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FINAL REPORT OF RIHMI-WDC, OBNINSK, RUSSIA ON THE

ACCOMPLISHMENT OF SUBCONTRACT #S01-23286

(Period of 2001-2003)

“DIGITIZATION OF HISTORICAL MARINE METEOROLOGICAL

AND ACTINOMETRIC (RADIATION) OBSERVATIONS FROM

RUSSIAN RESEARCH VESSELS”

Marsel Shaimardanov,

Project PI from the Russian Side,

Director, RIHMI - WDC

OBNINSK, 2003

REPORT ON ACCOMPLISHMENTS NSF Cooperative Agreement

ATM-9732665, Subcontract №. S01-23286

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………..3

1. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF HISTORICAL TABLE DOCUMENTS……………….3

2. METHODS OF PREPARING OBSERVATION DATA TO BE ENTERED ON PC-

COMPATIBLE MEDIA ……………………..…………………………………………..7

2.1. Cloudiness ……………………..……………………………………………………..7

2.2. Pyrheliometric Scale………………………………………………………………...14

2.3. Local time…………………………………………………………………………….14

2.4. Radiation balance components……………………………………………………...16

2.5. Sea surface state……………………………………………………………………..16

2.6. Wind direction………………………………………………………………………..19

2.7. Coding of sun disc state (DS) and sky color (SC). ………………………………....21

2.8. Visibility………………………………………………………………………………21

3. TABLE DATA PC DIGITIZATION TECHNOLOGY …………………………….22

4. TABLE DATA CONTROL AND CONVERSION TO THE UNIFORM

PRESENTATION FORMAT …………………………………………………………...23

4.1. Actinometrical Observations Format (AOF)………………………………………23

4.2. Meteorological Observations Format (MOF)………………………………………24

5. RESCUED DATA SPACE-TIME DISTRIBUTION IN THE PC INFORMATION

BASE…………………………………………..…………………………………………..27

SUMMARY OF RESULTS .…………………………………………………………30

Appendix 1. …………………………………………………………………………….....32

1.1. Archive Format for Presentation of Ship Marine Actinometrical Data

Version 2. 05 April 2002…………………………………………………………………32

Appendix 2………………………………………………..………………………………37

2.1. Archive Format for Presentation of Ship Marine Meteorological Data

Version 2. 24 January 2002…..……………………….…………………………. …..…37

REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………………...41

2



ABSTRACT

In the period of 2000-2003 the All Union Research Institute of Hydrometeorological

Information – World Data Center (RIHMI-WDC) was involved in the work under the US

University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) Subcontract No S01-23286

“Digitization of historical marine meteorological and actinometrical (radiation)

observations from Russian research vessels (RV)”.

Marine environmental observations serve as the only source of information on marine

climate. Weather and climate observations made over the ocean are of considerable

interest for the experts involved in the modeling of atmospheric processes, study of the

ocean atmosphere interaction, monitoring of air and water pollution, investigation of

climate warming. Most of the data are still obtained by measurements or visual

assessments from ships although in recent time buoys are being used more and more.

Marine meteorological data are exchanged via the Global Telecommunication System

(GTS). Many countries have accumulated their own marine meteorological data sets. The

WMO Member States for many years have been continuously exchanging ship data under

the framework of Marine Climatologically Summaries Scheme (MCSS). At present

COADS is the largest data set in this field. It incorporates national data sets of many

countries as well as the sets resulted from different research climate programs.

The project under consideration was aimed at rescuing historical ship data held in the

RIHMI-WDC data holding on paper and in different formats. In their present state the data

are not available for the international scientific community.

1. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF HISTORICAL TABLE DOCUMENTS

RIHMI-WDC holds data of ship marine meteorological and actinometrical observations on

paper. The data were obtained by RVs in the period of 1931-2000. The inventory of records

of the RIHMI-WDC data holding allowed the computer-based catalog of RV cruises

performing meteorological and actinometrical observations to be made. Fig. 1 gives a

general distribution of the data on paper by years.

3



1931 1935 1947 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000V1

0

50

100

150

200

250

Cou

nt

Fig.1. Distribution of table documents with ship meteorological and actinometrical

observations of Russian RVs by years.

Observations were obtained for a long historical period. Most of the data resulted from

scientific experiments and research programs, which had different aims and were of

different duration. All this led to a wide variety of initial tables with meteorological and

actinometrical observations.

With this in mind methods of observing and encoding meteorological and actinometrical

parameters used in different years have been analyzed as well as a strategy of data

digitization and preparation of tables with observations for computer compatible media has

been developed.

Fig. 2 and 3 give samples of the tables with meteorological and actinometrical

observations.

4



Fig. 2 TGM-15 with ship meteorological observations

Fig. 3 TM-12 with ship actinometrical observations

5



Table 1 gives a list of parameters with their units included into TM-12, TGM-3M and

TGM-15 tables for different years.

ТABLE 1.1.

List of radiation balance components and basic meteorological parameters included

into TM-12, TGM-3M and TGM-15 tables

№No

Parameter Units

1 Altitude of sun(h) degrees, 0.10

2 Radiation balance (B) cal/sm2min, kW/m2

3 Radiation balance of long-wave radiation,

cal/sm2min, kW/m2

4 Direct solar radiation (S) onto perpendicular surface

cal/sm2min, kW/m2

5 Direct solar radiation (S') onto horizontal surface

cal/sm2min, kW/m2

6 Albedo (A) %7 Total radiation (Q) cal/sm2min, kW/m2

8 Diffuse radiation (D) cal/sm2min, kW/m2

9 Reflected solar radiation (R) cal/sm2min, kW/m2

10 Total cloud amount (N) Numbers, KN-01 code11 Low-level cloud amount Numbers, KN-01 code12 Form of low-level cloud Symbol, code from Upper Air Annual,

KN-01 code 13 Height of cloud base m, KN-01 code14 Form of medium-level cloud Symbol, code from upper air annual, KN-

01 code15 Form of high-level cloud Symbol, code from Upper Air Annual,

KN-01 code16 True wind direction degrees, tens of degrees17 Wind speed m/s, 0.1 m/s18 Visual range (meteorological) M, miles, cables, KN-01 code, numbers19 Present weather Symbol, KN-01 code20 Atmospheric pressure 0.1 mb, hPa21 Air temperature 0.10С, integer degrees22 Water temperature 0.10С, integer degrees23 Dew point temperature 0.10С, integer degrees24 Relative humidity %25 Water vapour pressure Mb, 0.1 mb26 Wind wave period sec27 Height of wind waves m, 0.5 m28 Sea surface state number, code29 Skylight color symbol, code

6



2. METHODS OF PREPARING OBSERVATION DATA TO BE ENTERED ON

PC-COMPATIBLE MEDIA

The information contained in the tables covered a long historical period of observations,

therefore methods of encoding meteorological and actinometrical parameters change from

one report to another.

