1 73 geohydrology and ground-water flow at verona … · 2018-06-19 · geohydrology and...

1 73

GEOHYDROLOGYAND <

GROUND-WATER FLOWATVERONA WELL FIELD,BATTLE CREEK,MICHIGAN

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEYWater-Resources Investigations Report 85-4056

Prepared in cooperation with the

CITY OF BATTLE CREEK, MICHIGAN

GEOHYUROUXiY AM)

GRUMMUTIJt FLOW AT VERlJNA NELL

FIELD. BATTLE CRtiJC. MICHIGAN

By N. G. Gnuinewann and F. R. Twenter

U.S. CU»UX;iCAl. SUHVtY

Water-fesouri:es InvestigJCions Heport 8S 4056

I'repaired in toofici^lion with the

CITY or HATMJ; ati.ua,

1'JK.S

UNITED STATES DEPABTHENT OF THE IKTEKlO*

WILLIAM P. CLARK. Secretery

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Delliiu L. Peck, Director

Wot eMitioael iafometion Copiee of tti* report ceo b«writ* to; purch«»«d fro*:

District Chitf Oj»n-ril« 8«rvic«« SectionU.S. Geologic*! Survey U««tem Distribution Breach6510 Herceotil* Hey, Suite 5 U.S. Geologic*! SurveyLeaainc. Hicbi|Bk 4B910 Ion 2i*25, Federel Center

Deover, Co lor •do 8022)TelepnoM: (303) 236-7476

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

Purpose uiid kCdpi.- —— --- - - - - - - - - - - — _ _ _ . _ _ . - _ . . - . _ . - _ - - . - . . — - —— 2

Pri'v tnus i l u d i t t - —— -- — - - - - . - - - - - - - _ - _ _ _ . _ _ _ - - - - . _ - - - — — , ————— ^H.al.uJa ul i n v f a l i g a l i t x i - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . . - - - - - - - - — — - — ————— _ 4Locj l we) l -nui ibfr lug sy i l ^n i - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - — ^Ai-kiioi. U-dKui f i i lB - ——— - - _ - _ _ _ _ _ — - _ _ _ _ - _ - - - _ _ _ _ — _ _ - _ . - - _ _ ———————— ^

PHYSICAL SKTTJNC- —————————— — — — - — -- — — - - _ _ _ _ _ _ , _ - . .. —— .-. —————— 6

SoutL iB ut w a t e r ----- — - - - - - - —— ------ — — - - _ - _ - - - _- -_ ———————— 6UUrt.UCY - - - - - - - - ——— -- —— -- — — . - . — — — — — - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - — . — — —— — .- ;

M-iriliiil I Kncniiilii.il - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - . - - - - _ - - _ _ _ jl.illii.louy juJ tliiikn.'ab - - - - - - - - _ _ _ _ . _ _ . . - _ - _ . - - - - - - - ———— - ;B.-Uru^k suiljte --- —— - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |^,l . tol.-KIC s t r u t t u r i - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - —— ------- |$

Til lUulUJbll

ChannelHYJiKIJllUY --

b.irtjrtGround

Hi.-ili.iiKi; - ———— ———— - - - - - - - - - _ - - _ - - - - . _ - - .. - - - - - - - - - - -- - —— 19W a t e r I tve l i and put cut luntt r it su r t a i - . - s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - —— 20llydrjulic plupertlti ul aqu i fe rs - - - - - - - - - - - - - — ---- —— - — --- 21V t l i u i l y ol ( l o w ——— ~ —————— _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - „ - - - - - - - - _ - _ . . - - _ idQ u u l u y uf water ————— —— — —— - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 28

V t r o n a w e t l t U - l d ——— - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ————— -- ,- —— . 28N u r t h o l w e l l I i c l d ———— _ _ . _ - _ _ _ - - . . - - - - - . . . - - - - - - - - _ . J 0

CKUUND-UATtK H UW SIHIIUTIONS ——— —— --- —— ---- —— . - - - - - - - - . . - - - ——— 50Ground-wait r f l o w equation - ———— -- —— ——— -- —— _ - _ - - _ - _ - - ——— . ——— 32C u i K v u t u a l n*t ion of Bod t ltd t u n d i t i u n t ------------------------- jj

Boundary Luiidiliont ———— ------------- ——— _ _ _ _ _ - . . _ _ . _ _ _ _ —— __ 32

llyduulic proper! its - ——— — - — - ————— _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - - _ . - - _ — -.. j2Hydrulog ic blre»e£ ——— —— _ - - - - . , - - - . — . . , . - _ _ _ - ——— - — -- — - 33

Cal ibral iun «nd vet it icat iun — -- —————— - - - - - - - - - - —— — — -- — ——— 33Suantr condition* ——————————— ———— ——— -- ——— - - - - - - ——— 33W i n t f r condit ion* — ----- — - - - - -_ - -_ -_- - - _ _ , - - - - - - - - - - - _ - _ _ - _ 34,Sen* i t i v i l y anil y si » - — --- — - — - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - — -------- jj

Si«uta t ions for condit ion* prior to hujvy |>u*|i]ii^ - - - - - - - - - - - - — — 3(,LilBul j t ioim for w e l l - f i e l d ei[>*n«ion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - It

SUMMARY AND COHCLUSIUNS —————— ———— ————— --- ————— -— ———— - —— —————— 4">REfKREMJES CITtD —————————————— ———————————— - ——— — - —————— — — ———— - *oDEFINITtON OF TtHMS —————————————————————————— --- —— -~- ——————— VTABLES ——————————— - ———————— - ——— -------- —— - _ - . - . - - - - - —— — —— -- (,<)

Ill

FIGURESPage

1. Map allowing location til ttudy area in CaLhoun Cuunly,Michigan - ——— -------- ——————— ————————. ——-——————— 2

2. Mjp Knowing phys ica l feature! and wel l locations inHluily aiej - — — --- — — _ - _ _ - - - —— — — ---——— _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ - - _ _ _ _ 3

3. Type I itlH)logic column of Marshall formation in Veruiumil Held area - —— — - ———————— ———————— --- ————— ——— 8

4. S k e t c h 11 how ing unit* of M.irkhall Kornation ideut if ird onKaDiou-ray logk ul ktviT.il uelln - —— ———————————— ————————— 9

5. (.roluîc srciion A - A ' , in north-South direction throughVrio.ia wt I I f ield — — - - - - - - - ———— ———— —————— ———— —————— — 10

6. Geologic SrcL ion B-B ' , in idHl-wetl direction throughk out. hern p.irt of kludy urea ——-- ———— - ———— •--- ——— ——— ——— 1)

7. Geologic ktc t ion C-t' , in i>dtt-w«kt direction jlongKouctt St - ——— ------------ ———— --- ——— ————— ————————————— H

8. Crulugic te..tion U-P', in L-jtt-wtii diret l ion throughVerona wi l l field ———- —— ——— -- —— ---- — -- — —— ————— — n

9. Lithologic ml unfit constructed f rom dr i l le r di-acr ipt ionof Bdt t r ia l * in Bjt t l r L'fetM •unitipjl we 11 k ---- — - — ----- 12

ID. l.i tlmloglt L.'luwnk of Mar^lull Konujiioti ionnniLttJ Icond r i l l e r ' s , record and gai..iiu-r»y !OK fur w e l l VI7 - - - - - - -——— U

II. Ske tch of cal iprr log iliowiiig "openiri(j»" (probablehorizontal f r a c t u r e s ) in Hafllial 1 Kor»jtiun |>entl rjt t-dby well L21* - —— ———— -----, ——— . —— _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ . . _ . — ——— __

17. Hap showing mnf igural ion ul bedrutk tut l j te jnU probubltlocation ui tut* geologic kfructun » ———————-- - -

11. Map *howing jieal d ik t r ibul ion ul

14. Map khuwing I'.L-ni-ral i^cd Jvi raê pol. nt lonn-t r 11 lurlitc ofstudy an'j .uij j(,-a niil»dfd in nmdi-l ~- —— - - - - - - - - - — - - - — 22

15. Miip (bowing |.i)li-nl ic.wtt 11. ku r fa t t . Stutunibci I'»H3 —-- - — —— 23

16. Njp kliowiiiB |ui[.:nlioiiieti I. surfai:.', fi'b[u..ry I'(H4 - - - - - - - - — — 24

17. (uph bliowin, clijyduun HI ucll tiA ilm ni| |<uuiping L r n LJl w i l l E3h umt 'll.t-it lyjir curvr - - - - - - — — - - - - - - - - — — „ . . _ _ 25

18. Hup kbowing I iîihn.i ak iv 11 y ul IOHI i ajnil;, I urn- ji|uilti ——-•-— 2b

iv

FIGURES

19. M4p slewing I unaou aa iv it y ol uppti :>.iiii1bL<ii)i .iquiUi -- - - 2h

20. Mjp sliuwine hydra.ilit n.niJii, i iv II n -u ••! il.iii.il ili-pus-Mb - — II

21. Map ;,NIJMIII£ d it.1 1 1 but luu i.l voi.ilili liydt.ji Jtboiin HIVi-iuiia ut I 1 liuld in Ijiiur pail .,1 IS8I diid inlalUT pi.il of IV«3--i-arly pal [ ol 1VB4 ----- ———— --- ———— J9

22. Hap t.liouiiig bounduritk Jnd &[ id apjt nig UK d

23. Md|> btiuwliii; bimuljli'J polt-nL ioini-1 m aurla.1- ut sjcid juJtuvtl «qui(ti under suomii tundit IUIIK - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - — Ji,

24. Hap iltuHirg aiauljtfd poLirnl li>ne( r 11. >urta>.i: »l loui-(tiiiiiJaloiii dijiii(<r uiidi-i summer Cuiid 1 1 10111. — -- — ------- —— 35

2i. Hap kliuvliiK siMuldlci) polenl iout.-t t lu burl*<-i' til sandand ( j r»v i - l nqui ln und t j unil i-r cui tJ 1 1 lulls - - - - - - - - - - - - -* -

J6. Hup bhuuinu .inuliltd pi.tL'iiliuUK'in, .uiluv.' ul lowerkdiiditlune iiqui(L*i undi r winltr cundil lull* ----------------

11, Hup BhuwiitK sivuliitrd [)ui t-o( lumrl r ) i sur f at t- ol tendui id gnivt-] aquilcr in 1W] prior t» *i unii leant

28. Hap »liuwliig iiBiiljltd ptil i-nt iomi-1 r li aurf j i t ul luvt-(vaodilum- m)uif«r in 1401 prior to b 1^11 1 1 n.jntpunpaue - ————— — —— ———————— —— - — ---- — ——— — ---- — 40

29. Hap »liouui£ simulated pot rnl lomcl r it sutl.nt- ut band»nd uruvi 1 aquitt;! under iiuraii<r condni.i.ii willithri-e nev lupply we l l * i mud i d(. 1 1 > notlli ul Vtronawel l livid pulping a lutal of 3 , ! *>0 gal/uni 1 roathe lowL-i *and»tune aquifei —— -- —— --• —— - ——— —— ------ 4;

30. Hap allowing naulated pot till iont-1 r K burl JCL- of upperlandltoiit aquifer undtr kunvfr mnd 1 1 ion* wlllillurt new supply wtilla ianediately noi 1 h ol Vi'iuiiuwt-M field pu»piiiK a [olal of 1 , /M) K"'/" '!" f '"« > ">'lower bandntune aquiloi - - - - - - - - - - - - - ------------- ----- 4)

31. Hap knowing kiMiluted pulent. ioiui't r it suilJii- ol luuerBaiidktoiic aquilt-r uiidi't >un»i r conuilionk withIhttt new supply wtlU limed talt-\y iiurlti ul Vi-ruiiaw«ll f ield puopiiii; a lota) ut 3.7'iU Kil/»iii I runthe lower candktone jijuitcr ------------------- — ---. - _ _ . 1,1,

TABLESI. Sell cted tl.il. lor l I.'J by V.f. Ct.-

2 . Sel .ned <i..i; f o r my , . | H a i t i . ' dm-li11. u > < ) U - - - - -

3. D«M r ipt 111 ii > 1 mid:, jml :,o i I u 1 rum t. 1 1 a J r i l l i d byU.S. Cru1..h ic j l S i . iv iy - - - - • - - . - . - - . . - - • .....

it. Wati -r lewlb in obbi i-val ii.n t,:l

5. Volat i le liydi near buns in "iiuii.i

6. Citen.icil *nJ (jhylii.il cli.ii ail IT i kt n. s »l wj l t i I rumobs«rval IULI w e l l * imrll. i>( V. luiu w>viilf a suil i ' i i 'nl mjiplywulec to B.-tl avriiigc MiwiEr il>-«iuntl . . - - - - - - - . —

iO

20

28

30

CONVERSION FACTORSAND ABBREVIATIONS

inch ( t i , . )tool (I t )ni 111 ( IN i )

(cm)

gal Ion IKul Jtubit lu,,l (It1)

inch pi'i yuur ( i r . /yr)foot |>t<r day (I l/d )cubit luot per stcond

( f t3 / , . )cubic Iniit per netond

per square ni Ic| ( f ! 3 /« ) /Bi |

gallon jitrr Minnie (g*l/

degree Kahrenhcii (°F)

gallon per minute perfool U g . l / B t i n J / U )

O.lO'.h

Voh.m,) .78>

-I.T (•)

tin)

U.G2B12

0.30480.02BJ2

O.OI09J

0.06306

gpec 1 i ic cjjuO.IOH)

l i t i - r (1.)LllblL UL-lUT <»' t

cubic «etir (ml

cnnl iBelcr pt-[ yi'tir ( c a / y r jni.'ter per Jjy !»/>• >cubic »eter pi'r »i tund

cubic •rltr pet ai-i-oiidpur »qujri' k i luwvter

lilet per ktcond (L / * )

degree Celsius < U C)

liter pur tt-tund pet

gpcc it tc i:oiidm:t anilicroBhu per ctnti»i'tt-r 1.000

I i < i . h u / C B «t 25 C)

foot ptr day ( f t / d )

foul iijuared otr day

Hydraul tc ConJacl ivn y0.104K Mete r per djy (n /d)

Jay

VI

GEOHYDROLOGY ANDGROUND-WATER FLOW

AT VERONA WELL FIELD,BATTLE CREEK, MICHIGAN

mi and F. K. Tveoti-r

ABSTRACTTlit c i t y ul Bat i U* (.reek lia* 10 w e l l s in Hit VLTUNJ w e l l f i e l t l c a p a b l e o!

yii-liliiifi 300 10 1,000 n* 11 (ins pur in m u t e eacli lor n u u n i p j ) supply. In t j fU1984, however , o n l y 4 to 12 of die w e l l * weri ' being uscJ, Water in and near ilii-other we l l s was con tamina t ed by v o l a t i l e hydrocarbon*.

