03 - mark hodson - final

7/28/2019 03 - Mark Hodson - Final

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Soil pollution and its

impact on soil lifeMark Hodson


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Mark Hodson, Soil pollution and its impact on soil life 2

Structure

Sources of soil pollution

How wide spread is the problem?

When is a pollutant a problem

Scale / level of impact Effects

Quantifying effects

Opportunities

Challenges


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Sources of pollution

Image from: http://www.michellehenry.fr/pollution.htm


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325 000 potentially contaminated sites

c. 300 000 ha

c. 2% of land area

33 500 contaminated sites identified to date21 000 treated

EA 2009 figures


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360 000 potentially contaminated sitesGerman Federal Ministry for the

Environment, Nature Conservation and

Nuclear Safety 2002 figures


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Danish Ministry of the Environment 2009

figures


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Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning

and the Environment (now part of theMinistry of Infrastructure and Environment)

2009 figures

Cost estimated at 100 billion Dutch guilders

in 1997 (c. 500 M today)


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When is a pollutant a problem?

Image from: Semple et al.

(2004) Environ. Sci. Technol. 38

(12)


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Mark Hodson, Soil pollution and its impact on soil life

When is a pollutant a problem

Cr(VI) vs Cr(III), Cr metal


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Scale / level of impact

Molecules

MetallothioneinsImage from: Professor Frank Shaw,University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/cfsiii/www/


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Molecules

Heat shock proteinsImage from:

http://www.usnon.com/expressi

on-of-heat-shock-protein-70-in-

human-skin-cells.htm


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Molecules

Cells

Image from:

http://www.kathimitchell.com/cells.html


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Molecules

Cells

Image from: Hopkin (1989)

Ecophysiology of metals in terrestrial

invertebrates. Granule in

hepatopancreas of a snail


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Molecules

CellsImage from:

Cotter-

Howells et

al (2005)

Environ.Sci.

Technol. 39

7731-7740


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Molecules

Cells

Organs

Image from:

http://decenthospital.com/organs.html


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Molecules

Cells

Organs

Surface precipitatesImage: Sonja Selenska-

Pobell/Mohamed Larbi Merroun);http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9

821-bacteria-skin-helps-assemble-

metal-nanoclusters.html


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Molecules

Cells

Organs

Hepatopancreas (liver +

pancreas)Image:

http://rioiriri.blogspot.co.uk/2008/02/bio-

geekery-giant-isopods.html


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Molecules

Cells

Organs

ChloragogImage:

http://kids.britannica.com/elementary/ar

t-67299/Earthworms-belong-to-a-

group-of-worms-known-as-segmented


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Molecules

Cells

Organs

Midgut (Cd), Cuticle (Zn)Image: http://www.cgm-

gardenlife.co.uk/pages/Centipedes-

Milipedes-Earwigs-and-Woodlice.html


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Molecules

Cells

Organs

Midgut epitheliumImage:

http://www.utexas.edu/tmm/sponsored_

sites/biospeleology/photos.htm


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Molecules

Cells

Organs

Animals

Image from: Field studies council

http://www.field-studies-

council.org/breathingplaces/minibeasts.

htm


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Effect on soil organisms

Metabolic cost

vs


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Metabolic cost

vsx x


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Metabolic cost

Survival


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Metabolic cost

Survival

Evolution

Reference

Stream

Cottage Image: Jane Andre


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Molecules

Cells

Organs

Animals Ecosystems

Image from: Portland State University

http://ecoplexity.org/soil_model


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Metabolic cost

Survival

Population structure


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Metabolic cost

Survival

Population structure

Community / ecosystem


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Quantifying the effects

Diversity indices

Simpsons diversity index

(0 = no diversity, 1 = infinite diversity)

n = number of a particular species

N = total number

1 (-----)

n (n 1)

N (N 1)


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Quantifying the effects


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The omic revolutions

Image from:

http://www.chemeng.ucla.edu/research/

research-areas/biomolecular-

engineering-and-systems-biology


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Mixtures

Image from: Jonker et al. (2004)

Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 23 1529 - 1537


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Summary

Pollutants are generated by all sorts of human

activities Soil pollution is a wide spread problem

Pollutants have to be bioavailable to cause harm

Impacts occurs from the molecular to ecosystemscale

Quantification is by controlled testing and

comparisons Omics technologies are not yet mature

Mixtures are difficult

03 - mark hodson - final

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