Analyzing the regulatory documents on actinometrical observations made from RVs we

have found out that there isn’t any approved manual on making ship observations of the

radiation balance components. Only scientific reports of the Main Geophysical Observatory

and reprinted individual guidelines resulted from individual R & D activities / 5, 6, 7, 8/ are

available.

As for meteorological observations, they were regulated by Manuals on

Hydrometeorological Stations and Posts from 1944 to 1999.

The tables with actinometrical observations required additional processing before data

entry on computer compatible media. This is due to the fact that there were various groups

of meteorological parameters expressed in words. To make the statistical generalization of

initial data and scientific analysis of information it is necessary to digitize all types of

meteorological and actinometrical observations.

2.1. Cloudiness.

Clouds serve as the basic factor to determine a space-time variability of the radiation

balance components. The group “CLOUDS” is presented in the tables in three forms: in the

КН-01 code; in the code for encoding cloud forms, that is used in the “Manual on

Preparation of Upper Air Annuals”; and in the symbol form, where a form, type and kind of

low, mid and upper clouds being observed are indicated. Eventually the group “CLOUDS”

is brought to the form adequate to the КН-01 / 1 / code.

To encode the verbal group “Clouds” Tables 2.1-2.3 based on the КН-01 code and the 1989

FM 13-IX SHIP international code were used. In the tables for each specific cloud level

Latin symbols designating a cloud form, type and kind are given (in accordance with the

7



adopted classification presented in the “Atlas of Clouds”) as well as additional conditions

and respective КН-01 code figures. In encoding clouds it was necessary to take into

account the total cloud amount (N) and the low-level cloud amount (Nh) that are given in

the respective columns of ТМ-12, TGM-3M and TGM-15 tables in octas (the 10-octa

scale) or in the code figures. The groups “Atmospheric Phenomenon” and “Visibility”

should be used as complementary information.

TABLE 2.1.Low – Level Clouds CL

CL

FORM TYPE KIND Additional conditions

CODE

Cu

Cu hum Cu fr These are not bad weather clouds

No Frnb

1

Cu med

Cu cong

Cu pil Cu hum, Cu fr, Sc Cloud base is at the same level N≥5

2

Сb

Cb calv Cb calv arc CuScSt

3

Cb cap Cb cap arcCb incCb hum

9

Sc Sc cuf

Sc diurSc vesp Formed from Cu or

Cb4

Sc castSc man

5

Sc und Sc trans Sc opSc lent

5

St

St nebSt undSt fr

These are not bad weather clouds 6

St fr FrnbBad weather clouds

As, Ns, CbSc op

7

8



CL

Cu and Sc (with the exception of Sc diur and Sc vesp

Observed concurrently.

8

/ - clouds are not visible due to the darkness, fog and other phenomena.If it is possible to encode CL by several figures the smallest figure is usedOrder 1 2 3 4 5 6 Code figures 9 3 4 8 2 1 5 6 7

where N is greater

All groups of clouds (CL, CM, CH) with the “sl.” symbol used in the form, type or kind, e.g. Cu hum sl. or As trans sl. are not encoded.

TABLE 2.2.Medium – level Clouds, CM

FORM TYPE KINDAdditional conditions CODE

AsAs neb As trans 1

As und As op, As pr 2

Ns 2

Ac

Ac und

Ac trans

N < 10, Ас 3

N = 10 , Ас 5

* Several layers of Ac op

7

Ac opAc trans * N < 10 Ас

7

N = 10 , Ас 5

Ac lent Ac inh

4

9



TABLE 2.2. Continuation.

Ac

Ac cuf

Ac floc Ac сast 8

Ac cug, Ac vir Formed either from cumulus clouds or from Cb

Cu cong Or C

6

Ac and As or Aс and Ns 7Ac with chaotic sky 9

Clouds are not visible due to the darkness, fog and other phenomena ….. /

If it is possible to encode CM by several figures the greatest figure is used irrespective of the cloud amount. Exception : if along with clouds with the symbol “*” in “Additional

conditions” clouds encoded by figures 4 and 5 or 6 are observed, figure 7 is not used for CM.

TABLE 2.3.Upper - Level Clouds, CH

FORM TYPE KINDAdditional conditions CODE

Ci

Ci fib(Ci fil)

Ci uncCi vertCi int

Amount does not increase CH up to 3 octas 1

Ci sp

N for Сн10 > N >3

2

Ci floc

Сi ing

N for Сн10 > N >3Сb inc 3

Ci fib(Ci fil)

Ci uncCi vertCi intbecome denser and spread over the sky

can be in combination with {Ci floc,Ci ing }Ci sp

4

Сs Cs fib(fil)Cs neb

N less than 10 octas, can be in combination withCi fib, Ci sp Spread over the sky and become denser

< 45º

> 45

5

6

10




N = 10 7Do not spread over the sky N < 10 8

Cc

Cc und

Cc cuf

Cc lent

Cc floc

alone or in combination with Ci , Cs

9

If it is possible to encode CH by several figures the greatest figure is used irrespective of the cloud amount. Exception: with figures 1 and 2 the figure corresponding to the greater

amount of clouds is used.

Table 2.4 provides the cloud form code used in the “Manual on Preparation of the Upper

Air Annuals”. To convert clouds from the “Manual on Preparation of the Upper Air

Annuals” code to the KH-01 code) the tables of cloud form and cloud amount consistency

were developed.

Table 2.5 provides the consistency between codes used for clouds forms. The table is used

in the QC algorithms used for cloud parameters. In 2002 some amendments were made that

are marked in blue. The amendments are reflected in the respective QC programs.

Table 2.6. provides the consistency between octas and the КН-01 code figures for N and

Nh /2/.

TABLE 2.4.

Code of clouds used in the “Manual on Preparation of the Upper Air Annuals”.

CODE

Designation of columns in the table.

1 2 3 4 5

CH CM CL

1 Ci Ac Cu St

2 Cc As Cb Sc Ns

3 Cs Frnb

4 Ci, Cc Ac, As Cu, Cb St, Sc

11



TABLE 2.4. Continuation.5 Ci, Cs

6 Cc, Cs Ns, Frnb

7 Ci, Cc, Cs

8 It is impossible to identify a cloud form due to the lower clouds

9 It is impossible to identify a cloud form due to the darkness or

atmospheric phenomena

0 Clouds are missing

TABLE 2.5.