Ground water a t and near V t r u n a w e l l f i e l d g e n e r a l l y [low* toward B a t t l eCri'tk diver except where directions are altered by pupping. During suroai-t,eipec lal ly d u r i n g cenods when w i lhdr J w a l K *if at nuct i an 12,000 gal Ions per• mute, a Isr^t cone uf dtpreanun dtvelopt and w i t t r i» drawn to Kit wel l f ieldf r o m several thoutand feu I away. During w i n t e r , when w i t h d r a w a l * a i i - •» l i t t l eas 6,000 gallons per M i n u t e , the cone i* nva l le r .

Cround-vat*r f l o w li in three a q u i f e r * — a cand and gravel a q u i f e r ofFltistocen* *gt and upper and Icwer aandctone aquifers of the Marshall Formationof Miss i t i ipp ian a^e. Model-nnulated data that befct aalched Measured d a t aindicate homontal hydraulic conduct iv i t ies ranitinK t roa IS to 110 (eet per day[or the ««nd and gravel aqu i fe r , 130 feet per day for the upper aandttuneaqu i fe r , and iSO feet per day for the lower iandmone aqui fe r . Recharge wa»• iaiulated at rates ranging froa B to 13 inchet per yedr .

INTRODUCTIONThe city "t Battle Creek in Calhoun County, Kichigan (fig. 1), obtaiat iti

Municipal water lupply fro» well* in th« Verona well field . The field, eatab-litb«d in 1903 in the valley of gattle Creek liver. hai 30 operational well* onthe *••[ and welt iidta oi the river (fig. 2).

In 1981, volatile organic hydrocarbon* were found in water fro* eight•unicipal well*. In en effort to protect the wel l field by purging cont*eu-it»nt> beforw they reached producing wella, two welli were pimped to w«»te at acoBliined rate ut 2,000 gal/Bin. Thia effort vae diacontinued in September 1982•* evidence accuvulated that the puapiag, rather than producing the detiredreeult, Might bit accelerating the *oveeient of contaeunanti to the field.

Figure I.—Location of atudy area inCalboun County, Michigan.

PURPOSE AND SCOPEThi» report de>cribce the reaulti ot a etudy to determine (1) the

geohydrology and thu direction and rate of ground-water Clow at and near th*Verona well f ield, (2) how puaping af fect* f low, (1) the feasibility »od elf*ctof initllling new supply welle north of the present tteld, end (4) puvpingcondttiona neirdvd to provide a lufficieni lupply of potable water. To etoreaccurately ev.iluate ground-water condition* the itudy urej we* intended beyondthe inamdiati! vicinity of the well field.

referred to je "field" in thia report.

SURFACE CONTCHJR--S*O« aii.of land turfact Contour iniinai20 f<t< OaiKtd iifl* it aiO-'oatcenraur QdTum n ua lti*l

Fi|ur« 2.--P fc*turtt and w«ll loc*tioni in itudy ar««.

K litII'tittl-lltII-lll

I 111

«'l*l

*»•»•« »|»t p«| >nir

M nt mi«t Mil mi

« i(tH I M(1 Ml

•padniaftap orn lapnui aiuaja Jjtp-ai tui j t*aoTtu'«lp-a*jqi tfwnb • 'P1»1JII»n 9i|i Xiddn* «j»jmbi i*iaA9i 1*1)1 puooj ttn 11 ivljy -KUOIUW jttp»«»j

paiodoid jo mnaj)a aqi auiojaiap oj put «<•)] isiim-piinojS DO drtrrlMnd jo ti3»j)»aqj a*X|tuv 01 pan" IBM l"p°" nnjj jaiFn-punnif aiutuajllp-aiiui} («uotfU»Mtp

-out F 'piai; It** >qi paiiddnt jajinbt »|*UTI a f\un l»qi iu.*nnq) nn*. 11 uaqn•Xpnit aqi jo ]j*d f.\ir» aifi Km ing -aunt IF] n«i t ]spo* ijo.ii nn» •iua*ajn*ta*

Pl'tj BOJJ *irp t***1-'•!•" JiMinoiunj Xq pauiaiaiap »J»B •noTitpito» *ind«nd putii*otiijpAi| lunjajjip jo.) ia:iirjjnt aijjamMluaiod aqj, -p»iiii*in aq 01 Xjaqii

• J> »t Is" A'jrtdnn Nau 4i»i)M titiw aw ui P ( » T J Il»« >UoJ*A sll' JO Mima *fl»A».UHJ mm | inirn jo sptw »j»« t4lX|irut XlT ]»nb-laii-n •*fJti)3Hip jîiH-punolU

nn()-'t>fl •p»tX|pnn aja« «ja«i)| n^»J3 9]11«I puv ooi»««i»)( uo <>UOIIRI« XuT**fIF XaAins i*ii*oina>) -g'n ^ni Xq ptHiTviqn «pjo?i>j aHjeipîg '^Bhl '( i»q«a)d»s

puv 5 X|'T uo pojniv^n »*(* p|»l I U'B atn I" quou 1*1 i-tM)| 1* -1? "11l«|I" a>jBi|?<tTn ^ll T86I l"n"nV ui 9t3 1 l»" " paianpuos •»« j».->i la lei and • pm

2861 i»q"»i«l»S "i panui jitmmp »PJH (fj pu> £EA »ii»n no] j J»jrn ju |>*>ipqitnuai|n apeitt nvn itgi Aj. iKOâj y *i];an on] no]} paui*14|O ajnn tpjo^fl 1*M>1

-l*l»n inonunuon "IDA II-'"1 "' PUF lt)ajd Ift )o A e -lAiti) inu up imifi i »Jn»ijuo HHoq* 'Il»* II* "It .->PRM »Jfl« *iu»«*jna«»n !3Ha|^jai«fl •XAAJng ]»3T*oioa3

*S*0 AMI *1 r'II1Jr H»« ic-rs JOJ pajidBoi tin 'ticp ]«3i»Xy'1nsI «;n<|>Joq pat3iH<i[Oi|)1] Sinpn^juT '9o\ sit«od«oj y •)]qlnmi! f* nn*" J»t|l« *«•• •" jo pn«

XoAjng i»iiSn(r>30 ~smn "|1 Xq pan*l*uT «n»" qÛI-^ unaifff ]n ipta aj»« 'tHoJiadij*9 pun '••••8 jviniru ' j tJ lJs ja papni^ni i)ii((n 'tiu»«ajn9i*K ]»3i»Xi|ilo»S

• tpqajofl •axtti »|3i)j*(t autajaiap 01 paAia* ajnn *a]datt nwis ''oiijup fluijnppauiMiva put p»]js(|oj aj.in «3|dat* ]toi put H3O> •[ afqvi ut a»»i!» it tH»«

•Ml moq» dOtiBBJojui "looi »jq»3 <q 01 !••! »11 '»»•"" *q pant'P «'• *tl»" 01Itii} »t[j, >]| on o] QJ MOJ | luiAiu i(|idap 01 paniip aJan ?!!•« ooijtnj»«qo

A'l-ioj '49-1861 *Q1lnP p»13»n<" aian ntp f\aig -pairnivMa pup p*jq«*«t> >J»MfaAJng itaitnioao 's'n »11 Pu» •atiuafl* aivis pa» <<li3 jo «»ti j aqi ai ipiosaj

H»A put UOTIRBJOJUI ffoid«nil *oipniaoi 'mtp 3i8o{aafl pn« ?lfo)OJp<t)t

NOIAVDI1S1ANI HO SflOIUHN

JO aoiidiJJtap »Aiiuaq>id>03 • aaptAOJd (CC6T) »qw>9na<f Xq uodaj y •••ainlaitn-punoil aqi p»qti*t

•qi paqiisiap (8161) ji»Jqoog put «Oi«ais '(l(6t> •••'"11 *<t paqtiitap naaq »Atq 'tai* qaaj •111*1

aqi at ia|inb* |tdi3ViJd aqi 'ooii»ioj n«qti«|| »qi JO aianrtt* anoii*A

saionis

U)CAI. MLLL _NUMHj:UtNlj JjYSll.M

The local well nuiber indicate* the location of well* within th*rectangular Bubdiviaion of land with reference to the Hichigan Beridian and tut*line. The I lift two fegwenti of the nun tar d*» ignite townahip and c*D(*, th*third •egaent de«ign>tiiii iiectioa. and th* letter* A through D d««i|(naLe•ucteidvely (Killer tubdivition* of the avctiuii. Thu«, a well designated •* 197W 16 CCCo would be located to the n««r*it 2.5 acre* and would b* within tb«•hail«d area in * eel ion 16 tbowD bcluw.

CCCi<

16

ACKNOIVLI:0(-MI.N'fS

EMpluyee* of the city of Battle Creek, especially Hr. Uarfy 0»btirn and Mr.j*a*ll Schuler, tatvu been motl helpful in pruvidinn infor>atian about the well

PHYSICAL SETTING

T a b l e 2 . - - S e l e c t e dB * t t U C r e e k '

t * lot c i t y uf«e I I t

SOUKCIig OF KAiU«

W*t«r fur Bunicipal >uppl i«> and oott coBovrcial-ipiduitrial Bc t iv iLy i*IroB well* tb*t tap landctonei in the Hitthill faimttiaa, matt of tb«t*

welll *r* 100 to 160 ft d«*p. L«ite-d»«"*t*r w e l l * in the tcodttoa* can yield••v«ral tbouund gel loot p»r •inme.

The c i ty of I*ttU Crick Municipal eupply wc l l i range in depth froa 110 toIi2 ft (table Z>. Sixteen of Iheiv w*lU coniiitcntly yield 1.000 t*l/mia.tram 1970 thn>u|n 1981, *v«r«(* puupcga by th* city v«i aboul 3,000 1*1/Bin.During 1982, uvtt*|a pu«p*g* «•• 8,100 gat/Kin; during 1983 it wai 6,*SOK*l/Bin. During period* of |*«k puapiag, 11,000 to 14,000 gal /»i« ar«withdrawn.

In the pa*t, water for r««idcnti«l «upplie* in the Verona Val leySubdivision wae obtained fro* 10- to 60-foot de«p wel l* in the Kiribati fofac-tion and toe overlying Klici i l depoeit*. Today (1985) mo»t re*idenc*i ireGOBMictad to the Battle Creek Bunicipal eyatcB.

*>..k.l 1 •11 1

It14IIIIII

,,IIIIIft41

„

1*II| }11

Ih)ftI |

11

u,,II111411

II11111)11

„4*111*11

41t*

11

it >1M tl1 1 t;11 41II 1*

>1 1*It tl)l 11» IIII !>

• 1It11 III* <t11 tl

1* 11II ttII "1* t*11 *l

11 IIIt 1*It 1411 4(11 11

1111 t«I* 1'I* t*t* 4til 11tt tttl 41ItI* 11

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XI»>(**tiltit

114•14II*1111*1

1*4III114II*littitintilillillininlitii*inMI'•iMl1*1III

Mt111(It111111

111•11-~III

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f

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11*41*11III*llllItl*

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l(*lIM!1*1*1*14

Table 2.--Selected data for city oflattla Creek'i wal1e--Continued

titntnt

Fit

XI

titIXMI

GEOLOGYThe litholoyy of the Narahall Formation and glacial depot it e in

tailed by the U.S. Geological Survey ia given io table 3 (at endveil*of report).

MARSHALL FORMATION

Litbology and Thickocas

The Marshall Formation underlita much of the Lover Peaineula of Kichigaa.Tba formation ia • vary f ine tn co*rae •aodaton* containing layer* of eh*le,aandy atule, and ailtatone, and ia aa much •* 550 ft thick at place*.

aiiLsiooe. ana anaie. in general, grain aite oacrcaaes wi tn aeptn. in* aan«• tone and ailtstone are guy; tha abalt ia gray to graeniah gray. Where theformation ia near land *ut(ac«, it ia usually brown to yellow. Tha formationrangea in thickoa** fro* 0 to 200 ft. Thia range in thickneaa reaulti primarilyfrom differential eroaion of the upper aurface.

