· web viewadjectives also change form depending upon whether the word they modify is singular...
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Spanish IIIRealidades-2El primero di febrero2017
Capítulo 1A
¡¡¡Estudien Uds.!!! Capítulo 1A
¿Cómo eres tú?
Spanish Adjectives: Part I
Adjectives are frequently descriptive. That is, most often adjectives are used to describe a noun, or distinguish the noun from a group of similar objects. For example, an adjective might describe the color of an object.the red penthe blue pen
In Spanish, most adjectives change form, depending upon whether the word they modify is masculine or feminine. Notice the difference between "the tall boy" and "the tall girl."el chico altola chica alta
Adjectives also change form depending upon whether the word they modify is singular or plural. Notice the difference between "the tall boy" and "the tall boys" ; "the tall girl" and "the tall girls."el chico altolos chicos altosla chica altalas chicas altas
Many common adjectives end in -o. These adjectives have four forms. The following words all mean "tall":altoaltaaltosaltas
The correct form of the adjective depends upon the noun it modifies. Is the noun masculine or feminine? Singular or plural?libro rojored bookpluma rojared penlibros rojos
red booksplumas rojasred pens
Notice how the endings of the nouns and these adjectives are similar.libro rojopluma rojalibros rojosplumas rojas
Adjectives that end in -e also change form for singular or plural. To form the plural, simply add -s.la chica inteligentelas chicas inteligentes
Adjectives that end in -e do not, however, change form for masculine or feminine.la chica inteligenteel chico inteligentelas chicas inteligentes
los chicos inteligentes
Similarly, most adjectives that end in a consonant do change form for singular or plural, but do not change for masculine or feminine. To form the plural, add -es.la chica popularel chico popularlas chicas populareslos chicos populares
Let's review.1 Adjectives that end in -o have four forms:
alto, alta, altos, altas2 Adjectives that end in -e have two forms:
inteligente, inteligentes
Adjectives: Part II
Many adjectives of nationality end in -o. These adjectives follow the same rules as other adjectives ending in -o. That is, they have four forms.
el muchacho mexicanola muchacha mexicanalos muchachos mexicanoslas muchachas mexicanas
Many other adjectives of nationality end in a consonant. These adjectives do not follow the same rules as other adjectives ending in a consonant, rather, they have a distinct feminine form ending in -a.el muchacho españolla muchacha españolalos muchachos españoleslas muchachas españolas
There is another group of adjectives that does not follow the normal rules. Adjectives ending in -or, -án, -ón, or -ín also have a feminine form.el chico habladorla chica habladoralos chicos habladoreslas chicas habladorasel hombre trabajadorla mujer trabajadoralos hombres trabajadoreslas mujeres trabajadoras
Note: Adjectives ending in "-erior" do not have a feminine form.
Adjectives that are descriptive usually follow the noun they describe.
el chico altola chica altalos libros pequeñoslas plumas rojas
Adjectives of quantity almost always come before the noun. Such adjectives tell how much or how many.pocos librosmucha energíamucho trabajopocas casas
Sometimes, a descriptive adjective can precede the noun. If the adjective is descriptive, but speaks of a quality that is inherent and usually taken for granted, the adjective comes first.
la blanca nievethe white snow (snow is inherently white)los altos picosthe tall peaks (peaks are inherently tall)
Let's review the last two lessons.Adjectives that end in -o have four forms.
altoaltaaltosaltas
Adjectives of nationality ending in -o are no different from other such adjectives.
guatemaltecoguatemaltecaguatemaltecosguatemaltecas
Adjectives that end in -e have two forms.inteligenteinteligentes
Most adjectives ending with a consonant have two forms.
popularpopulares
Adjectives of nationality ending in a consonant have four forms.
españolespañolaespañolesespañolas
Adjectives ending in -or, -án, -ón, or -ín have four forms.
habladorhabladorahabladoreshabladoras
Adjectives that are descriptive usually follow the noun they describe.
casa blancachica alta
When an adjective speaks of a quality that is inherent and usually taken for granted, the adjective precedes the noun.
la blanca nievelos altos picos
Adjectives of quantity usually come before the noun.