Table of consistency between codes used for cloud forms

Form of clouds

Code used in the “Manual on Preparation of the Upper Air Annuals”

KH-01 Code

Code used in the “Manual on Preparation of the Upper air Annuals”,

Year 2002-2003

KH-01 Code,Year 2002-2003

CL

0 0 000 0100 1 100 110 6 010 6200 3 200 920 5 020 5400 9 400 340 6 040 6120 8 120 8210 7 210 3220 4 220 3

046 722 7 022 2(CM)23 7 023 726 7 026 73 7 003 7213 9 213 3123 7 123 8223 9 223 3243 9 243 3423 9 423 3403 9 403 343 6 043 7420 9 420 3240 9 240 3

12




Form of clouds

Code used in the “Manual on Preparation of the Upper Air Annuals”

KH-01 Code

Code used in the “Manual on Preparation of the Upper air Annuals”,Year 2002-2003

KH-01 Code,Year 2002-2003

CL

440 3 440 3203 9110 6016 2103 7006 7002 2(CM)012 7206 3

999 0 999 0888 KOT 888 KOT

CM0 01 32 14 79 08 KOT

CH0 01 22 93 74 55 56 97 99 08 KOT

TABLE 2.6.

Table of consistency between N and Nh octas and the KH-01 code digits.

Numbers КН-01

0 01 12 23 24 35 46 57 6

13



8 69 710 811 ( [10] ) 710 with СН=СМ= 8 andСL=888

9

The entire of the group CLOUDS should be brought to the form adequate to the KH-01

code. The element of the CLOUDS group is considered erroneous if the appropriate field

contains the impermissible value of the code.

2.2.Pyrheliometric Scale.

Methods of radiation balance observations performed by RVs, instruments and radiometric

scales are described in works /3, 4/. In the last 60 years they were changed and refined

many times. According to /5/ the whole of radiation balance data of the former USSR,

obtained before December 31, 1956 are presented in the European Pyrheliometric Scale.

Data for the period of January 1, 1957 – December 31, 1980 – in the International

Pyrheliometric Scale (IPS-56), which exceeds the European scale by 1.5%. Beginning with

July 1, 1982 data are presented in the International Radiometric Standard Scale (IRS),

which exceeds IPS-56 by 1.8%. So when long-term historical data series of radiation

balance observations are inter-compared the following corrections (coefficients) should be

introduced to make conversion to IRS:

- before December 31, 1956 the coefficient equals to 1.025;

- January 1, 1957 – April 30, 1966 – 1.010

- May 1, 1966 – June 30, 1982 – 1.018.

2.3. Local time.

Actinometrical data given in the initial tables have been obtained in apparent (true) solar

time (AST). AST is measured by an hour angle taken from the upper culmination. A civil

(legal) day is the time period between two lower culminations and the moment of a lower

culmination (midnight) is taken for 00 hours 00 minutes AST.

Mean Solar Time (MST), which is also referred to as local time, is correlated with AST as

follows (the equation of time):

Gr = Gl + .

14



Where Gr – AST; Gl – MST (in hours and minutes); - a correction to MST given in

Table 1 in minutes.

UTC is also included in the format. We calculated it by the following formula.

Gl = UTC + / 15, where - is longitude of the location of observation (in minutes

and degrees)

Table 2.7.

Correction (in minutes) to MST

Day of a month Monthordinary leap 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1 -3 -13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 2 -3 -14 -13 -4 3 2 -4 -6 0 10 16 112 3 -4 -14 -12 -4 3 2 -4 -6 0 10 16 113 4 -4 -14 -12 -4 3 2 -4 -6 0 11 16 104 5 -5 -14 -12 -3 3 2 -4 -6 1 11 16 105 6 -5 -14 -12 -3 3 2 -4 -6 1 11 16 106 7 -6 -14 -12 -3 3 2 -4 -6 1 12 16 97 8 -6 -14 -11 -2 4 2 -5 -6 2 12 16 98 9 -6 -14 -11 -2 4 1 -5 -6 2 12 16 89 10 -7 -14 -11 -2 4 1 -5 -6 2 12 16 810 11 -7 -14 -11 -2 4 1 -5 -5 3 13 16 811 12 -8 -14 -10 -1 4 1 -5 -5 3 13 16 712 13 -8 -14 -10 -1 4 0 -6 -5 3 13 16 713 14 -8 -14 -10 -1 4 0 -6 -5 4 14 16 614 15 -9 -14 -10 -1 4 0 -6 -5 4 14 16 615 16 -9 -14 -9 0 4 0 -6 -5 5 14 16 516 17 -10 -14 -9 0 4 0 -6 -4 5 14 15 517 18 -10 -14 -9 0 4 0 -6 -4 5 14 15 418 19 -10 -14 -8 0 4 -1 -6 -4 6 15 15 419 20 -11 -14 -8 1 4 -1 -6 -4 6 15 15 320 21 -11 -14 -8 1 4 -1 -6 -4 6 15 14 321 22 -11 -14 -8 1 4 -1 -6 -3 7 15 14 222 23 -12 -14 -7 1 4 -2 -6 -3 7 15 14 223 24 -12 -14 -7 2 3 -2 -6 -3 7 16 14 124 25 -12 -14 -7 2 3 -2 -6 -3 8 16 14 125 26 -12 -13 -6 2 3 -2 -6 -2 8 16 13 026 27 -12 -13 -6 2 3 -2 -6 -2 8 16 13 027 28 -13 -13 -6 2 3 -3 -6 -2 9 16 13 -128 29 -13 -13 -5 2 3 -3 -6 -1 9 16 12 -129 30 -13 0 -5 3 3 -3 -6 -1 9 16 12 -230 31 -13 0 -5 3 3 -3 -6 -1 10 16 12 -231 1 -13 0 -4 0 3 0 -6 -1 0 16 0 -3

15



2.4. Radiation balance components.

All the observations of direct, diffuse, total and reflected radiations made in actinometrical

hours, which in the initial tables are given in cal/(sm2min) have been converted to kW/m2

and brought to the Apparent Solar Time. Bearing in mind the differences in pyrheliometric

scale used during the period of records all the radiation balance component data have been

converted to the International Radiometric Standard Scale (IRS)

2.5. Sea surface state.

The sea surface state (MS) is determined visually and depends upon the wind force. The

wind force is visually described both in words and in the Beaufort wind scale numbers

(Forces).

We have made an attempt to review manuals and guides on ship wind observations and so

far managed to find the only one, namely, “Instructions to Hydrometeorological Stations

and Posts”(Issue 9, Part 2, 1948), which gives the joint table of the wind force and the sea

surface state described by the so-called Beaufort-Simpson scale (Table 2.8.). This table was

used in Russian observations to estimate both the wind force and the MS parameter.