A ••*!! outcrop of the Marihall Foraatioo it at tha aaatecn foot of the d>ion Battla Cru«k liver near EBMCIC St (fig. Z). Sandstone of tba formation w«aquarried far building atouc about It mi aouthaaat of (he Verona w a l l f ie ld.

The upper aandbiona, upper e i l t i toBe, and p»rt of the lover *and*tooe havebeen eroded near wel l C6 (figa. i mod 6) and in ibe eoutbweatcrn part of theatudy araa. All bedrock uni te are pceaant, however, in toe r«»l of the area.

Driller*1 deacriptiona of Materials in Mint Buuicipal w e l l x identify theItlacial dvpoaita a» "aand and gravel" and Built of thu Haraha l l FoiBatiun aa"hard or eofc •and»LuiieH. A "blue ahala" unti it idrnlitied at the but tun of•any wel l* (fig. 9). For t>o>a w e l l * , notation* arc oiadc concerning "iipaninga".Fur aavaral wells, MU for V36, a mate coaiplete de»i.iiiition of th* Materials iagiven, ravealinu thjl the "oanditunit* in tune icnts ik ulty and shaly and thata *ilty or *haly bed wa* fuund about half way down tlie burehole.

8

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ALTITUDE. IN rtCT MOVE 1C* LEVEL

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In 1983, when pu*p» were reaoved from leveral well* tor repair, caliper andga»*-r*y log* o( the borehole* were obtained. The lithologic column for willV17 constructed from the driller'a record coaparcd to one constructed fro* •g«*B*-r*y log i* ihuwn in figure 10. The ga*ma-ray log fur thi* w«ll indicate*thai the "•and«tone" Bay be wore iilly «nd »h«ly than ihunn in the driller'*record *nU tbet a itiltatone in prca*nt about half way down the borehole. Thi*correlatea favorably with data fro* Bany wella ipatalled for the pr«aant atudy,indicating that drillera' loga contain only thoae lithologic charactariaticaconsidered by the driller to have water-yielding ti^aificanca. Co»paring thelithologic interpretation of the geMa-ray log for V17 w i th the type lithologiccoluan (fig. 3} reveal* a cloae correlation of unit*.

•to

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rto

reo

TtO

TOO -

MO

EXPLANATION

OCSCIM»TUN Or UIHOLOCK UNIf

Figure 10."Lithologic coluama of Narahall FonutionCOB* true ted froei driller'* record andga*BM-r*y tag for well VI;.

13

Any aandetone b*d in th* wull field that i* hard or »ilty and ihaly »ee>«likely to contain "opening*" or horizontal fracture*. The location of ih«larger opening* detected by naliper lugging are ahowo on the geologic section*(fi|*. 5 to 8). An «Ka»ple of a caliber log for one well, we l l 129, in -.hewn infigure 11. Soae larger "openinga" aiir preaenl at the contact! between candatoneand *ilt*tone; more "op*nm|tH were obnecvtd in the lower ttmdtlone than in theupper. Al*o, aa noted in driller*' lu^». "opening)" »tt conaonly abundant in atone directly under th* upper *i It clone. Vidto picture* of buruhoten *t well*V17 and V29 indicate tamv large circular opening*. Driller** record* for tomewell* io the Veroii* wall field notu tlmt thare are "lufficient openingn to carryaway ail drilling*", which *««•« to mdtcat* that the opening* have *ignificantlateral extention. If they are extensive, tbi> could account, in part, for thee*cellent yield* of the well field (u* »ucb •• 14,000 g*l/*iin with only T to 10ft of drawdown).

MBTll Of Qftwt.HI MCMI

14

figure 11.*—Caliper log *howing "opeainga" (probableboriiontal fracct»*a) in Harahcll

penetrated by well E29.

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•M—ICDMCK SURFACE " Showtat fu «f hMncft.CoMoNr ini«r*« 10tot. DttuM >• tM l«Ml

LINE Of GEOLOGIC SECTION —on titfint 5-i

STKEAHFLOW MCASUREHENr SITE--N*

Figar* 12.— -Coaf ifantioi of b«dr«ek •arf«ciof MB* (•ologLc

prob*bl* taeatiov

GLAC1AL PEPUS1TS

UacoBaolidated Materiel* of glacial and (Uwnl ori|ia overlie th« MarshallForaatioB IB Boat of tha atudy araa. The** Material* v*r* depoaited by glacier*Bad glacial •*ltw*t*r *t !••••• aora thaa 12,000 y*«r« ago and by atreaB* of uur*racent B«*. CUci«l d«po*it« coaaiBt of till, outucib, a»d cbcnaal dcpocit*/Tb diatribucioa of |l«ci«l dcpocitt Mttl< Ci««k IB •bona OB fit"'*

ri(ure 13.—lr«al dittributioo of glacial d*po*it*.

Till

Till ia a Mixture of aand, ailt, clay, gravel, aad. ia place*. Welder*.Tkaia •atari*!*, picked up, traaaported, and depoaitad by ice, formed aad•oraioe* nhara glacial ico Maiataiaed ite outer edge for *o«« paried of tiate,aad ground Boreiae* where th* ice aaeat retreated. Crouftd enraiaea elderlieeto*t of the aree eacapt where they have beea eroded by o«baee.uoBt etreaai ectiee.Tbe follewieg gr*ia>-aiaa diatrievtioa of •ateriala ie well 126 batveea 55 a*d SIft below laad aycfece ie typical of till:

Ptrcaatdiotrievtioa.

Gravelfery coaraa «aadCeaiaa aaadMadiiai aaadFiM aaadfary fi«« •eadlilt aa4 clay

U.IS.I7.;

27.27.».

10.

The elwva aaalvaie iadicatea that ell graia, aiaea are well repcaaiatad aa4that aeoat SO perceat of the particlaa are •»di*«-»itad e«a4 e>r larger.

ThickMaa of till differ* coaaieeraMy throiighoet the area; it it chickaatia aMiraiaal araea (Leverett, 19IO. la the lalaauue* ateraiae, it la ae awKh ea123 ft thick. It ie *S ft thick at «ell M Md 20 ft thick at veil Uft. Thiatill layera probably warierlie •*« e«Cw«ah eapoaita, bat nad*cli« chaaaaldapaaita ia. aaly a few placaa.

CkaMtet depoaita coaaUt of receat alluviwai *ad gUcial-atreeai depoaitathat are iatercoaa.eeted aad hava aiaiilar bydrologic characterietice. latbU report, they are COM id* red a* oaa ueit.

17

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00

In May walla ig channel depot ita, grevel-eiita coal particle* vet*encountered at depth* ranging between 20 and 10 ft. At walla K3, 111, B31, an*136. black, organic depoaita at* present near land eurface <tabl« 3).

Thickneae of channel depoaita variaa depending largely on Eh* topography ofth* underlying bedrock aurface. la nailey 'ark, where bedrock it near land• urfac*, channel dcpoiita »re 6 to 5 ft thick. One-he If aile north of the park,th* depoaita arc 5 ft thick; bedrock we* encountered during excavation (ot thearea'e eewer ayataei. At w*lle Ul *nd 112, channal dcpofit* arc M aid 37 ftthick, respectively.

HYDROLOGYFrecipitation, the primary eource of water in the lattla Crack area,

avcragei 33 io. caMMlly (MatioMl Oceanic and AtBioapberic idBtniatration.1981). Of thia, on* third iofiltratea tha ground and percolate! to th* watertable; the rcB«ind*r f lowa to etrea« and lakaa or ia die charged fro* the areaby evapotraMpiratioa.

SURFACE MATER

Since 1935 a Mi ing itatioo OB Battle Creak liv*r at the da* *e*r lamett Stbaa bee* operated by ib* U.S. Caotofical Survey. Annual average diecharge atth* atatioB ia 200 ftJ/». Diachcrg* between October 1981 and Septa*bee 19S2,ranged fro* S2 to 2.510 ft /•; average moatbly diacharge during thia tl-ntonthperiod ranged fro* 39t ft /• in Harch to (3 ft /• ia Auguit (U.I. GeologicalSurvey, 1983), The loweat expected d it charge for a 7-4ay period with aprobability of occurring at 10-year interval! ia 33 ft /a.

GRUtlNU

lecharge

Ground water (hat diachargen to atreaae and luatainit perennial flow iaground- water runoff, ly eetiaming ground-water runoff to IK tic Creek Kiverand aaauaiiag a ateady-aiata condition (a condition wherein the amount of groundwater discharged fioa the aquilclt e<juale the aaount of recharge they receive),it ia poaeible to obtain a reanonable eatimate of rechaiiie. Ground- water runoff

valuae, b«aed OB baieflow *eparaiiooa of bydrograph record* during ye*r* with•early avvrage otreaeitlew, ere IJ3 ft3/* «t gattl* Creek and 79 ft3/* atgellevue (• ai northeast of Batt le Creek). Tbu*. the ••ount of ground-waterdiacbtfg* to t°* river between leltrvue and let tie Creek i* 54 ft*/*. To thie,2-S ft3/* wa* added to account fur (b* loe* to Varon* veil field. Uaing theresulting 56.5 ft3/* and • draiaag* area between the two gagea of 63 nu1,ground-water recharge it estimated to be 12 in./yr 3. SiaiUr calculation* forUanadoga Creak, l.S *i north of Verona wal l f ield, indicate recharge to b* 8in./yr.

Meter Level* and Fotentioaetric Surface*

Hater level* in walla (table 4} installed by the U.S. Geological Survey,Ecology end Environment, lac. (1982). and InviroMental Beta, Inc. <198l),•oatly reflect water-table condition even though *o»* well* er* caaed into tb*upper eend*ton* aquifer (fig. 3), A fn wel l* caeed into the lower e and a toneaquifer reflect confinud condition*. la area* of channel depoiit*, water move*eaiily between the*« d*po*it* *pd the upper part of th* upper *and*ton« aquifer.IB ar««e of til l and outw«»b underlain by till , however, reeittaact: to verticalflow b*twe*o a*.uif«r« i* incre**ed by finer (rai>*4 particle* of th* till.

Hat-r level* in adjacent deep and ahallow well* indicate difference* indirection of vertical flow. For «xa«pl*. at well* E31D and £331 wbick ara S ftapart, water leva la in wall 13 3D were a* aucb a* D.S ft above level* in well•331. At tfci* location, (round water in the bedrock ia movinc alovly upward.[**•!• nt well* 122 wer« 0.31 to 0-65 ft lower in th* detp wall than i* the•hallow; l*w«la at well* 121 were IM9 to 1.73 ft lower in the 4*np tbaa in theahallow. At tbeva aitea, (round water in the ahallow aquifer ia Moving, * lowlydownward. AC aoeia eite*. auch aa at walla Cl, tb* level in one well at n giventime may be higher or lower than in the otber depending on amount of recharge.

Table 4.—Water Itveli in ob»trv*titin w«ll«

Hill•Ml*

IIMMIt11

MDMnn«ill•itMlHIMt

U)IIIIIIM*

111UI1UMMlU4

UlIMUlUM

MtMeniHIUM_„MtMMMMMl

Jet* 1.IMI

Ml. IIII4.Mtl*.*Ml.ltUt.M

„IM.lt"

tYiiM4.llMI.UMl. 14Ml.t*Ul.ll

MI.Hlll.tl

_——__>-

_~H.

k-

———

___

*__

....

„

-

___

.

M

————

M, 1. *.IMI

•

111,11 1•11.11 Ulll.M 1I14.MMl. II

•ll.lt•ir.iiUt.u

III M

11 LMH'.Hlll.M11*. 11

•M.*l•II. M111. IFUt.MMl.M

„

-

—«»_"„—

..-

_,-*_

—

M..

t M, •>.. 1,MI IMI

•111 U«*IIM

.11 MI-14II 111.1*It Mt.llM Ml If.11 Ul.ll

.11 UI.M

.11 *M.«

.It UI.M

. * Ul.ll

.1* Ml.M

.«* Mt.eiHt.lt

.11 Ml.l*

•I Ml.«.1* Ml.M.M ai.M.M UI.M.i* Ml.ri.,—-

_~ *-.. ... _

—_ _

.« .... ..

—_ _.. *... _** ..— —

.1 H4H

Ift. 11IMI

*t K.I

IM..MI.WUt.ll•M.M•11.14

Ml.MMl. 14Ul-tl

Ml.l'

Ul.llM*,*lUI.I1Mt.II

Ut.IIMI -tl«t.MU4.HUI.M

_Uf.M*W-1I

^—

MI-11

„.>

M.M—

Ut.M

U*-*t

.«.

-*

.«.,

bf If.1*11

«....„

•M.IIUt.ltlll.tlIII II•14. H

IN. 11• *. !•Ml.ll

Ml.M

111.11Ml. 41Ul M•It. 11

•11.11Ml.*U4.U•14.11Mt.ll

„Ml.tlUI.M

>»

MI. 41Ml.ir..^_

Ht.M»

MI.lt

Ml.M

—..~

J-H ItIMI

U.M,

IM 1Ml. 41lll.MUt.MUl.lt

Ml, IIMl.MU*.*I

lll.M

M .If•} .11M .Mu .M

Ml.llUl.ltM4.4I111.11Ml.ll

—<ll.ltUl.lt

—~

HI.Mu*.ir„—

H4.M—

IM.M

Mf.lt

«H.

"

J.I, ,,

It 11

111.11

111 MM4.llMl.M•M.II114.11in. eIIMl

•Jt.ll

Ul.llMM!III.*Ml.tl

•II.ltUl.lt111.14Ul.llUI.M

11 4. MIH.tlUt.Mmtl

111.11tu,t»«

HI.MUI.M

„• M.MMl.M

-*UI.M

U «•a'.tt••..

