Different kinds of Different kinds of animal cellsanimal cells
white blood cell
red blood cell
cheek cells
sperm
nerve cell
muscle cell
Amoeba
Paramecium
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Similarities between Similarities between plant cells and animal plant cells and animal
cellscellsBoth have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm
Both have a nucleus
Both contain mitochondria
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Differences between Differences between plant cells and animal plant cells and animal
cellscellsAnimal cells Plant cells
Relatively smaller in
sizeIrregular shape
No cell wall
Relatively larger in size
Regular shapeCell wall present
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Animal cells Plant cells
Vacuole small or absent
Glycogen as food storage
Nucleus at the center
Large central vacuole
Starch as food storage
Nucleus near cell wall
Differences between Plant Differences between Plant Cells and Animal CellsCells and Animal Cells
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Compound MicroscopeCompound Microscope
• Instrument for observing small objects
•Magnify images up to 2000X their size
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Different parts of Different parts of a microscopea microscope
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Eyepiece
Fine adjustmentArm
Stage
Condenser control knob
Base
Body tubeCoarse adjustment
Iris diaphragm
Revolving nosepiece
Objective
ClipCondenser
Mirror
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Levels of organizationLevels of organization
• Cells are grouped together and work as a whole to perform special functions
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TissueTissue
•A group of similar cells to perform a particular function–Animals : epithelial tissue, muscular tissue
–Plants : vascular tissue, mesophyll
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OrganOrgan
• Different tissues group together to carry out specialized functions– Heart : consists of muscles,
nervous tissue and blood vessels
– Leaf : consists of epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissue
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Stoma
Air Space
Spongy Mesophyll Cell
Chloroplast
The Structures of a Leaf (Plant Organ)
Palisade Mesophyll Cell
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The Structures of a Heart (Animal Organ)
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SystemSystem• Several organs and tissues work together
to carry out a particular set of functions in a co-ordinated way– Human : digestive, respiratory, excretory,
circulatory and reproductive systems– Plant : root and shoot systems
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Human Body SystemsHuman Body Systems Examples of systems : Digestive System Respiratory System Circulatory System Nervous System Reproductive System
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Examples of a Human Body System
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Examples of a Human Body System
The Respiratory System
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Examples of a Human Body System
Circulatory System
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Examples of a Human Body System
Nervous System
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Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization
CELLS (muscle cells,nerve cells)TISSUES (muscle, epithelium)ORGANS (heart, lungs, stomach)
SYSTEMS (circulatory system)ORGANISM (human)
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It’s You!