In the period of 1962-1992 the same Beaufort scale was used and the word description of

indicators required to define the surface state of the ocean, sea, lake or large water body

(MS) is consistent with that given in Table 3, which we included into the format. Since

1992 the Beaufort scale has been modified. The wind speed increased and the

corresponding wind force given in numbers remained unchanged (Table 2.9.).

In original historical tables the MS parameter has already been encoded and given in

numbers. The Russian National Manuals on ship observations do not mention that Beaufort

scale should be used to estimate MS. They give only Code. Table A.1.3. Sea Surface

State (MS), which we include into the format.

16



Table 2.8.

Wind force, wind speed and sea surface state

Wind force W

ind

spee

d m

/s

Vis

ual

win

d fo

rce

indi

cato

rs o

bser

ved

on b

oard

a sh

ip

Sea surface state with wind waving

Bea

ufor

t nu

mbe

rs Word description

Word description

Sea

surf

ace

stat

e

Indicators for determining actual wind force and wind waving

0 Calm 0,0-0,5 Flags are still Calm glassy 0 Like a mirror1 Light airs 0,6-1,7 Calm rippled 1

Ripples2

Light breeze1,8-3,3

Flags slightly waver in the wind

Smooth wavelets 1-2 Small wavelets, no breaking, no foam

3 Gentle breeze 3,4-5,2 Flags flap in the wind

Slight 2 Large well-defined wavelets, some breaking, glassy foam, flocks of sheep here and there

4 Moderate breeze

5,3-7,4 Small flags and a pendant stretch

Slight to Moderate 3 Small waves, breaking, flocks of sheep everywhere

5 Fresh breeze 7,5-9,8 Big flags streach Moderate 4 Moderate waves, blocks of sheep everywhere

6 Strong breeze

9,9-12,4 Wind begins to sing in the wires and rigging

Rough 5 Large waves, foam and spray

7 Near gale 12,5-15,2

Very rough 6 Sea heads up, foam in streaks

8 Gale 15,3-18,2 It is difficult to

walk a deck against the wind

Very rough 7High waves, dense foam, spray impairs visibility

9Strong gale

18,3-21,5 High

7

10Storm

21,6-25,1 Very high

8 Very high tumbling waves, surface white with foam, visibility affected

11 Violent storm 25,2-29,0 Phenomenal

9Exceptionally highwaves, sea covered in foam, air filled with spray and foam, visibility severely impaired

12

Hurricane

More 29,0

9

17



Table 2.9.Beaufort scale to estimate wind force

Wind force

Word description

Wind speed Wind impact on ship and rigging

Sea stateM/s Km/h knots

0Calm

0-0,2(0)

0-1(0)

0-1(0)

Air is absolutely calm.Smoke is vertical. Pendant is still

Calm glassy

1 Light airs 0,3-1,5(1)

1-5(3)

1-3(2)

Light air is felt from time to time. Smoke inclines showing wind direction

Calm rippled

2Light breeze

1,6-3,3(3)

6-11(8)

4-6(5)

Continuous breeze. Flags and pendants slightly waver in the wind

Small wavelets

3 Gentlebreeze

3,4-5,4(5)

12-19(15)

7-10(8)

Flags and pendants flap in the wind. Smoke is almost horizontal

Large wavelets, some breaking, glassy foam

4Moderate breeze

5,5-7,9(7)

20-28(24)

11-16(13) Pendant

stretches

Small waves, breaking, flocks of sheep here and there

5Fresh breeze

8,0-10,7(9)

29-38(33)

17-21(19)

Big flags flap in the wind and stretch. Wind moves small objects.

Moderate well-defined waves, flocks of sheep everywhere

6Strong breeze

10,8-13,8(12)

39-49(44)

22-27(25) Wind begins to

sing in the wires and rigging

Large waves, foam and spray.

7Near gale

13,9-17,1(15)

50-61(55)

28-33(31)

Wind sings in the wires and rigging. Some difficulties in walking a deck against the wind

Sea heads up, foam in streaks

18



8Gale

17,2-207(19)

62-64(68)

34-40(37)

Very difficult to walk a deck against the wind

Higher long waves, foam in streaks

9Strong gale

20,8-24,4(23)

75-88(81)

41-47(44)

Small damage to rigging is possible. Unfixed objects move.

High waves, dense foam, spray impairs visibility.

10Storm

24,5-28,4(27)

89-102(95)

48-55(51)

Considerable damage to rigging is possible

Very high tumbling waves, surface white with foam, visibility affected

11Violent storm

28,5-32,6(31)

103-117(110)

56-63(59) Same

Exceptionally high waves, sea covered in foam, visibility severely impaired

12Hurricane >33 >117 >63 Severe damage

Air filled with spray and foam, visibility severely impaired

2.6. Wind direction.

In the table documents the wind direction is presented in 16 points, degrees and tens of

degrees (in figures of KN-01 code). According to the Manual on Ship Observations, the

true wind direction was assessed with a ship compass by the wind wave movement

direction. It was determined by the angle between the meridian and the direction towards

the point on the horizon from which the wind blows and reckoned from the meridian plane

to an accuracy of 50 in a clockwise direction. The wind direction was also measured by a

ship remote station (SRS), M-63M1 wave meter and KIV instrument.

The format used to record observations into the PC information base includes indicators

describing the initial values of parameters. Converting the wind direction from points to

degrees it was taken that each of 16 points covers a sector of 22.50, i.e. 11.250 on either side

of a true degree direction of a point. Figures of the code correspond to tens of degrees of

the center of each point’s degree sectors.

19



Table 2.10.