~

ii*i. iIMI

111 tl•11 IIMI.HMt-MNl.tl

lll.Mlll.MMt.MMl fl•II. tl

•11.11HI II•M.II•M.M

IM.IIMl.MMt.lltll.HUl.ll

•II. IIlit. ftUI.MMt.llMI-M

Ml.llMl.M•It It•M.MM*.M

•M.III*.M

MlMt.MUl.l*

Ul.llHI.MUt-MMl.MMI-M

>•». 1.!*•>

•tt.rtUI.MMl.llMt.*M*.M

MLMMl.ltIM.MMl.llMl.M

M4.ltMl.llMl.llUt.M

Ul.llUl.llUl.llMl.llHI. It

U4.ltM*.«Ut.UMl.M•*.tl

MI.UMl.MUbtl•M.MMt.ll

Ml.M••-I*Ml.MMl.llUt.M

Ut.MMl.ll

*-M4.ll•tl.lt

11 U./yr.•oe liver, *outh of the *twdy area, recharge ia a*ti*ate4 to b*

20

TabIt 4.—Hater levels in observation well*—ContiniMd

J-H It. J-lr II. *•*. I, (•*

IItt11unMIItlIttu

tu

fitlitTil

H*U*ll•1C

H*uU•It

•uII(ItH

•HMMlMMl

II•I

1a

l".*t H .M•It, II H ,11IJt.l) H .HUl.ll U .M

MI.II MI nUt.N Ml"Ul.ll Ht.ttUI.M Ml.tl

- Ht.lt— Ml.ll

MI.U Ml.ll

___ _— -_ ___

__ __

..

——

..

__ »

~. __

..

___ __

___ __

___ __

___ **

*. H

———— ~

___

- Mt.ll— tn.it- M.lt— m.it

att.t*Ht.llMt.llIM.II

UI.MUl.tlHt.ltUI.M

IM.MHl.lt

III, II

Mill If

111.11MI.HMI.MWl.tl

Ml.llMI.MMI.UUI.MMI.M

ui.n_H

—__—..—

_

Ml.ltUl.tlMl.llMl.ll

111.1111) ttIII 1)Ut.M

Ut II111.11Ul.llMI.M

Ul.ltMI.M

IM.II

W.I 1*4 tt

tit M

MI.MUI.N

Mt.lllll.ltUl.llMI.MII I.I*

II I.I*

-.-.—....-.-*"

•Ixtll

__Hi. ItUt.llHI. II

IM.IIUI.MtH.tlIM.lt

•11.11Ml.l*HI. IIMl.ll

HI.MMl.ll

MI.M

M»l»i

IM.M—

IM.ltHI. SI

M.M•M.I*Nt.MMt.MMl.lt

Ul.ll

—-.—

_..«—

—

•HH «

Ut.NHI.MMI.MMl.tlMt.M

Ul.ltMl.llMt.MIM.II

Ut.llUl.llHI. 11HI. II

UI.MHI.U

IM.M

IW.I tl

Ul.ll--

UI.M•M.ll

tM.II•M.llUt.MMt.llUI.M

Ut.M—-~——„-.—-•~

ilU

Ul.llttl.MHt.tt•III•M.M

IM.HUt.lt111. IIIM.lt

ni uUI.MHI.MUt.MUI.M

HI.MMf It

HI. 11

«•, IK.

Ut.M.-

Mt.lltM.II

lll.ltHI 11Mt.llMt.llMI.U

tit M—

—

..

—-.

~

HI ItMl -IIIt*.*)Ml.ll•N 11

HI. 11UI.MMI.M(M.ll

Ul.llHI.MHI. 11•M.ll•M.M

Ul.ll•M.M

•M.tl

MI.M«

Ut.MM.ll

U .»M -It« .MM -MH .M

Ml M—-.H

~

___

M

———

————

~

Itl MHI IIIII U•HHHI W

Ul.llUI.MUI.MUl.tl

Ht.MUl.tlM.I*HI. IIMI.M

Ul.ll

Ml.l*M.MHI. II

Ml 1>

HI. 11Ml- IIMl.tlMI.M

•II.UMI.MMI.MMt.tlMl. II

Ml.ll•11. MMl.llHI.MMt.tl

Mt.M•II. IIMI-11UI.MHl.tt

Ul.tlM*.ttHI.HMI.MMI.M

Hl.t*Mt.MUl.tlHt.Uttl.l*

M.llttt.UMI.MHt.MSM.tl

HI.M

HI.MHI.MMt-l*

HI.U

II*. 11Ml.ltttl.MHI.M

MI-11MI.MHl.ltNt-MHt.U

UI.MUI.MMl- 11MI.MHl.t*

H' ItMI.HMl.l*Ml.lttM-N

M.MHt.llMt.MIH.ltHJ 11

water level*, lilted in tabl* 4 and ibown by potentio»#irie *urf«c«* infigure* 14, IS, and 16, reflect natural condition* except in tke Verona wellf ie ld. In the wel l field, the surface May be d«pr«***d 7 to 10 ft.

Tbe general configuration of the potentioaetric lurfece in the itudy area(fig. 2) and nearby area* ia abonn in figure 14*1. Hater level! rang* fro* MOft along KaliMaioo liver weit of V«ton« w e l l f ie ld to 900 ft ia the nigbUddareaa »outhw*it and eaat of the well field. Ground-water flow ii toward thegattle Creek and K*U»«»oo Rivera and their tributaries.

The pot*ntioai«tric aurface at and near the well field for foptaaber 1*U(fig. li) repreaenta aun«er condition*. During thia part of the year, whenpuMpag* in the field ia relatively high, flow in the •hallow aquifer i* alaoatdirect ly northward to the wel l f i e ld tiam the ewvett St-Raymond Rd tnteiaection.The potentioMetric aurface during winter, aa repreaented by ••aeurcaenl* *ade inFebruary 1984 (fig. 16), reflecta reduced pUMping rate* in the field andiocrcaaed recharge. During winter, flow fro* the EHjett 8t-layMond Id inter'•ection ia northweatward to ita diacharge point at tattle Creek River.

Hydraulic Properties of Aquifer*

The ai>e and degree of interconnection of rock pore apacee and otheropeninga, aucb aa fracture*, are the primary factora controlling the aovenenCand ctorage of water in aquifer*. Good aquifer* have large, interconnectedapecea, *uch a* are preaent in fractured aandatone of the Harahall Potfjatinn orin tbe tend and gravel of the outwaah and channel depo*ita.

Hydraulic propartie* of the aquifer* in the atudy area have been determinedby punping, apecific capacity, mmA recovery teata. Hoat high-production capaci-ties of the aandatone equifera aeeu to relate tu eocoedary peraeability cauavdby fracturea or fault*. Nateriala in tbe Manhall PorMation and aioat of tb»*ain the glacial dcpoaita were depoaited in water. Aa auch, plate-aheped grainain the aediaienta (principally clay particle*) tended to be deposited with theirflat surfaces oriented parallel tn tke bedding plane. This orientation reducesvertical permeability (U«eka, 1969).

Area of Mp ia target than that of study are* in figure 1 in order toinclude Modeled ares discussed in section titled "Ground-water flowaiMulationa".

Health, a aigc•aynond Rd int

quality data provided by the Michigan DepartHent of Public>t source of contaMinents ia an area near the KanMtt St-

21

POTENT IOUETHICtwitol MltluM ol ffMMd wain l***lI*IM*«J 20 tMI. Ml KM il !•• !•*»(

CKOUNO-WATER FLO*--*II«.JMicaiii di'itiion •! !!••

14.Ucluted in aodal (for aod«lflm BOdet").

of icudyioft titled

«* <•» ••* »

EXPLANATION•Cl WILL LOCATION AND MUMIEK"

Diogonai Mr indicaiM yumaifi|••II at 'i*» o» Mt*r-l*»lMMIurMMftt (OS MflMH 4w

SU*rACE"S»o«IM4. V0fi«b» CDHMvrDatum it IM »*»i

OEMESSION CONTlXIH-Top^W eontogr•( MprMMd iwrtoet

6*OUNO-*ATei» DIVIDE

ifwlicot*) direction *f ))•«CA6IN6 STATION- -

STRCAMFLOW MCASUMCMCNT STTE--N» HH

••*- j s Mm MI s*^. it ?x-- -- ox !~x joocir1

a no !Jc nn-s

Figure IS,—Pot«ntio»«crie iutfte*, S*pt««b*c 1983 (»««*4 on •*«»ur«<l d*t«).

roOf

ro

EXPLANATION•» WELL LOCATION AND NUMICR—

OiOfM«l tar indicm* DuMftint **H01 limt Of <Mt«r-l«Ml iHMlur«ni«iil.IDS MMUl «M»flM tMIMv•MM)

UO — POTENTIOMCTMIC SURFACE — Sho-iMniuM of grMA4-*a(ir »*vti,S«p««i«tarI>t3 vanaMt eoMtMr interval. Dommit ••• lt*«l

DEPRESSION CONTOUN-I MM

GROUND-WATER orvioeGROUND-WATER FLO«--An«i H*C«4i'*CI>on «f !!••

GMIIW STATION— Cont.onoui rtcar*

STREAMFLOW MEASUMCHENT SITE—

MO ix nc'c*s

Figure 16.— Pot*ntioMtric F*bn«r7 1984 (b«i*d on M«*tu*d <Uc>).

•ladrfn »qi ioj jj ooi o) 0 •"* po*jajinb* jaftot aqi >«} ij Q( 01 5 BOJ} Iat>a*j •ati*vpi*i me p» '<|»Aii9Wlaaj

'•jvjinb* aaoiapaa* J»ddn pa* Janoi aqj 10) p/lj (KI p»« P/U OCf 1° ••H1*7-jsnpooJ 3Tfn*jpA'q ID 11*1103 no p*»q *« aat]iAffl«iBnai) *t*v "(6t "'*!)

i*)tnb> »doi«pi>* j»ddn »qi 10] P/.H 000' it "1 0 •<"! P»" (II '*T)) '•Jin^i*OO)*pa«f J»«OI »m 10} P/*D (HW'il °S MO'C """I •*B*l t»T1tATt»f«*0»Jl

joOSt— *»•»»*

Jp<q •fl*i»At

•qi

Jlpnia aqi ati* MOHpott•»iiiAii3np«'p/1) 01 l«i«q

nvifi p* !«OB 01 m Moltp««t 4»ddn

Xit«TJd »qi *itBi«ojdd« o] pa Aft i >q »j* ti|n««i «q]•qi ]« »|oqaj«q oado aqj 01 p»)on ai*N •ainjavji on 'KTO

• pa* P/.i) Ott J° <i!*it»t«»«»Ji * ••lOTpat — pnijaoam 11 lajinb* »qi•it* •— (fi pot 43 «n»« i* iafinb« a*oitpn*« jvddn *qi MO ]••! flaidBnd f

)* 1*»1 tiTdamd flatJnp ttt II** "* «*«»•*• ifl~'

•OOT1*3O| ti* i* paaijnoa *t J»linb» •noifpav* i*no( aqx 'P/'J OS^ ") 05 j•«jj ffaifavi *Bit|*A Xii At lanpooi >Tin*Jp<q a 1*31 par i»jinbr ago]«pa*« J»«oi »tn01 d»d« fl|l*M "OJJ *l*p <11>*<t»> »1}T>»dS 'UAOpA*Jp #13»|}« •J?}1(lb* fOlXlHAOaqi «ojj af*q**i a* ai*iA»p 01 fat**q naqi jold aqt !(^t ••!)) •»JOUIB oj ]nnq«

JO} aAjna adX] ((til) »T»"U »«H <>1 1?I P""* • inoq* it»l faidojnd aqi ImjtnpKI Ita« oo(i«*j»»qo at aKopnrjp p»in**a« jo io|d T 'p7»J OSS •' '') S» JO

ia]inb* a* no paavq '«

• *ai>3iput 9(a nan l» J)finb

no paavq 'XitAiianpao? 5iTn*JpXi( »m • p ^od'O J° aan»^*aipn* *5_01 » S'l J° in«t3ij)»o3 »»»j«n • 'p/.»l 000 "i I J° *»t*t*tiai»u*Ji

EXPLANATION

r*K ^-^ --SL_.^r\J

LINE Of EQUAL DtANSUISSIVITr OFLOWER 1ANOSIONE »OUFE«--lnthotiMMl ft ***•(• IMI p« 4a»-lultrt*! fOOO tquon IMI Mi *•»

TRANSMISSIVITT Of LOWCft *OUIF£«--Equgii 27,OOOi«wKi im MI d*r

*•

•••3

Figure 14.— Tr*HMi«*ivit]r o{ lower ••nd«ton* aquifer.

26

EXPLANATION—.— LINE OF £OU*L TRANSUlSSIVITV OF

UPPER SANDSTONE AQUlFER-'ln(Muigndi at iqn«r* lt*l pti 4*iInliiral JOOO icaai* IMI M' *>t

f~~] UPPER SANDSTONE AOUIFER--Mming dm )• waiiun

J

Pigui* 19.—Tr«B«»i«»ivity of upper *>n4itoa« •qui(«t.

