07. guda 30
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margo presentationTRANSCRIPT
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Wind energy in Curaçao
Durable Energy Conference Curaçao
Margo Guda Manager & Senior Scientist,
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia Curaçao, March 30, 2012
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Short historical overview
• Water pumping • Enthusiasts and hobbyists • UNA and FAPE • Kodela • Wind farms: Tera Kora and Playa
Kanoa
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Wind energy in Curaçao: past barriers
• No wind resource assessment • No policy • No support • No financial incentives
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Wind energy in Curaçao: successes
• Wind resource assessment • Development of local expertise • Wind farm development • Success builds success: from Tera Kora
to Playa Kanoa • Wind farm expansion (context:
worldwide and regional developmens)
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Curaçao in the Caribbean context
• Curaçao, Barbados, Guadeloupe and Martinique
• Jamaica • Aruba, Republica Dominicana, Bonaire • Puerto Rico, Cuba • Guyana, Panama? • Grenada, St Vincent, Nevis • Suriname, Trinidad & Tobago
4/2/2012
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia 4/2/2012
Wind Energy Basics
How to harvest wind energy
Wind Energy Output = Wind Resource x Power Curve
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
description of the wind resource:
• variability in time • Variability in space • Vertical profiles • Annual distributions of wind speed • Wind direction and its variation • turbulence
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia 4/2/2012
Wind characteristics • Power in the wind
– Depends on air density – Capture area – Cube of wind speed
vA21=P 3ρ
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia 4/2/2012
The Betz Maximum
• The theoretical maximum rotor efficiency is reached for:
• And has a value of 16/27. • This is better known as the Betz Maximum:
Cp = 16/27 = 0.593
13
ζ = 2
1
vv
ζ =
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia 4/2/2012
Wind resource assessment – Establish values for the most important
wind regime variables: – Average wind speed and direction – Distribution of observed/observable
averages – Description of variability
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia 4/2/2012
A snapshot of a wind regime
Examples of variation: •diurnal variation •Seasonal variation •Annual distribution of wind speeds •turbulence intensity (not shown)
ANNUALIZED DIURNAL VARIATION:WINDSPEEDAirport site 01
TIME OF DAY (hours)
WIN
DS
PE
ED
(m/s
)
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920212223
ave=6.11
<v> at 10m
Long term average monthly windspeed (1964-1991)
win
dspe
ed (m
/s
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec
average monthly windspeed period average
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF WINDSPEEDSAirport site 01
windspeed bin (m/s)
rela
tive
frequency
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
distribution at 10m calculated
MONTHLY DIURNAL VARIATION:WINDSPEEDAnnual average
TIME OF DAY (hours)
WIN
DSP
EED
(m/s
)
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920212223
airport Tera Kora Parera
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia 4/2/2012
A snapshot of a wind regime
6,00
6,20
6,40
6,60
6,80
7,00
7,20
7,40
7,60
7,80
WIN
DSP
EE
D (m
/s)
year
long term windspeed data airport annual average
avg spd
regression
Inter-annual variation at reference site
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia 4/2/2012
Calculating energy yield • Wind resource x turbine power curve
– Energy calculation equation
– Weibull frequency distribution
– Ideal wind turbine power curve
0
( ) ( )E T P v f v dv∞
= ∫
1( ) ( ) exp( ( ) )k kk v vf vc c c
−= −
3max
3max
1( ) ( ) (0 )21( ) ( ) (0 )2
p r
p out
P v A c v v v
P v A c v v v
ρ η
ρ η
= ≤ ≤
= ≤ ≤
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia 4/2/2012
Weibull distributions of different shapes
Weibull functions for different shape factors
k=2
k=1
k=1.5
k=2.5
k=4
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Windspeed in m/s
freq
uenc
y (r
elat
ive)
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia 4/2/2012
Energy yield calculation
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,35
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Po
wer
out
put (
kW)
wind speed in m/s
Power curve
0.27 kW, 1.7m
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 10 20 30
Ann
ual e
nerg
y ou
tput
(kW
h)
wind speed in m/s
Annual energy 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 10 20 30
hour
s per
yea
r
wind speed in m/s
Wind regime
977 kWh
7m/s, k=4
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia 4/2/2012
Energy yield calculation
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,35
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Po
wer
out
put (
kW)
wind speed in m/s
Power curve
0.27 kW, 1.7m
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 10 20 30
hour
s per
yea
r
wind speed in m/s
Wind regime
7m/s, k=2
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 10 20 30
Ann
ual e
nerg
y ou
tput
(kW
h)
wind speed in m/s
Annual energy
933 kWh
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia 4/2/2012
Energy yield calculation
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,35
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Po
wer
out
put (
kW)
wind speed in m/s
Power curve
0.27 kW, 1.7m
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 10 20 30
hour
s per
yea
r
wind speed in m/s
Wind regime
7m/s, k=5.5
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 10 20 30
Ann
ual e
nerg
y ou
tput
(kW
h)
wind speed in m/s
Annual energy
981 kWh
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia 4/2/2012
Energy yield calculation
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 10 20 30
hour
s per
yea
r
wind speed in m/s
Wind regime
7m/s, k=2
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,35
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Po
wer
out
put (
kW)
wind speed in m/s
Power curve
1.0 kW, 2.5m
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 10 20 30
Ann
ual e
nerg
y ou
tput
(kW
h)
wind speed in m/s
Annual energy
3694 kWh
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia 4/2/2012
Energy yield calculation
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Po
wer
out
put (
kW)
wind speed in m/s
Power curve
1.0 kW, 2.5m
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 10 20 30
hour
s per
yea
r
wind speed in m/s
Wind regime
7m/s, k=4
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 10 20 30
Ann
ual e
nerg
y ou
tput
(kW
h)
wind speed in m/s
Annual energy
3477 kWh
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia 4/2/2012
Energy yield calculation
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Po
wer
out
put (
kW)
wind speed in m/s
Power curve
1.0 kW, 2.5m
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 10 20 30
hour
s per
yea
r
wind speed in m/s
Wind regime
7m/s, k=5.5
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 10 20 30
Ann
ual e
nerg
y ou
tput
(kW
h)
wind speed in m/s
Annual energy
3328 kWh
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia 4/2/2012
Effects of going higher • Influence of
topography and geography – Vertical wind profile – Geostrophic and
surface winds – Terrain roughness
and topography • Buildings • Trees • Hill tops and ridges
– Thermal influences
logarithmic vertical profile
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 5 10 15
wind speed (m/s)
heig
ht a
bove
gro
und
zzu=v(z)0
* lnκ
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia 4/2/2012
Factors influencing wind regimes
• Topographical and geographical influences – Terrain roughness
and topography • Buildings • Trees • Hill tops and ridges
– Thermal influences
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Wind energy in Curaçao: new possibilties
• Small scale wind energy applications • The new energy policy
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Wind energy in Curaçao: looking ahead
• Wind farms: larger than ever • Your own wind turbine…? • Community scale wind energy?