Conversion of the wind direction from degrees as well as from points to the code figures using FM-13-IX SHIP, WMO Code Table 0877 for dd (1989 edition)Wind direction measured by a wave meter Wind direction assessed in points and in code

figures

Wind direction, degrees Code figure, dd

Wind direction, POINTS Code figure, dd

In letters In figures05-14 01 ССВ

(NNE)02 02

15-24 0225-34 03 СВ

(NE)

04 0535-44 0445-54 0555-64 06 ВСВ

(ENE)06 07

65-74 0775-84 08 В

(E)08 09

85-94 0995-104 10 ВЮВ

(ESE)10 11

105-114 11115-124 12 ЮВ

(SE)12 14

125-134 13135-144 14145-154 15 ЮЮВ

(SSE)14 16

155-164 16165-174 17 Ю

(S)16 18

175-184 18185-194 19 ЮЮЗ

(SSW)18 20

195-204 20205-214 21 ЮЗ

(SW)20 23

215-224 22225-234 23235-244 24 ЗЮЗ

(WSW)22 25

245-254 25255-264 26 З

(W)24 27

265-274 27275-284 28 ЗСЗ

(WNW)26 29

285-294 29295-304 30305-314 31 СЗ

(NW)28 32

315-324 32325-334 33 ССЗ

(NNW)30 34

335-344 34345-354 35 С

(N)32 36

355-04 36

20



Calm 00 ----- 00Variable direction 99 ------ 99

21



2.7. Coding of sun disc state (DS) and sky color (SC).

The sun disc state being of great importance in the observation of radiation balance

components is assessed visually as well as clouds. In the respective columns of the TM-12

tables the designations are given adopted for recording the results of actinometrical

observations in the KM-12 record book. The “sun disk state” parameter was encoded

according to Code. Table A.1.1 - Coding of sun disc state (DS), which combines the

approaches used to encode this parameter in actinometrical observations and primary data

processing made at both land stations and RVs.

One further parameter expressed in words is the “sky color”. The sky color is assessed

when the total cloud amount does not exceed 3 numbers. In the tables it is given in words

and to encode it the Code. Table A.1.2 – Coding of sky color (SC) was used.

2.8. Visibility.

The “Visibility” parameter is of great importance for sea navigation and depends heavily on

weather. In the documents it is given in different units, numbers and codes. According to

the observation techniques this parameter was assessed visually (by the sky line sharpness)

and measured by a nephelometer. Often in the tables the visibility measured at night is

given in numbers accompanied by the “N” letter, for the observations taken in the shadows

of evening the letter “E” is used.

To unify this parameter the table converting the visibility to the KN-01 code (FM-13-XI

SHIP) has been developed.

22



Table 2.11.

Codification of the VISIBILITY (VV) Parametermiles kilometers numbers meters KH-01

codeNote

0-0,05 0 0-50 90 Very bad0,05 1 50-200 91 Very bad0,2 2 200-500 92 Very bad0,5 3 500-1000 93 Bad

0.5 1 4 1000-2000 94 Bad1 2 5 2000-4000 95 Moderate2 4 6 4000-10000 96 Moderate5 10 7 10000-20000 97 Good11 20 8 20000-50000 98 Very good27 >50 9 >50000 99 Excellent

3. TABLE DATA PC DIGITIZATION TECHNOLOGY

The tables were digitized with the dBASE DBMS in the DOS or Windows environment.

For each type of the tables an electronic form fully corresponding to the initial document

was prepared. The basic principle here is a one-to-one correspondence between a record

field name and a parameter being measured, i.e. a field name corresponding to one and the

same parameter should be the same in all forms. At the same time a field size and format as

well as dimensions of a variable corresponding to this field can be arbitrary.

With such approach the dbf files resulted from the digitization are the copies of the

corresponding tables on the computer compatible media. The dbf file header layout is

well known, therefore in the subsequent processing it is easy to extract from the files and

analyze the designated fields irrespective of their order in the initial document.

At the stage of the digitization two data sets were developed:

Meteorological data set from the ТГМ-15, ТГМ-3М tables including up to 45

parameters

Radiation data set from the TM-12 tables, including up to 50 parameters.

23



The second data set included radiation balance components and related

meteorological observations obtained at Apparent Solar Time and referenced to basic

synoptic hours (or hourly observations).

4. TABLE DATA CONTROL AND CONVERSION TO THE UNIFORM

PRESENTATION FORMAT.

One of the most important steps in the creation of the ship actinometrical and

meteorological data base was to develop the algorithms and digitized data QC software

package and two types of the data presentation formats. In developing the marine

meteorological and actinometrical data QC software the types and criteria of QC

recommended by the WMO as well as those given in / 5, 6, 7, 8 / were taken into account.

Files resulted from the digitization were subjected to the following steps of control:

syntactic control to identify errors in the data digitization process;

logical control (to identify impermissible values of coordinates, exceeding of

limit permissible values of meteorological elements, inconsistency between elements);

The QC software makes it possible to:

put numbers of erroneous records and types of errors into files-protocols

have a detailed protocol of the QC software operation to compare digitized

and calculated values.

The QC software user interface makes various data handling much easier. Fig. 4-6 gives

samples of the forms for control, editing and conversion of meteorological and

actinometrical observations to the specified format. Digitized data were included into two

data bases. Under the Contract the final formats for presentation and transmission of

meteorological and actinometrical observations have been developed. The formats were

agreed upon with the NCAR people. They are given in Appendices 1 and 2.

4.1. Actinometrical Observations Format (AOF).

The first version of the uniform output format for actinometrical (radiation) observations

was developed. It can be found in the 2001 Final Report (Version 1. 29 August 2001). The

new format, Version 2. 05 April 2002 is given in Appendix 1.

1). Indicators for the following parameters were introduced:

24



time (TI),

coordinates (LI),

visibility (VI),

temperature and SST measurement method (T1, SI),

cloud height (HI).

2). Quality signs were given to record elements.

If Q=1 the element is considered correct

If Q=2 the element does not agree with other parameters of a record

If Q=3 the element is considered doubtful

If Q=4 the element is considered erroneous

If Q=9 the element is considered missing

4.2. Meteorological Observations Format (MOF).

The first version of the uniform output format for marine meteorological observations was

developed. It can be found in the 2001 Final Report. (Version 1. 24 May 2001).

Version1 was discussed together with the NCAR people. Similarly to the LMR format

(COADS) it was decided to introduce into a record indicators determining methods and

tools for the measurement of specific similar variables (Version 2. 24 January 2002,

Appendix 2).

1). Indicators for the following parameters were introduced:

time (TI),

coordinates (LI),

wind direction and speed (DI, WI),

visibility (VI),

temperature and SST measurement method (T1, SI),

cloud height (HI),

swell period (SX).

2). We have excluded wind wave direction- dwdw from the Archive Format for

presentation of ship marine meteorological data, Version 2, 24 January 2002 since this

parameter is identical with true wind direction - dd.

25



3). Each element of the observation included into the format has a quality sign (Q). Similar

to the IMMT1 format, they were added to the end of a record and have the same meaning,

in particular

If Q=1 the element is considered correct

If Q=2 the element does not agree with other parameters of a record

If Q=3 the element is considered doubtful

If Q=4 the element is considered erroneous

If Q=9 the element is considered missing

Fig. 4 The form for checking and reformatting data from various tables of

meteorological observations.

26



Fig. 5 The form for checking and reformatting data from various tables of

actinometric observations.