*V£«*CE HORIZONTAL HYDRAULICCONDUCT I VITT-' I* l*«i (W( **»

Th« hydraulic properties of the glacial deposit* d i f f e r wi th the type ofdepoiit. laaed on grain-aiie analyai* tod l iBi lari ty wi th oth«r dcpoaita inKichigan, horisontal hydraulic conductivity if eatinated to bit 110 ft/d forchannel dcpoaita. 70 f t /d for autw**h. and 15 f t / d tut t i l l (fig 10), la •tran*ttion zone near th« fd&t of th* K*l»a*iou mutfint. hydraulic conductivityof interUycied t i l l >n<l oulw«*b i« ••ti««t*d to b* 30 ft/d. Tb* *p*cific yi i ldof outwaeh and channel dcpotit* i« ••Ciaated to bt 0.15; th« apccific yield oft i l l i* not knoxii. However, because t i l l in the ftudy «r*« it co*r«* t*>tur«d,it* abi l i ty to »tor« wttcr aay not b« it inif icantly let* than that of otherflaciil d«poaiti.

Pi|uie 20.—Hydraulic cnnductivitiaa of glacial depoaita.

27

Velocity of Flow

Velocity of ground-water flow dependa on tbe gradient of the poteatioBetricourface and OR the hydraulic conductivity end effective poroeity6 of the Aquifer,iloeg the wergi* of the let tie Creek liver floodplein, the gradient of tbepotentiuBetric ewrfac* in the *and end gravel aquifer ie eteep (fig*. IS endIt), end ground water flow ie cooperatively repid <e* much a* 9 It/d); wit hi*the floudplaia the gradient ii leee end flow il elower. An effective poroeityof 0.15. •• average byreulic conductivity of 100 ft/d, end weter-level dete wenueed to celculete flow velocity ia the ea*d aad (revel aquifer. The averagevelocity in lapteeiber 19U, for ex»»le, he twee* the Eawett St-layBoad Id inter-eection (e«e footnote s) end puaping wol le V3I-V43 in tee w e l l f ie ld, wee 2ft/4 . The bigheet ve loc i ty , 4 f t /d , wee et the interaction; the loweet, 1f t /d , wae near the eowth «dfe of tbe f ie ld . For February 1914, velocit ies ie,the eend end grevel aquifer were 4 ft /d at the i»t*riectio», l.i f t /d near theriver, *nd 1 ft/4 in the aouthern pert of the well field.

Crouod-weter-flow velocities cee alao be calculated for the ean4etone•quiferv; however, they are leea accurate beceuae a value for effective poro-aity of the fractured bedrock cannot be determined accurately. In the up»er••adetooc aquifer, aaaiuming a poroeity eieiilar to that of tbe aaad ea4 gravelaquifer, e hydraulic conductivity of ISO ft/d. ead a gradient for the potentio-••trie eurfec* of OJHUi. tbe velocity of flow would be 4.5 ft/d. In the lover•andetone ea,»ifer, fracturing Bekea a reliable eitiaate of effective poroaitydiff icult , ead tbiia, precludea calcvlatione of flow velocity.

On tbe baaie of the above calculation*, Moveaeotwell field Bay he et rate* varying froa 1 to 4 ft /d.

Quality of Water

v«roM V«ll Field

of coataeiinaaca ia the

Inveetigatioa of tbe quality of water ia tbe wel l field wee not pert ofthia etudy. fewever, tbe Michigan DepettaMnt of Public leelth he* eaalyeedwater from auMicipal voile for volatile hydrocarbon* aince the latter pa" »'19U. Uiiag their aeta, diatribwtion of bydrocarbona ia the well field ia 19Kand duriag the letter pert of 19U and early part of 19H ie ehown U figure 21.•igbeet coaceatratle«e Manured ee of May 1, 1914, were ae ahowa in table S,

Tehle S.--Volatile hydrocarbon* in Verona well field(•igbeet concentration* eweaurod ae of May 1, 1*14.Aaalyai* by Michigan Department of Public leelth.)

ConcentretioaConatituent

WellnuBber

1,1 Dichloroethene1,1 il TrichUroetheMPerchloroetb* lonecie 1,1 DichlorMthyleneTricbloroetbyleae

431M1201H47

ras

VI 5V3S

b|h*Mricel velue* of epecific yield, which ere approiiBately equal to value*of affective poroeity, have been weed ia the calculation*.

28

1982

1,1 DichtofMthM*1,1,1 TfkhlWMtMM

EXPLANATION•

•» WELL LOCATION AND NUNIER( OSMill)

FT! CONTAMINEIff CONCENTRATION-10 mtongnmi pw liMfIn Mil li«W wily

is 1.2 DicfebfMtkyhM |Mtt4 IJHC

TrlcMwMlhyltM ilint

(••3-IM4

Fifur* 21.—Dictribution of volalil* bydroc«rbona in VeroM wtfl l field in lacier pact of 1981 and in latterpart «f IMJ—««rt)r part of 19M <bai«d on data trim Hichigco Oep«rt*ent of Public Health),

29

north of Hall fiald

Obaervatioti valla E12, E34, and E35D were inatalled to determine th« feaai-bility of inatalliag new aupply v e i l * north of Verona w e l l field; analytei ofwater from each wel l were made. Chemical characteristic* of the water ere ahownin table 6. Hel l 132 it uocaied from 16 to 60 ft and open only to thi upperaandatone aquifer, w*H B34 i* untaaed fro* 79 to US ft and open only to thelower aandatone aquifer, and well E15D ia uocaaed fro* 10 to SI ft and uuen tothe lover part of the upper • tad*tone and upper part of ttie lower aandttoneaquifer*.

Diaaolved-aolida concentration* were 671 mg/L i» water fro* wel l K1J. 5Z9•I/L in water froai well USD, end 263 mg/L in water fro* well E34; tbi* *ugge*tathat concentration in the Marahall Furaiation decreaaea a* depth increaiea,Calcium and magneaium war* the domiiunt cationa in all three veil*. SuUatewaa the don inane anion in wel l E32; measurement* ol alkal inity indicated thatbicarbonate v*« the dominant an ion in well* E34 and E31D. A high ironconcentration of 90,000 «g/L and • ht«h lulfate concaatration of 410 •«/*• werefound in water fro* wa l l E3I. Sodiu* and chloride concentration* were higher iaw e l l 13)0 then in in* othar two well: . . Volatile organic hydrocarbon* were notfound.

GROUND-WATER FLOW SIMULATIONSA digital ground-Hater flow Model waa uaed aa an aid in Mdaratending

ground-water Movement in the Battle Crack aree at and near the feroM wellfield. The Bodul. baaed on * computer prograa developed by the U.S. GeologicalSurvey (HctoMld and lUrbaugh, 1953), i* capable of *iMMlaiing ^uaai-three-diaenaional flow, riow direction*, potentioMtric eurfacta of three aquifer*,groiwd-water f low to and fro* atreaa*, and tke effect* of *rou*d-water puaiaageare aiaiuUted by the aiadel. The nodel approxiiataa * aolution to the ground-water Clow aquation by u*iafc ainiplifying aaauMptiona about aquifer propertiaaaod boundariaa.

loundariea of the ara* *iaHilated with the model (fig. 21) coincide with•urface-water feature* and ground-water dividea in the aand and gravel aquifer,not with Inn boundary of the atudy area (fig. 2). The aiodel grid baa 10,943active cells in each of three layer*. The width and length of the cell* vnrieafront 100 ta 2,000 ft; toe cloaeat grid • pacing i* concentrated at and near theVerona well field. Numerical valuea of hydro logic pioporttea, determined fromfield data, ara naaigned to eecb ce l l ; the nropertie* of each cell ere aaaumedto be bomogeneoua. The a* valuea define the top end bottom of each of the three•quifera, tke location of atreama and labe* and the hydraulic properties oftheir buttom material, the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifera, recharge tothe aquifer*, and location* and pumping ratea of valla.

T a b l e 6 . - - C h e m i c a l a n d p h y i i c a l c h a r a c t e r i a t i c * o f u a lf r o m o b a e r v a l i o n v e i l * n o r t h o f V e r o n a w e l l f i e l d

*. llt.tl.K Imttl• Ul>M*. »HI|< mil• lll*|M. « I U H t 1*1*1

I, tltltlltt I.I/L II I,

•t If HUM. 1*1*1 !••*••l(k*l. 1*111 lltu.Iltlt l.tfL•lllll**. 4*t*l IFlH 11 tillllftf. 1*1*1 IBI»*I*M* t'tll

Ml/L **l.ttl.

•I*.|»**I>M«II*** b«Jt»(H»»l*(il<ll*ll** (M/LlI , I -*1 . llti t tl >t» I>«H>*>ktl***l*« (H/tl

l.t-»l*kt*i**lk|l<**t.l,l-ttli*l*i»i»**it.l.I-tlllkl*l**lk*H

EXPLANATIONDESCRIPTION OF CELLS

( —— | Actin

No-How

— - — No- (low

Kt)<uri- '.'?.—Bounituriet

Stream* and lakec, which ar< in the aand and gravel aquifer, are lumutatedin the model as having leaky bottom material overlain by water at altitudesdetermined by interpolating between contour lines on topographic naps whosecontour interval ia 10 ft. In the vicinity of Verona w e l l f i e ld , levels wererun to Battle Creek River at *om* locations. Because of the rectangular grid,SOBS cells do not follow exactly the trace of stream* or lakea. The differencebetween map snd grid location does not •*** a significant e f fec t on modelresult*.

CROIINO-MATER FLQM EQUATION

The ground-water f low equation describes the three-dimensional movement ofground water of con*taut density through porous earth Material. It Bay bewri t ten aa the part ial -dif ferential equation

*, y, and i are carttiiian coordinate* aligned along the Major axesof hydraulic conductivity K(1, K , and K |(i

h is the potcntiosietric beadj

U ia a volumetric flu* per unit volune that represent* sources or•inks of water;

S, is the specific atorage of the porous Bateri*!*; and

t is t iaa.

sa* K X B > Kyy "^ Xas "V vlry trom place to place in the aquifer, and h and H•ay vary both w i t h location and tim*. Equation 1, together with boundary andinitial-h*ail conditions in the aquifer, is approximated by the BOdel.

CONCEPTUALIZATION OF MODE U; D CON PIT, lONS^

General concepts about the areal distribution and values of hydraulicproperties of aquifers, natural hydro logic boundaries, and stresses placed onthe hydrologic system by natural and human influences ware developed tram hydro-geologic daia collected during the ttudy. The concept* were used to define theBudel boundary and initial condition* aa wel l aa stresses imposed on the ground-watfl system.

, boundary Condition*

The boundariea of • digit*! BOdel can be defined by no-flow, baad-de pendent, conatmat-head, or constant-flux boundary condition*. Only no-flowand head-dependent boundariea were used tor the Bailie Creek node I.

Vertically, the ground-water eyeteB can*lit* of three aquifer*—*n upper-Bait unconfintfd sand and grjvel aquifer, • conf ined-unconf ined upper atmisto**aquifer and • confined lowei land*too* aquifer (t IK. '!)• The three, ajjwifnfa aresimulated ae three interconnected layer* in the d ig i ta l model. The top af the•and and gravel aquifer (the •odcl'a upper layer) ia the water table:; the hottooia the bedrock surface. The top of the upper sandstone aquifer (Eh* Model'smiddle layer) ia the bedrock surface; the bottoei is the upper surface of theupper ailtstone. The upper kaodstoae aquifer ia aiming in the western andsouthwestern parti of the modeled araa (fig. 19). For Mode ling purposes, this•quifer ie coneidered to be a thin unit at theee local lona. The top of thelower sandstone aquifer (the model's lower layer) ia the lowei aurface of [heupper siltstonei the bottflB ii the upper surface of the ahale unit.

The aquifera extend beyond the study area. To l i m i t their horizontalextent . Model boundaries (dtt mrd en the baa in ul hu i ia t e -water feature* andground-water divide* in the ..iud and gruvrl *i |ui l i - t i u> re tet 4 lo 7 BI I torn thewel l f i e l d ( [ i f . 12). This no t luw bound, i n, arc c , ,m, i J.-'ni tor all tlin,-ei|uiferu; no w.itur move* im >> the modeli d are^i l i > m . i» tk ide I lieae buuiid.iriea.The heail-depenoYiit bouodarira, euch aa KalaBAioo H i v i - i and Uuliiiacon Cri.-i:k lehowua* leaky-layer ttlU on figure 22) arc placed unly in ilie layer th«t aiaiulateiithe aand and graval aquifer. The boundaries are diki^nt enough fro* the •ajuiareae of ground-water withdrawal »o aa not to effect the calculation ofhydraulic bead in the vicinity of the puoping well*.

Streaaa within the atudy area are bonndariee fur huricontal grouod-wal«rf l o w in the land and gravel aquifer. For example, gruund water in tbie aquiferon either aide of la tele Crrvk liver f Idwa only tu or froaj the river, not beyondit to the other aide. In thi- lower eandntone aquiftr, however, the river ia nota barrier to horiaontal ground-water flou.

Hydraulic frupertiea

The capability of the aandatoM aquifer* to traneeitt water horizontally iapriaarily due to boriional fracture tonea wi th in tht- rvcka. Secondary peraaabi-lity due to vertical fracture* «ay cauae local d i f ference* in the capability ofthe aquifer* to tranaaut water botiiontally; however, there i« l i tt le evidenceto aupport aay aignificant effect. Alao vertical frat lure* are not known to becontinuoue on a acale of 10'* of feet.