Fig. 6 Viewing and editing data with the DBASE V DBMS

27



5. RESCUED DATA SPACE-TIME DISTRIBUTION IN THE PC INFORMATION

BASE

At present 3753 documents with meteorological observations and 1125 documents with

actinometrical observations have been rescued and entered on the computer compatible

media. Fig. 7-9 give the distribution of a number of observations by documents for each

type of observations. As is seen from the plots the variation in a number of observations in

the ТМ-12, ТGМ-3 and ТGМ-15 tables is significant.

Fig.7. Variation in a number of observations per logbook documents of TGM-15.

Fig.8. Variation in a number of observations per logbook documents of TGM-3M.

28



Fig.9. Variation in actinometrical observations per document of TM-12.

The general distribution of the digitized tables (cruises) by years is given in Fig. 10. As is

seen the smallest amount of documents was digitized for 1962, and the greatest – for 1989.

The geographical distribution of digitized observations by regions of the World Ocean is

also given. On the abscissa the numbers of the regions are plotted, on the ordinate the

amount of observations is given in units. The plot shows that the greatest amount of

observations falls on the most crowded shipping areas: the northern and tropical parts of the

Atlantic and Pacific and the Mediterranean. The table of correspondence between the

numbers of the World Ocean regions and the names is given in Appendix 2. Fig. 12

presents data sent to NCAR in 2001-2003.

29



Fig.10. Distribution of rescued table data included into the data base by years.

Fig.11. Distribution of rescued ship meteorological and actinometrical data by areas

of the World Ocean.

30

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

1931

1935

1939

1943

1947

1951

1955

1959

1963

1967

1971

1975

1979

1983

1987

1991

1995

1999

Meteorological Actinometrical



Fig.12. Data shipped to the National Center for Atmospheric Research.

SUMMARY OF RESULTS

The work under the project №S01-23286 “DIGITIZATION OF HISTORICAL MARINE

METEOROLOGICAL AND ACTINOMETRICAL (RADIATION) OBSERVATIONS

FROM RUSSIAN RESEARCH VESSELS” was performed in accordance with the

working schedule. The following progress has been made:

1). The two versions of the formats for the digitized data storage and exchange have been

developed.

2). The work has been done to determine correlations between parameters, units of

measurements, codes and the system of designations used in the historical tables.

3) The quality control algorithms and programs to check parameters of the digitized data

sets were developed and applied.

4). By the end of 2003, 1 355 181 meteorological observations from the TGM-15 - TGM-

3M tables and 681018 observations from the TM-12 tables containing radiation balance

component data, were digitized. The total amount of the digitized data sets amounts to

2 016 199 observations (4860 files).

31



The data set prepared under the Contract will be an important component of COADS and

other data set being developed. It will contribute to the solution of the problems related to

the information services provided to users, preparation of relevant reference manuals,

scientific and applied tasks in the field of marine climatology and study of the World

Ocean.

32

Appendix 1

1.1. Archive Format for Presentation of Ship Marine Actinometrical Data. Version 2. 05 April 2002

No Field name

Description Coding procedure Bytes Record position

1 ID Call sign 5 1-52 AAAA Year, UTC Four digits 4 6-93 MM Month, UTC 01-12, January to

December2 10-11

4 YY Day, UTC 01-31 2 12-135 GG Time of observation Tenths of hour UTC 3 14-166 GrGr True time Hours, minutes 4 17-207 TI Time indicator The same as in COADS 1 218 Q Octant of the globe WMO code table 3300 1 229 LaLaLa Latitude Tenths of degrees 3 23-2510 LoLoLo Longitude Tenths of degrees 4 26-2911 LI La/Lo indicator The same as in COADS 1 3012 vs Ship velocity 0.1 knot 3 31-3313 KS Ship course Degrees 3 34-3614 H Sun altitude 0,10 3 37-3915 DS Sun disc state Code. Table A.1.1 1 4016 SC Sky color Code. Table A.1.2 1 4117 S Direct radiation on

perpendicular surface 0,01kw/sq.m 3 42-44

18 S1 Direct radiation on horizontal surface

0,01kw/sq.m 3 45-47

19 B Total radiation balance 0,01kw/sq.m 4 48-5120 Qr Total radiation 0,01kw/sq.m 3 52-5421 D Scattered radiation 0,01kw/sq.m 3 55-5722 Rk Back-scattered radiation 0,01kw/sq.m 3 58-6023 A Albedo % 2 61-6224 Bd Long-wave balance 0,01kw/sq.m 4 63-6625 TTT Air temperature Tenths of degrees

Celsius4 67-70

26 TWTWTW Sea surface temperature Tenths of degrees Celsius

4 71-74

27 T1 Temperature indicator The same as in COADS 1 7528 SI Sea surf. temp. method

indicatorThe same as in COADS 1 76

29 N Cloud amount Octas, WMO code table 2700

1 77

30 Nh Amount of lowest clouds As reported for CL or, if no CL clouds is presented for CM, in octas; WMO code table 2700

1 78

31 CL Genus of CL cloud WMO code table 0513 1 7932 CM Genus of CM clouds WMO code table 0515 1 80



33 Hh Height of clouds WMO code table 1600 1 8134 HI Cloud height indicator The same as in COADS 1 8235 CH Genus of CH clouds WMO code table 0509 1 8336 HWHW Height of wind waves Half-meter values 2 84-8537 MS State of sea surface Code table A.1.3 1 8638 Ww Present weather WMO code table 4677 2 87-8839 SP Atmospheric phenomenon

in observational hourCode. Table A.1.4 2 89-90

40 VV Visibility WMO code table 4377 2 91-9241 VI Visibility indicator The same as in COADS 1 9342 E Water vapor pressure Tenths of hectopascals 3 94-9643 Q1 Quality control indicator for

(H)0. – no quality control (QC) has been performed.1.QC has been performed; element appears to be correct.2. QC has been performed; element appears to be inconsistent with other elements.3. QC has been performed; element appears to be doubtful.4. QC has been performed; element appears to be erroneous.9. The value of the element missing.

1 97

44 Q2 Quality control indicator for (DS)

IDEM 1 98

45 Q3 Quality control indicator for (S)

IDEM 1 99

46 Q4 Quality control indicator for (S1)

IDEM 1 100

47 Q5 Quality control indicator for (B)

IDEM 1 101

48 Q6 Quality control indicator for (Qr)

IDEM 1 102

49 Q7 Quality control indicator for (D)

IDEM 1 103

50 Q8 Quality control indicator for (Rk)

IDEM 1 104

51 Q9 Quality control indicator for (A)

IDEM 1 105

52 Q10 Quality control indicator for (Bd)

IDEM 1 106

53 Q11 Quality control indicator for IDEM 1 107

34



(TTT)54 Q12 Quality control indicator for

(TWTWTW)IDEM 1 108

55 Q13 Quality control indicator for (N)

IDEM 1 109

56 Q14 Quality control indicator for (Nh)

IDEM 1 110

57 Q15 Quality control indicator for (CL)

IDEM 1 111

58 Q16 Quality control indicator for (CM)

IDEM 1 112

59 Q17 Quality control indicator for (Hh)

IDEM 1 113

60 Q18 Quality control indicator for (CH)

IDEM 1 114

61 Q19 Quality control indicator for (HWHW)

IDEM 1 115

62 Q20 Quality control indicator for (MS)

IDEM 1 116

63 Q21 Quality control indicator for (Ww)

IDEM 1 117

64 Q22 Quality control indicator for (VV)

IDEM 1 118

65 Q23 Quality control indicator for (E)

IDEM 1 119

Missing values for all fields are indicated by “ blank”.

Code Table A.1.1 - Coding of sun disc state (DS)

Symbol Code Sun disc stateП 0 Sun disc is not visible through solid clouds

1 Changing cloudiness0 2 Sun shines weakly through clouds 3 Clouds are on Sun disc, shadows from objects are visible2 4 On Sun disc and within a 50 area around it traces of clouds are

not visible 5 Sun disc is covered with local objects/ 6 Observation at night or incorrect 9 Sun dick is not visible because horizon is covered

Code Table A.1.2 – Coding of sky color (SC)

35



Code Sky color1 Dark-blue2 Blue3 Light-blue4 Whity6 Observation at night or cloudiness exceeds 3 octas

Code Table A.1.3. Sea Surface State (MS).

Number Indicators to define sea surface state (number of wave degree).

0 Sea surface is absolutely calm1 Ripple; small wave crests appear.2 Small wave crests begin to tip over, however foam,

which is generated, is not white but glassy.3 Small waves are clearly visible, crests of some of

them tip over forming here and there white foam – flocks of sheep.

4 Waves take a well-defined form, flocks of sheep are formed everywhere.

5 Crests of considerable height appear, wind begins to tear foam away from wave crests.

6 Crests outline long bars of wind waves.7 Long stripes of foam torn off by wind cover wave

slopes and in places reach wave hollows.8 Wide stripes of foam cover wave slopes making sea

surface white. Only here and there in wave troughs there are areas free of foam.

9 Sea surface is covered with a thick layer of foam, air is full of water spray, and visibility is reduced considerably.

Code Table A.1.4 – Code of atmospheric phenomenon type (SP)

Code

Atmospheric phenomenon Code Atmospheric phenomenon

00 Corona 44 Thin (see-through) fog01 Halo 45 Thick fog

02 Aurora 46 Thin ice fog03 Mirage 47 Thick ice fog

04 Forest fire smoke

36



05 Dry fog 50 Intermittent mizzle06 Dust suspended in the air 51 Continuous mizzle07 Spray 60 Intermittent rain08 Weed 61 Continuous rain09 Sea bloom 70 Intermittent snow10 Haze 71 Continuous snow

72 Intermittent moist snow12 Sea mist 73 Continuous moist snow13 Heat lightning 76 Ice needles

14 Precipitation within sight 77 Snow grains

18 Squall 78 Separate starlike ice crystals19 Spout 79 Ice rain

20 Dew 80 Intermittent shower rain21 Hoar 81 Continuous shower rain.22 Crystal white frost 83 Intermittent moist shower snow23 Firn white frost 84 Continuous moist shower snow24 Rime 85 Intermittent shower snow30 Duststorm 86 Continuous shower snow35 Snow haze 87 Intermittent soft or small hail36 Snow transfer on ice. 88 Continuous soft or small hail37 Blizzard 89 Intermittent hail38 Ground blizzard 90 Continuous hail

39 Snow storm 95 Thunderstorm at station.40 Distant fog 96 Distant thunderstorm.42 Water fog. 97 Sea spark-type luminescence

98 Sea sheet-type luminescence99 Luminescence of separate organisms

37



Appendix 2

2.1. Archive Format for Presentation of Ship Marine Meteorological Data.Version 2. 24 January 2002.

No Field name Description Coding procedure Bytes Record position

1 ID Call sign 5 1-52 AAAA Year, UTC Four digits 4 6-93 MM Month, UTC 01-12, January to December 2 10-114 YY Day, UTC 01-31 2 12-135 GG Time of observation Tenths of hour UTC 3 14-16

6 TI Time indicator The same as in COADS 1 177 Q Octant of the globe WMO code table 3300 1 188 LaLaLa Latitude Tenths of degrees 3 19-219 LoLoLo Longitude Tenths of degrees 4 22-25

10 LI La/Lo indicator The same as in COADS 1 2611 N Cloud amount Octas, WMO code table

27001 27

12 dd True wind direction WMO code table 0877,Tens of degrees

2 28-29

13 DI Wind direction indicator The same as in COADS 1 3014 ff Wind speed M/s 2 31-32

15 WI Wind speed indicator The same as in COADS 1 3316 VV Visibility WMO code table 4377 2 34-35

17 VI Visibility indicator The same as in COADS 1 3618 ww Present weather WMO code table 4677 2 37-3819 W1 Past weather WMO code table 4561 1 3920 W2 Past weather WMO code table 4561 1 4021 PPPP Air pressure Tenths of hectopascals 5 41-4522 TTT Air temperature Tenths of degrees

Celsius4 46-49

23 TwTwTw Sea surface temperature Tenths of degrees Celsius

4 50-53

24 T1 Temperature indicator The same as in COADS 1 5425 SI Sea surf. temp. method

indicatorThe same as in COADS 1 55

26 Nh Amount of lowest clouds As reported for CL or, if no CL clouds is presented for CM, in octas; WMO code table 2700

1 56

27 CL Genus of CL cloud WMO code table 0513 1 5728 h Height of clouds WMO code table 1600 1 58

29 HI Cloud height indicator The same as in COADS 1 5930 CM Genus of CM clouds WMO code table 0515 1 6031 CH Genus of CH clouds WMO code table 0509 1 6132 TdTdTd Dew point temperature tenths of degrees Celsius 4 62-6533 e Water vapor pressure Tenths of hectopascals 3 66-68