The aandicone aquifer* are considered to b« boBoeeneou* and iaotropic wi threipect to horiaontal hydraulic conductivity. Although it i* known thathorizontal hydraulic conductivity varies fro* place tu place in the tandatoneaquifera, the SBOunt of varidiioe at Boet locations, baaed on available data, ia•sail. TransBisaivities vary locally because of varying thicknesa of theaquifers. Areal diatributiuoa of trao*Biaaivi ty uied tu ciBulate the aandatoneaquifers are shown on figure* IS and 19. Tbe»t figures represent cunatantvalues of ISO and SSO ft/d for the upper aiid lower anndktone aquifera respect-ively.

y "v

The hydraulic conductivity of the sand and gravel a q u i f e r di f fers dependingon th* typ* of deposit. T i l l has a lower conductivity thsit »utwaah and channeldeposits. Araal distribution of horizontal hydraulic conductivities used tosimulate the send and gravel aquifer are aliown on figure 20.

The vertical flow of ground water is more restr icted t h a n horicootal flowbecause of tones of lower permeability above, below, sntl m i l i i n the aquifer*.From model simulation*, leakance value* between tbe sand und gravel and thaupper ssiidatone aquifers wen- determined to be 1.8 X 10** , 4 k 10 , and l.S X10 per day, reapedively, for areas underlain by t i l l , outwaah, and channeldeposit*. Baaed on analysis of pumping te*t data, a leakatue value between th*upp»" anJ lower sandstone aquifers of 4 X 10" per day wan in i t ia l ly used. Thisvslw* W i i s raised to 1.2 * 10 during model calibration. Ne«r Jumeaon Avenue, avslu* ol 1.1 X 10 w«s used becau** of more clay-rich deposits in that area.

Hydrologic Stresses

The squifera are stressed by natural recharge and ditcliarge and by ground-water pumpage. Host recharge originates ss precipitstion tlist infiltrates thesoil and percoletes to th* sand and gravel aquifer. Kecbai .1- is greatest inereas of out wash and channel deposit*; the recharge rate ut.'d in the model forthee* deposits is 13 in./yr. Recharge is less in metropolitan area* and areesof till; the recharge rate* used in the model for these deposits are 8 and 10in./yr, respectively. Local recharge occurs where supply wells ere near at reamsand waur ie induced from the streame by pumping. Baaeflow measurement*indicati- that water i* induced at rate* from 1.0 to l.S ft3/* depending onpumping rat** and location* of pumping walla.

Ground-water ie discharged mostly by pumping and by leakage to atreama,lakaa, and swamp*. Discharge by ground-water evapotranepirstion ie COBS id* redineignil iceat because tb* places where ground weter is within ) ft of landsurface are few and smell in. areal extant. Hater levels in all stream* areassumed to be constant. High water levels under flood condition* affect grouad-watar leval* and flow direction* near streams but only for short periods oftime. During other periods, the fluctuetioa of water levels in streams is minorand tb* effects on ground-water levels are not significant. The greatestmeasured difference in gage height for the period of record was 4 ft at thagaging station on Battle Creek liver. For modeling purposeu, tba thickaaas ofatreamted* and lakebeds we* ussumed to be 3 ft. Vertical hydraulic conductivityof atrenmbed* aud lakebeds, init ial ly estimated to be i f t / d on the basis ofsieve analyses of bottom material obtained at several location*, wa* reduced to4 ft/d during mod*! calibration.

Ground-water pumpag* atreaee* tbe aquifer*, especially in Verona well fieldaad ia the industrial area south of tbe field. Combined, continuous pumpage ofseveral industries is 3.000 to 6,000 gal/min. Average eummer pumpag* at Veronawel l f i e l d is about 8.000 g a l / m i n ; average winter pumpage is about 6,300 gal-/min. Moat well* produce from both tb* upper and lower aandatoae aquifers. Inthe model, distribution of pumpsge among aquifer* waa accompliahad with a multi-aquifer well-simulation program (H. C. McDonald, written communication, 1984)similar to a well-simulation technique outl ined by Bennett and others (1982).

A

CAL1HUA110N,ANI)

Before Hit model could U- uaed to re l iab ly nmuliite imposed Stresses on theaquifers, the modal had to be calibrated, a procv*a which toniiated of comparingmodel output w i t h measured ground-watr r level and runoff data. If th* matchbetween simulated and measured data wa* |iuor, hydraul ic parametara were adjustedw i t h i n plausible l imits and a new simulation was mode. This calibration processwas repeated u n t i l an a c c e n t a b l i m a t c h was a t t a i n e d . Voc cal ibration, waterlevels in BO observation wel l s ami usliuutet uf ^ruund-wuifr runoff at 9 tit**were used. Water levels in w n l l s that represented mure than on* afjHifer weresimulsted aa being in mult iaquifer obstirvation wel ls .

To determine if ateady-stat« condition* could accurately define ground-water f l o w at Battle Creek, two umilar model simulitiona wer* made—on* under•teady-etit* conditiona, the other under transient condition* for a 3-monthinterval. Storage coefficient* of QJW01S end 0.000015 were used for th* uppeVand lower sand*tone, respectively. A specific yie ld of 0.15 waa used for tb*sand and gravel aquifer. Both simulations used the starting Mater levelsgenerated by th* model for winter pumping conditions. Water levels at observa-tion wel l sites under ateady~stat« condition* differed from those under tran-sient conditions by about 1.0 ft in the sand end gravel aquifer and by about 0.6ft in tha upper and lower sandatone aquifers, ihe ground-water runoff rate forthe entire modeled area under steady-state conditions was 0.6 f t 3 /* greater thanunder transient conditions. Tha small difference* between transient and ateady-stete model reeults indicates that tbe ground-water system can be accuratelysimulated using steady-state conditions.

Some model simulation* wer* mad* in aa attempt to define differences inhydraulic conductivity caueed by fracturing. Hone ol tbe simulations gave abetter match to meaeured data than that obtained when th* aandatona aquiferswar* assumed to be homogeneous.

r Conditions

Tba potentiomatric surface constructed from simulated data for the sand andgravel aquifer under sustmer conditions (fig. 13) ia similar to tbe potentio-metric aurface constructed from data obtained in September 19gl (fig. IS).Simulated end ob*arv*d comas of depre*aion cauaed by pumping are aimilar ineatant and depth. The ground-water divide south of the w e l l f i e l d ia at aboutthe came location, end ground-water flow direction* are nearly the aamc. Bothpotentiometric-aurface maps ahow a divide along th* river.

Th* potentiom*tric surface constructed from simulated dats for the lowersaadatone aquifer under euswer conditions (fig. 14) show* a single, large ton*of depression reflecting summer pumpage. A ground-water divide in the lowersandstone aquifer ia located south of tbe wall f i e l d but it is farther souththan the divide in the send and gravel equifer. Drawdown in the center of tbecone of depression is about 3 ft greater than in the sand and gravel aquifer.The river ia not a boundary to horizontal flow in the lower sandstone aquifer.

33

EXPLANATIONLOCATION AND NWNCK—

d*MN>» «M» MM *M<tMi•Mil)

WCNTlOHCTRIC SURFACE— SinwMrM.Sfton rttttvO of «rewi«-M»»r I«M(.Contour wt»ni«li I and 5 fMt. Q«i»»<fin* indinti* a«uil*r untdiuraltdDotu* ,| «M I««M

GROUND-WATER DIVIDEOMMNO-WTEft FLOW-Am* m«iM1M4ir«ctiMi «f Ham

CAQIHQ STATION" ComiwMi rteoraSTKCAHFUWHEASUNCUENT SITE--

Figut* 23. — Si«ilmC*d pot»ti(NM»ie •nrfae* of gr*vtl aquifer und*r

WELL LOCATION AMD NUMCR--(OS *MtM MM V* *MIIM•Mb) ^

6MXM0-WT0I OmDC8ROUND-WTCM FLOW— Anw

MdiCtMt lillllll* •* !!••

GAUM STATKM— C«MIIHMI rMN

STWUAA* MCASURCMCNT StTl-

M» •*• u I ttmHt* S«*r < M 000 I

0 no KB vc*t*t

Ficar* 24,—Sunlit*d pot»tioMtric *«rf*c« of lowtr

Of th* water level! (iBulated at obtervation well location* lor auBBercondition*, 45 percent war* within 2 (t of K-veli •touted in Si-i'leaber 1983,63 percent were wi th in 3 ft, and 14 percent were within 5 li. Considering therapid change* in water level* c«u**d by puBping ahift* in tin w e l l field, thie»atch ii con*id*red acceptable. SiBulatad level* for wel l* £7, tJ4. 129, and130 differed •«*( froa »***ured lev*!*, probably b*c*u** of [he brdrock•tructur* and the irr*gvlnrity of the eroded bedrock turtle,- in the v ic ini ty .Simulated ground-water runoff differed only 0.5 ft /• fro* die avt-rag* *nnu*trunoff •*tia*{*4 fro* *i***ui*d data. ru*)»ing induced water from the river totb* well f i e ld at • rat* of J.O ft3 /* . , '

Winter Condition*

To verify the calibration, pu aping condition* that represent winter pUBpag*Mere eiBulated and the r**ulting head and runoff data war* (.OBpared to B**aur*ddate collected during February 19*4. The potentioBetric *ur(*ce constructedfro* aiaiulated data for the *and and gravel *qulfar (fig. 25) i* *i*iil*r ta thepotentioBetric *urfece con* true ted fro* aeaaured d*ta (fig. 16). The calibre*tion i* i l ight ly batter than that for *uBB*r puBpaga. Biaulated wat*r level* inthe con«* of d*pr***ion *r* within I ft of tha** derived froa •***ur*d data.

The potentioB*tric *urf*c* can*truct*d fro*> *i*tutated Jjt« for the lower••aditoo* aquifer (fig. 26) under winter condition* *hown that tb* ground-waterdivide *outh of tha well field i* further eouth tli«n m any of the previou*eiBiilated condition* *nd *lightly further *outh then that derived fro* •**»ur*ddata (fig. 16).

Of the weter level* *inul*ted at observation wal l location* for wintercondition*, 29 percent were within 1 ft of level* Beeaured in February 1984, S3percent were within 2 ft, 77 percent were within 3 ft, end 83 percent werewithin > ft. Becauia puapage wa* le** than in luBBer, emulated ground-waterrunoff wa*, cumulatively, 1.8 ft'/* greater than annual average runoff eetiaetedfroB aeaaured d*ta. SiBulated puBping induced infiltration of water froa theriv*r to the w e l l f i e l d *t • rate of 1.9 ft3 /*.

8«n*itivity a«aly*ia

E>p*riB*ntal *iBul*tion* Bade to t**t the laniitivity ol the «odel indicatethat the Mndei a* Mice *an*itive to recherge thun it i* to •ir**»bed hydraulicconductivity or to boritaatal and vertical hydraulic conductivity of tb*aquifer*, for axeBple, a *iBul*tion in which recbarg* waa reduced by 50 percentreaulted in a decreaae of 3S.4 ft /• in ground-water runoff and a lowering ofaverage water levela *t observation well location* by 2.3 ft in the landatonaaquifer* and 3.) ft in the *and and grav*l equiter. *. aiBuletion in whichhoriiantel hydraulic conductivity wa* decreased by 30 percent in all equifer*,however, reiulted in only • •light decre*** (1.7 ft3/*) of ground-water runoffand a 2.0-foot average ri** of water level* *t obiervatioa w<--ll location* in tha•and and gravel aquifer. SiBulatvd water level* either ro*e or f e l l in the•andatona aquifara depending on tneir proxiaity to *tre*B* or puBping wel l*; tbaevereg* change in water level wa* 1.3 ft. Decrcaaing tha eanditone aquifer*'vertical hydraulic conductivity by a factor of 1 resulted in »nly a alightdacreaae (1.9 ft'/*) in grouod-wtfter runoff and a lowering ot avemge waterlevel* by J.i ft at obeervetion wel l location* in the *and*tona *quif*r*i in the

•*nd and gravel aquifer, *iBul*ted w*t*r level* changed by 1.1 ft. Increaeiagvertical hydraulic conductivity of tne aquifer* resulted in • greater change intotal ground-water runoff but analler change* in water level* than wa* cauaed bydecreeing v*rtic«l hydraulic conductivity. Dacreaping hydraulic conductivityof the *tr**Bbcd* by a factor of i decreased ground-water runoff by 7.1 ft3/*and cauaed average (round-water level* at the ob*ecv*tion we l l location* to ri*eby 1.6 ft. All *if*ri»tnt*l *iBuletioni were Bade under *t*ady-*tat* condition*•nd ground-water withdrawal at 6,300 gal/Bin in Verona w e l l field.

MMUIAT1QNS FOR CUH_PITIOHS__PRIOR PUMPING

SiBulation* of ground'W*ter condition* in 1903 prior to any heavy ptiBpingindicate that the potentioatetrtc turfece in the *aiid *nd Kr*vel aquifer aiay havebeen *inil*r to that *hown in figure 27; the potent loaetrii aurfece for th*lower **nd*ton* aquifer Bay have been *inil*r to [h*t *huuii in figure 28. Theteiult* clo*ely Batch historic data. Hat*r level* in welli tepping the••ndetone aquifer* at *on* place* in th* vicinity of the wel l field were et or•hove land aurface in 1903. Historic dat* indicate that, at well VT6, waterMro*e to 6 feet above the •urface" (Bridgen, 1903} and, at *everel place*,"* pring* elong the hank of the river aad in tb* pond ran all the tia* (note on a1904 cro** *ection, author unknown)", "luwing wel l* and *pringi *r* evidence ofth* preience of confining bed* in tb* Marshall Por>*tion.

SIMULATIONS FOR HELL-HELD LKPANSION_

Model liBulation* wer* Bad* to dateraia* the l'ee*ibility of in*t*lling newBunicip*! *upply w*ll* iBBediately north of th* pre**nt field. Th* new well* aren**ded by th* city of Bettl* Creek to B**t an *v*rag* *UBB*r deBand of 7,900g*l/Bin. Becauae water in Bany Bunicipal well* in the •••tern p*rt of th* wellf i e ld i* cont»innt*d, B*BIBUB pusping in tni* *re* i* e**uB*d to be 1,400gal/Bin. B*cauee of thi*. *nd the f*ct thai puBpege froa we l l* V14, VIS , and V16i* 1,750 gal/Bin, about 3,7*0 gal/Bin would b* needed froa new *upply well* toB**t th* average aiwBer d*B*nd. Tahl* 7 *uBB*ri*e» puBping condition* and theaquifara t*pp*d.

Table 7. — PUB ping condition* that provide • »ui£icieol *upplyof watar to *w«t averege auBBer d««nd

(Aquifer* tapped: U, upper **nd*tone; L, lower •*nd*ton*|

Welle

VI4, VIS, V16*V40, ¥41. »42, ¥43

TotalpuBpage

2.7SO1.4003.7SO

Aquifertapped

U. LU. LL

Pumping froB w e l l a in tb* eaetacn part of (he w e l l f i e l d can cont inueonly a* long *• th* w*lli rwain free of cont*Binanti.

——M»—W)TCMTIOMCTRICStowi Mtrt«**CMIMW iMwrafc t MliM MtMMi aMiftrD««M it tM taMl

CON1DUM--

HMMCM'ttot tfMttw

swmcc

oivioe

« UWIM 1TATIOII — CMMiMMM rMWA STMUMPUM MCAWRCMENT 8ITt

ooa____moo____MOO ifno ice «cim

25.—co*4itiM«.

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ll:•51ft

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39

•C* WELL LOCATION AND(OS dviiam 4**» Mtf (MM*

—«M— POTEMTIOMETfllC SUtnCE"9i>MHmtf.SkMM tttiM* •* MMM-MNW (•*•!.CMtMT MM** I NM. MtMl i* IM !•*•!

<TT>> omESSioN COMTOM--DNMMM «•»!••>

OAfilPM STATlON — CMitiMN

STMCAWFLOW MCMUHCUENT SITE —

o vac looa xoctnp^U——————,—————————————————————Io «e MC Keen

1903 prior toof lotrar

» • • Ji

iz° l » - iI i1 2 : 2 - *3 «* • a • *

T> _ • S 3 t. O * 41 • 2 » 3ns!;^^ H«J 2 r S :«. • " . s o •» 3 r s " " " a a * !s s s ^ - ' S s ^ s s , - 2 - j t - s si.3-a.«:.«* S = -* J4!T5*• .5 • - .2« •" 3 " 1 " ° U H 3

• s a - O b M t , * Z j l w n " 3 S 2 3. • u u •- B - -O ™ ^ « u — -*^,k .

Q--4 • _ i 3 •-» S • • • 3 3 -- * -* o O • •-_ > " o a « - u £.2 -" • a -oarsai-;.-1 ' s :-„ • "--i-s^

OSi'tOTTO*

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NOUVMV14X3

CJ

EXPLANATIONma WELL LOCATION MO NUMCR--

(OS 4tMI*l MW *tf UMIlQ*•Mil)

— ua — TOTENTIOIICTmc SUMKC-'SiMMM.SMv* oliitMOi •! ffWMrt-Mt*r !•*•!.Contour MMrwl I IM». Datum i* *M ta*M

<TT>> OCMISSION CONTOUH-TkpMMi

* MEW KfffLT WELL-- P*t*Mi«Ml tiM

—— MOUND-WATCH DIVIOC• GMUNO-WATCM rtOW—Arra* in*e»IH

dir«eiiv» at new

* 6AGMG STATION— CoMiHMM r*MMa STREAMFLOW MEASUMEHENT SITE--

N« «•«•

*« V> CM* «f •*<•• CI In, < MOOOi ooo raoo

no sx wet»s

30.—SianUc«4 pot«atio««cric »nt*c* of uppor ••»d«toM •qyifn tmd*r M^MT eooditioa* withthr«« B*V rapily volla i^wdiAtalj wxck of Tcrou voll fULd piayiag • totcl of 3,7901*1/«U frov th« loMr aMdBtOM M*>if*r (•vvp^T ••!!• T14, flS, «ad TU *w» « toMl of1,730 f«l/«U; ntpply «•!!• T«. HI. f«, T43 pvp • total of 1,400 i«l/«ia. Intcrdictioi

AOl

WELL LOCATION MO NUUgEft--(OS Mn«ltfMtlf)

Shovt altituM al flfOWH-wsltr IConlMr interval I FMI. Datum i*MO )*(•!

<rT>>OEW»ESSIO»l CONTOUtt —

NEW SUPn.T WELL — PoNoftal til*GMUHO-WITEK DIVIDE

CMOUNO-WATEK fLOW--ArrO«at tin

C*G4**C StlTK>N->Cenlii<vM« rvcara

STItEAMFLO* MEASUREMENT SITE"

Figar* 31. — 3i»nUi«d pe t rat ia«« trie *uffic« «( loverthrt* B«M •tipply «•!!• i^wdiat*ly north of(•l/*io frai th« Low«r icndstoM »quif«r (1,730 i«l/»i«; iopfly wolli TW, Ul, »*2,dictio* v*lli Mt •ianlatcd).

trailer itmttt it **r conditioM with*•!! fi*ld ptMpiof A tottl of 3,750•!!• ?U. T1S. ud V16 pa«p • tot«l of

« total of 1,400 j«l/»in. Int.r-

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSWall* m the city of little Creek'* Verona well field tap the Norehall

Formation of Mia*ia*ippian age and produce upward of 11,000 gel/aum during peakdemand period*. The HanhBll formation ia • very fine to Median aaftdatonecontaining layer* of ehele, eandy abale, and itltatone. The formation it aapuch •* 200 ft thick. Aa defined in thit report, the formation conaiet* of, indescending order: Upper aaod*tone, upper liltatone, lower eaftdatoiM, lower•iltetone, and ahale. The lowrr a and*ton* ia the principal aquifer; PUB pint,teeta and >udel tipulatioa* indicate it ha* a horiiontal hydraulic conductivityof 550 ft/d. Ita traneniaaiviiy ia greatly incraaaed by Opening*" orfracture*. Specific-capacity teata and Model einulationa indicate the upperaandatone ha» a hydraulic conductivity of 150 ft/d.

Glacial depoiit* overlie the Maraball Formation. The deposit* con*i*t ofthree type*: Till, outwalk, *nd channel depoait*. They range in tbickneaa fro*a few feet to about 100 ft. Valuee of horiioatal hydraulic conductlvitic* for•ateriala in the glacial depottt* range ttom IS to 110 ft/d.

Aver ft e ••oual diacharge of Battle Creek P.i*er near the Verona well fieldi* 200 ft5/*. The loved expected diacberge for a 7-day period havug a 10-yearrecurrent interval ia 31 ft1/*. CrovDd-water ruaoff ia •bout 5S ft /*.Re charge rtngea fro* • to 13 in./yr.

Velocitiea of ground-water flow in tbe vicinity of Verota well field ra«t*fro* 1 to 4 ft/d. Puapiag for Municipal aupply c*uaee water to flow to tbe wellfield fro* aeveral tbouaaad feet away, leavy pupping during tbe eu»er pontb*cau*ea ground water to flow directly northward fro* tbe tamett »i-tay«ond Uinteraection, an area where ground water ia know* to contain aignificatt co«-tHniawnta.

Model aianilatioM to evaluate tme feaiibilitv of iaatflliag «e* Mpplywell* i«pedlately north of the present field indicate that pvmpiag J.7SO gal/aiinfro* tbe new well* will produce about 7 ft of drawdown in ihe lower aandatone;aquifer in tbe vicinity of the pew well*. Becaua* tbeae t*p only tbe loweraandatone aquifer, tbe pwaiping doe* not create distinct cove* of depreeaion intbe two overlying aquifer*. Water from obaervation wella tapping tbe upper endlower aandatone aquifer* in the vicinity of tbe new wella contained »o volatilehydrocarbon*, but did contain high conceAtratione of iron, eulfate, aodiuei, aadchloride.

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(O

DEFINITION OF TERMS

ln*- «|M* •*i mM* u mUHffmt «• IIHt tat/U *• (itentnw «H

M*t •nm%"'»'i*i *l Imimnii** *tn >*>« I* i«h> *Hlltki<II*M IttHtlMtMl M* Mttt ^ »*»»* •< t«t tfM* U **tM» d It**

,•«M HriMM *M (MM tttl ••* kt «toH IHVltMtll*. <•««* I* tlMMllIlk k*MWM Ik* IH.

J-I.t.» - I.Itl - 1.1IU - UI•It • I. Ill

.MM

«lMk*t*« *t ••«*« ft** Ik* *H«C*I«•*)! tM 1*^1 I II

k'H*> Hilt ••« *IUI

• tt MM,. Ik* tlHiiliu-

MM — III M Ml•M.IM.I* *M* — *l UMtl — I M **

ft «I« *I Ik* mttfUtmt »to**«to ototr-

Mil t»* *I*IH*I *1 llfM Hill' » Ikt lllH*l1t». kt*IMlto pl.tmi.UrU IW MtlUj mt •

HMt*llc—Mt ikttM U MI(I< UM tM Btll tl lll*li to t llttt™ *M tfMilit*. Ut <lfM(ll* to IMMUlr lt<l"llM M It

ik*i tl Ik* ttttmm «M ft M*H»* to **M.lftjfcr-*< •»«• tiitl ik* totoilH tt MI**, lltt. »l**to|. ttotkMt*.

Mi*pftUtf •irtji--- *•!«*«. it. l«ti< i* M*u MIH itn tkM toil*j«tl MI*I mfl*.

i Mn «« ttt»ltii*iMt iMt mnn tM MttMai ikt HIM *nl**B|

t*m to to . •!«• *«U* BM

I MM tonl «ikk> Ik. t*IL

•tut* ft Ikt tklllty tf #•»• I* •••**•• *• tltMito

Mtn* '••11*1 HHMUHlH *l OHM.••• **w HH«I *n«n ik* <«U *f «to**>iM iitto* uMtMiMtoi Ito•mtjMt *H IWol *• *H*UI< ni im«* (U «l«^k>l to u Me nx*•.1 U »J,

.--fk* tftm U akltk •»« *t (ki pimiflHtt ttmtm^l I IMI uMik ft lk> >«(t!•'• U *•**»». I** »•• •*!•« I* Ik*HMII •*»«•. H I* «*Ht » Ik* rn4.l

Hri **BUar IIM (I'll I-

47

TABLES

49

M-11 .——— ——————————— . (»»|H*l«Hi 'H|l| |HMI

It-It ———————— " (*••• '"II •• H|| tlttt *«>»•«

•t-*l ——————————— - ——————— (••• ••»!»• "I H||l MM•|-t .» —————————————————————————— . —— - ——— <*H»»

1,,, *n •!«•» l||> '(..I 'H|l) MM

.. !!••»» I.I..I* (11

tl C*. (A*** '"11 ft ••!! l"»l H*M»M

•••1 • ••• ••(T-, ——— - ——————————————————————————————— tt»«|**|I|H

'•MM t*«II ••• ("1 -HIM"! MM

•"•••Ml* ••III

.t t.«j i.(. •» 'i"-i« •• »•••»

|t.«tl (HI ||» ("•"! •••ltH| MM• HIM" |>|»ll (||

M-ll ———————— - CM»t«1l|H 'M||i T>UI* M*

tl-lt -• ———————————— --• —————— (••«« •• "«»

!•**!• H* (••! '•••*•• *t «•!•*•! P*M(|-t| —————— . —————— —— , (••) •••»•> •] M|MB| MM

IIIMM** i>i»ri in

VI*** !!•*

P*

H.tt . _____ . ___ ,»."!•• !!•• '•""••I !•»••n*l M* l«l '•• •» llH •> H||) •»•

|I-I| ———————————— . <l"l« *t !'•**• **•**"'""

(!-• ————————— <•«•« Ml*** ••»»»•• •" H||» *•«lll|H«H 1*1 »lt II*

IHBtt**** ••«*!