38



34 U Relative humidity % 3 69-7135 TbTbTb Wet_bulb temperature Tenths of degrees

Celsius4 72-75

36 PWPW Wind wave period Whole seconds 2 76-7737 HWHW Height of wind waves Half-meter values 2 78-7938 ST Wave degree Code table 2 1 8039 MS State of sea surface Code table 3 1 8140 LW Wind wave length Meters 3 82-8441 dW1dW1 Direction of predominant

swell wavesTens of degrees 2 85-86

42 PW1PW1 Period of predominant swell waves

Whole seconds 2 87-88

43 SX Swell period indicator The same as in COADS 1 8944 HW1HW1 Height of predominant

swell wavesHalf-meter values 2 90-91

45 LW1 Length of predominant swell waves

Meters 3 92-94

46 HWMAX Maximum height of waves

Half-meter values 2 95-96

47 LLW Length of predominant wave

Meters 3 97-99

48 RRR Amount of precipitation which has fallen in the last 12 hours

0.1 Mm 3 100-102

49 tR Observational period for RRR and duration of precipitation

WMO code table 4019,FM 13-IX SHIP, 1989 edition

1 103

50 ci Concentration or arrangement of sea ice

WMO code table 0639 1 104

51 Si Stage of development WMO code table 3739 1 10552 zi Current ice situation (in

an hour of observation) and trends in conditions within three hours prior to the hour of observations


53 Di True bearing of base ice edge


54 bi Ice of land origin WMO code table 0439 1 10855 Q1 Quality control indicator

for (N)0. – no quality control (QC) has been performed.1.QC has been performed; element appears to be correct.2. QC has been performed; element appears to be inconsistent with other elements.

1 109

39



3. QC has been performed; element appears to be doubtful.4. QC has been performed; element appears to be erroneous.9. The value of the element missing.

56 Q2 Quality control indicator for (dd)

IDEM 1 110

57 Q3 Quality control indicator for (ff)

IDEM 1 111

58 Q4 Quality control indicator for (VV)

IDEM 1 112

59 Q5 Quality control indicator for (ww)

IDEM 1 113

60 Q6 Quality control indicator for (W1)

IDEM 1 114

61 Q7 Quality control indicator for (W2)

IDEM 1 115

62 Q8 Quality control indicator for (PPPP)

IDEM 1 116

63 Q9 Quality control indicator for (TTT)

IDEM 1 117

64 Q10 Quality control indicator for (TwTwTw)

IDEM 1 118

65 Q11 Quality control indicator for (Nh)

IDEM 1 119

66 Q12 Quality control indicator for (CL)

IDEM 1 120

67 Q13 Quality control indicator for (h)

IDEM 1 121

68 Q14 Quality control indicator for (CM)

IDEM 1 122

69 Q15 Quality control indicator for (CH)

IDEM 1 123

70 Q16 Quality control indicator for (TdTdTd)

IDEM 1 124

71 Q17 Quality control indicator for (e)

IDEM 1 125

72 Q18 Quality control indicator for (U)

IDEM 1 126

73 Q19 Quality control indicator for (TbTbTb)

IDEM 1 127

74 Q20 Quality control indicator for (PWPW)

IDEM 1 128

75 Q21 Quality control indicator for (HWHW)

IDEM 1 129

76 Q22 Quality control indicator for (ST)

IDEM 1 130

40



77 Q23 Quality control indicator for (MS)

IDEM 1 131

78 Q24 Quality control indicator for (LW)

IDEM 1 132

79 Q25 Quality control indicator for (dW1dW1)

IDEM 1 133

80 Q26 Quality control indicator for (PW1PW1)

IDEM 1 134

81 Q27 Quality control indicator for (HW1HW1)

IDEM 1 135

82 Q28 Quality control indicator for (LW1)

IDEM 1 136

83 Q29 Quality control indicator for (HWMAX )

IDEM 1 137

84 Q30 Quality control indicator for (LLW)

IDEM 1 138

85 Q31 Quality control indicator for (RRR)

IDEM 1 139

86 Q32 Quality control indicator for (ci )

IDEM 1 140

87 Q33 Quality control indicator for (Si)

IDEM 1 141

88 Q34 Quality control indicator for (zi)

IDEM 1 142

89 Q35 Quality control indicator for (Di)

IDEM 1 143

90 Q36 Quality control indicator for (bi)

IDEM 1 144

Missing values for all fields are indicated by “ blank”.

TABLE 2.2List of the Regions

Area name Num Area name NumArctic Ocean (high 80N) 100 Drake strait 231Beaufort Sea, Larry Bay 107 North Pacific (30N-80N) 410Greenland sea 108 Bering Sea 411Baffin Bay, Davis strait 109 Japan Sea 413North Atlantic (30N-80N) 210 Yellow Sea, Pacific (30S- 414Norwegian Sea 211 Tropical Pacific (30N-30S) 420North Sea, Irish Sea, English channel 212 South China Sea 421Baltic Sea, Kattegat strait 213 Malay archipelago Seas 422Mediterranean Sea 214 South Pacific(30S-60S) 430Hudson strait, Hudson bay 216 Red sea, Arabian Sea, Bay 510Tropical Atlantic (30N-30S) 220 Tropical Indian Ocean 520Caribbean Sea, gulf of Mexico 221 South Indian Ocean (30S- 530South Atlantic (30S- 60S) 230 Antarctic water (high 60S) 600

41



REFERENCES

1. Code for Communication of Hydrometeorological Data from Surface and Marine

Observing Stations, КН-01 (International Form FM 12-VII SHIP). – Leningrad:

Gidrometeoizdat, 1981.-72p.

2. Manual on Preparation of the Upper Air Annuals //.Мoscow: Gidrometeoizdat,

1963. - 164 p.

3. Manual for Hydrometeorological Stations on Radiation Balance Observations. –

Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat, 1971, 219p.

4. Manual on Control of Radiation Balance Observations. – Leningrad,

Gidrometeoizdat, 1970, 125 p.

5. RD 52.04.562-96. Manual for Hydrometeorological Stations and Posts. Iss. 5, Part

1// Moscow, Roshydromet, 1997, 222 p.

6. Methodological Guidelines on Meteorological and Actinometrical Observations

from Research Vessels. General Methodological Requirements to Establishment and

Development of Meteorological and Actinometrical Observation Subsystem. Part 1,

Leningrad: Reprint MGO, 1983, 98 p.


from Research Vessels. General Methodology of Measurements, Assessments and

Observations. Part II, Leningrad: Reprint MGO, 1983, 91 p.


from Research Vessels. Requirements to Data Preparation for PC Entry. Part 3, Leningrad:

Reprint MGO, 1986, 102 p.


from Research Vessels. Requirements to Use of Software Package for Primary Processing,

Control and Accumulation on Magnetic Tape of RV Meteorological and Actinometrical

Observations. Part 3, Leningrad: Reprint MGO, 1986, 81 p.

42

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