•!-• ——————————————————— |*«l -HI*** *l Hfll H»(

! •*•!•«••• «•**•

tl-l .............. (vatfv] tift #*>• (••••M} 'II*

M> (*•! •••"•! !«** •> **|M>I *••!

|M> I****! l*l*l*' '••»•• •« Hilt **••

tt-II —————————— !"'• '"II •> H|| Il«) M*l****t

IMIIHIM II •»««••

IMIIM1M 1 !•«"••!*.,( —————— (,...1..| H ••<!»> || H|D |*»>*

•HI M> ' II '•«••** <«•• II «•!»*•»M* '(•• 1) III* '<>H*« It H.( 1*11

It-It ———— (lilt •« "• •*•• '«MM "I »»«» '•!»Il-l - ——— - (•• •I«H •• '"11" •» H||| IMI'l

M* '(•• M) 111* '<••••< •»•>•') *•!»l*l|l*«*l l*t»lt W

,„, «Mt«in "«HI4I<*« IIW

<.*«8 I«|K.1< •*"• «IMP •it** "°J* »n°* •*• »iaoj i* •oii*iti3i»a — *c »n«i

ll» '111* 'Mil II Hll "••> n*l>*H«

1IIIIIWM II ••*••«|.| ———————— (M.*|.lfl|H -HIM* *t H|D l""i

I*I|IHI> 1*1 M|l

,f*l —————————— ("•» 'MM .1 nil 1»M «*1IHM• •••111*** "«"*

* " «i»"r" '('"it in* '(Mi^timiH•H||) »ll* '(MI* '«|1 ll»| MMII-H —.,.—— (•« ii ««• M* M>M *"*Bj;j;*«• (•• '••*••* !•*• •! ••ll*«l MM

'••t»H) | •••• *•*• 111* (B**!!! tillM* (••! ' l"*l III! » "II ll«l MM

M* 1" '••»•• ttM *l H|M«) MM.•!!•"•• 1*T**t*

Cll-H ———————— H«l '"11 •» »fl *•••» n»t*MMi*i*i*ini •••••

1I-II ————————— -. —————— (Hill •> •"'!) "1* *H*111* |M»I«II|M '•«>•« •! Hill(•"it M* !•" •••»•*« »> ••!(> MM

((.( ————————— . —————— (1»M1 »•* M* (1l*l«) "IS!•!»•«•> limit

,!-» —————— ,. ——————— . ——————————————— (l*"|) 1>|I

„ ....... —— ...„„,...—— ...„.————._._. „„

• "•! ».«-• 1 li|lj*l

Titi"«*t t>i»r»

IH| IMIMH1|HM

»

It

II

11

i Mm

*»• !l?« (MI*tM|t|M •*.!••• ••Mi* M« (Ml •••»« ll•||.f*l » (!•»• *M1| *t Mil MM '«IU*I >MIMMI __ IMMMIM •

Mt.Mi ..................... ,!*•• ><t**» •MMiiti •«•«; «—- »•"• •-"•" " *Pt.«g«l 2»!St»t-l*l — <»»• 'MH •> MII IIM -tin*) M*I*MH. M-f* ——————."I'.""" '_"__..*__!:! ~~Itl-ltt —————.......——.—— (inn •<)•"> MCKIIII |*-M ————- (*••• '«»I»M ii Mil t*M| MI in'••"•'»• •••" ""i*r" ••"• , n : *:.»Ifli-all «-**•••- Iteif **••• •• ii*ii <**kk •••!••••• 4 t»«liiMMM ||MM*t i**11H«*| M"*inn« - (MH 'Miy.^MiM..."«»mt ;«;••-•• •*-« —• y:'Tj:;j'!"«;:j'«;: * jni'.ris!! *»* ""* ——•*• •"*;„ iij;,1;,".!" !" '"isIM'I* -———————- («••• .1 ••..! •ii!y|*tM»!?H1 " ijJJ'MM'MI • jM»|«iHIM • «t|) iiil»««« t*in» til

Ii-tl -——

—— ,---- —— -. «-(t " ——— -———— «•!• 'Mtl M MH

—iim»| ||«Min

.———————.... (!•>• •! (Mil '1|>«1| •MKIIII HI* MM Ml '(>*»l"l>tM 'Mil)

.—————————....————.———l"""'!Ini it-n* ——— (M»tnii|M ••"•« •« MIH !•»•*• t •»••) IMHtlt* I* •••(•I .MI It" J" t"l •' "'I '»«"•* •>•" "I M|« HI

|»M •> «••• -WltH tt Mil *«•! M*l*Mt| •!-» ———————————————— ("I 'M»M» •* MIM*|————————— (Ml •**••*• *t M|M*|M>« M* ' !•«••> Ill* '(*•**» **t*

I*I|*M^« t*1>Ml it M* (M»i«> ill* » •mil. . (••! -HIM* (1 M|| tin) M*l

ffl-tll "————————————._...———————

»|.I1 —1————. (Mil 'Mil •* nn IIM I MIIIMM. •*• !*•••* »ii<

:M11MI<« ||*«*1M

,_„„ ——-..., '"Ill !••••• M" |M»4> ltd•••Mill* IM»1 •••• 111* (••! '••!••• •» •••!! MM

-------- — |l*|f•••Hill* *M>tt|-|| ——————— [<•>! 'Mil M M|l IIM) MIHMMU-ll " I**** '*••» •• M|| (IM ll|l|*| MVIMMf|| 4 ————————— (!•>• 'Mil •! M|l UH) MCHMM

————————————————————— («'»• '»«•» MCMIIfl

«t-»H —— -•«—— !*•*• •••II <IH -Itll*! ••*»•••(•1l-*n -.-....-.———————— tint •<<•*•> >»i*i|||•It-Ht ———....—.————————————————————— (!•••

'••II *«*» •<!»• *•> l«ll«| Mltl*»tm-«»i ™—.— !•••• •!»••• ••• '!•«•} Httuni1 H M * > '" f

1«*I*M*>

..••l*Hfl »M1 ll*»|*t|l|M 'MIMI llM *l MHI |«*ll , M*l «11« <MI •••!••• •!,„-*„ ————————— (III! *Mf| •> H|| llM) •••)•*•*• M« <«1 •••«•! ««M « M|| HM) MM '•111Ml.|f .™__———— |llll) •••1*1111 !• t»«t «MI tl-t .™ —————...........——..... (»H«t »!!• » . Am_ . .__

—— -•—- '-«n » Hit lint MIIIMM mm *tt* (**i*t"H1*B '*IIMI •) Mtt) t»-tl —"——-~ (Mil *MII M nil KM)IMB1*I«* 1M*| I'**••) t»»l *•• (HI '(HIM <Ht M Mfll MM 'Mtl_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . _ _ _ _ f|| *H|MIM 1*1 Ml• ItII , iMim

t«*| itamni•t-l*«

Table 3.--D*Beri»tioM of tocki ••4 »iU fro* ««U» drilledfcjr U.S. Geological Survey—Continued

• Uiltl <•*••'">rut IHM, ••*•*•. •in. ci«i ——— —- —— *->r»i m«k> tmi tl«i (»U«kl ——————— —— — »-••ill tflM I* *••! «»««!«, «••( »<l»*ll IflH 1* ••*!••. Mlllitliti*) -— -- *-lt

•••< <«»«f '!•• «• •**!••. l«l >llk »M•••I ||HM«I ———— »» —— —— - ———— - — ————— !»-»•

Me* (Mil** I* til* HHH. I») III|f«*l tltH. Mlll«l«.O — >- —————————— - M-It

•»**•! I »«•«*•• I•pHl lllllIM*!lllIIIM* (•»•!>. l»f>

»HHH*IIHHIIM <»•!•. »•«» MM » HH. «!•*> — «I-4IMlMIIH <•*(* (IM !• IIM. •!«) ————————— «»-!•••••>!«• (•111! (I *k*lf. •«» IIM II IIM.

••«> —— ————————— - —————————————— *•-!••••MMH («•«« IIM M IIM. IHf) ————————— (•-•«IHII IIIIMCHI•l|l*l**« (*Ml», (>*fl ————— - ——————— - ——————— II-MH|M|«H ttltll, ...f II** I* KM. |l*f> « «-•*•II1MM. «(**lf. •••!» —————————————————————— M-»*••«•«••• K»lf. Mtf <lM I* IIM, «l»l '* **-*•

Itell (•>•»> M-ll*

•Illlll HM«ltll•»< HIM » »«•!. t»I. (I«ll

ttlM !• *•«!••. •>ltl»l»**«). (Ml<»i*»l. ••* >l*r iknul — ——— - ——— - •-!»

MM HIM •• <«IM. I**), n* •»«•!(ItH >• •*•!••. *-IllM)<»4) -. ———————— t»-l»

•in I»»H) >•• KM IkraM) — ——— -..— H-IItni HIM •• »•(*«. *••> ••* ••»*l

*t*<f •!!»—— 'I-**

I* ••*

IUf *«•••>, *IH H»Hl, *H« (nitIIH (• •*•( IHtll. l**t, ••* 4**>ll!••«•• M •*«••, HltllfUlM* ——————— ——— **-*)

*H (••*» III* •*M |H(f flH >• »|M, MM)(til !•»•>« *l ltll*(*M (lt.lt -- ———— M-ll

<»«.! l»

CtMlt H ""It. **'t HMill-litIll-litlit-ltt

Mt.ull MtHllHI

MHMH* tffww II** !• IIM. I'll) ————MM***** l*»i Iu* l* H4I**. •»)> ———

••M* *tit*iM»iiitimii <**•>! ""•—•--———-————•Wf lU* I* (|H. •>•?)

•lk*»*.IM (**•*, U*J* » BMlM. •!•»> —•———MMMH* Illltti «Mt "•* I* '"*. M*F> —l**Mt*M (mt Um M IlH. in>) -•——™.

•Ill <i*M*U Mi HHH) —————————........•IMI«I e*t**iM)

HWI (IM* (• «••«*, *••> ••« ii«*l III...

Mil (IHH»| **4 M****) «————™-—————-

•Hi l***f (IM t* •*«»•, tMl »•* »"«*lIIM* I* «««i««, UBltlHlHIli IHt

II. M-H HI •————————————

I Hit MH*i (IM* IIMl**) (IIM I* H«H, H|ll»ll»41 ———

••(•Hll MlHllMI•HH M*MIH*I•IMI>«*« tiltlt. HW ilH l* "•*. «>*r>MIMIH* (•••* iM*. »• H*tM. lilt I ""-

•fHI *U*M***IIlli***** (*Mlf Mi »M», I'.il ——•——--

l-tt

li-lt

II-M

UlMIMI

Mtikil tcn.ll**

•III.••Ml ••*

IIM. I

IHK <|«. .

•Ml* 'Mr •»fl ——*———-•————————'-

•I ill* I (•! **l*H«*ll*"(t*llH"---————- •>!MI.Mll n —— •' -•

•** r* *•* IlH •• IlH. •«*!! -*••• IlH • IlH, MM) ————«——

• ~

*!-••H'tt11-11M-M

IIM «• IlH.

I ••-!*•

114-11*

lll-IM

I**** "Ml n*M.4.I.M HI IlH I* H<IM. I|HH> ————• •>!MHItM* III I. Hlf III* I* IlH,

•MI *** ft* IlH II MXIH. ••*»! ——-.«- It-*- "- ill >. nn HM i* H*lH.

H> IlH >• ll«. Mill ——.———— H-i

•M t. i»r' —-——-—-——« *»-»rf»iH« I. Ht| IlH. §'•!> ————————— - M-ll

>» IlH II IlH. •>«> —————————

•till W >M r. Wlfl —— —— ————MM»*M t•**!», nt> llu. |i*(l

11-ltltl-IMM-IM44-IH

•Ml* <•*«

52

K**«M 1>M*I*

f|-tl —————.———— ———————— ....... |>»Ml«| |M»*•*• iMMIHttIM *Mt*** •! Mill t*«lt

Ml (M»« ft ("I 'IIHII til* •> Mtmi MlM-I —————.————.——————————————————————. («H|* •*

•HM) to|l T" (•"!«) 11(1 I* *"MI(II* (Ml*IM|t|M 'HIM* « Oil)

(•Hit M* (••> 'MI*M <!•* •! M|(| MIH ......—————— |l*»|*»f1|*> -Mil) |»*ll |*

••"*! •!!• <••) 'M»*l II Mt*M| p*i •»»•*•• ••*'M""» I»IW1I

Ml-ttt ——Ml-tll ——————-———————— (toll •!!»•) M.mmtil-til -- (toil 'Mt( II M|) (i>* 'till*) "•!•"••Ill-Ill -————-——————————————— (IMI '<t«MI *•«>•! I It

TIH»llt* >••••

•ll-tlt

>(» f* »»•• <l|* HI f*-*l »MMI»t

fM («•! '•*»•• *»• l| M(| lilt) MM

(toil

<M|Min

IM-MI " Itoll '»|t •( M?» MMMI-MI -————•—————•--—— |to»l

IM-MI -————————..... |»l*| MVIMtfl M fl«!)• (l*(l 'fftt n M|| 1(M) M*

MI-MI -——-—— <!•«• '«»! •; Mil MM) IM•ll-lll -- (•«* *M|» •» Mtt MM <1IM*|MB -

I It-Mi ———.———..————. («>• '«I«W MI iiI M*M*| I II

MI'f* -•-- ———— - ("Ml *M|I •* Mil to!*) M4

» MIMB) W*t«l HIM*) »*«•«t -MI») MHi««ln f« ton.•»••«•* |*l »!•

H-lt -.—————,.————————————..._.. IHM*M| •«•HI («•!• *•* (M*l«| »|t« I* "Mil 11*

(••1 '««»«•• toM •! *«f| IIH) MM11-1 —————————————-- (»»«»|MMIH -Mtl) |>»ll

M> |MI •••»•• toH M *•!!) MM

«t|B (Ml •••IM* •• MII MMI M»l

'•H*M*f |l|»l

it'd — (toit 'MJI •* Mft MM ''HIM M«I*MMi••••••••• mm*tm

l«|tMH(

—————.... (toll 'M|| •! M|| ll**l •»»•*•••1MI1IMM IM«t

,••)»•»* ||**l»|

•••ft) |MH« »•• •(••! 'MM• I Mil MM) ••*• '(!•'•) Itl* *('•••) toll

("torti till M»

ItI'llIHI-HIIII-Mlfll-ltl

*•-!!

•1-11

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1 73 geohydrology and ground-water flow at verona … · 2018-06-19 · geohydrology and...

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