pocos librosmuchos libros
Days of the WeekIn Spanish-speaking countries, the week begins on Monday.lunesMondaymartesTuesdaymiércolesWednesdayjuevesThursdayviernesFridaysábadoSaturdaydomingoSunday
SER
In Spanish, there are two verbs that can be translated as "to be." These two verbs are ser and estar. This lesson will not focus on their correct usage; rather, it is designed to give you lots of practice conjugating these two verbs. For detailed explanations of when to use ser and when to use estar, see the following lessons:Ser and estar - the fundamentalsUses of serUses of estarContrasting uses
For these quizzes, you only need know how to conjugate ser and estar.
estar ser
estoyestásestáestamosestáisestán
soyeresessomossoisson
This list isn't complete, but it includes most Spanish- and English-speaking countries as well as countries you're most likely to see in Spanish-language news reports.Alemania (Germany) — alemánArgentina — argentinoAustralia — australiano
Austria — austriaco, austríacoBélgica (Belgium) — belgaBolivia — bolivianoBrasil — brasileñoCanadá — canadienseChile — chilenoChina — chinoColombia — colombianoCorea del Norte (North Korea) — nortecoreano, norcoreanoCorea del Sur (South Korea) — sudcoreanoCosta Rica — costarricense, costarriqueño (uncommon),Cuba — cubanoDinamarca (Denmark) — danésEcuador — ecuatorianoEgipto (Egypt) — egipcioEl Salvador — salvadoreñoEscocia (Scotland) — escocésEspaña (Spain) — español
Estados Unidos (United States) — estadounidenseFilipinas (Philippines) — filipinoFrancia — francésGales (Wales) — galésGran Bretaña (Great Britain) — británicoGrecia (Greece) — griegoGuatemala — guatemaltecoHaití — haitianoHonduras — hondureñola India — indio, hindúInglaterra (England) — inglésIrak, Iraq — irakí, iraquíIrán — iraníIrlanda — irlandésIsrael — israelíItalia (Italy) — italianoJapón — japonésMarruecos (Morocco) — marroquíMéxico, Méjico — mexicano,
mejicanoNicaragua — nicaragüenseNoruega (Norway) — noruegoNueva Zelanda (New Zealand) — neozelandésPaíses Bajos (Netherlands) — holandésPalestina — palestinoPanamá — panameñoParaguay — paraguayoPerú — peruanoPolonia (Poland) — polacoPortugual — portuguésPuerto Rico — puertorriqueñola República Dominicana (Dominican Republic) — dominicanoRusia — rusoSudáfrica (South Africa) — sudafricanoSuecia (Sweden) — sueco
Suiza (Switzerland) — suizoTaiwan — taiwanésUruguay — uruguayoVenezuela — venezolano
Comjugation regular Spanish Verbs
Regular Spanish VerbsIn Spanish, there are three categories of verbs. The category is determined by the last two letters of the infinitive:
-ar verbs (like hablar)-er verbs (like comer)-ir verbs (like vivir)
The infinitive is the base form of the verb, such as to speak, to eat, to live,
etc. In Spanish, all infinitives end in -ar, -er, or -ir.
-ar verb
hablar (to speak)
-er verbcomer (to eat)
-ir verbvivir (to live)
To conjugate a verb means to manipulate the infinitive so that it agrees with the different possible subjects. Here is the present tense conjugation of the infinitive "to speak":to speak
I speakyou speakhe speaksshe speakswe speakyou-all speakALL OF YOU speakthey speak
The present tense in Spanish can mean three things.
The Spanish phrase "yo hablo" can mean:
yo habloI speak
yo habloI do speak
yo habloI am speaking
Many Spanish verbs are completely regular, meaning that they follow a specific pattern of conjugation. In this lesson you will learn to conjugate regular -ar, -er, and -ir verbs (in the present tense). Before you can do that, you must memorize the following subject pronouns.yo (I)tú (you - informal) VOS= very politeél (he)ella (she)usted (you - formal)
nosotros/nosotras (we)vosotros/vosotras (you-all - informal)
ellos/ellas (they)ustedes (you-all formal)
Tú = you familiar
VOS= You but VERY polite Old Spanish but still used in Many countries - in Central and South America America
Such as- Uruguay , Argentina……
For a review of the subject pronouns, click here.
Spanish infinitives are divided into two parts: the ending and the stem. The ending is the last two letters.
Remember, all infinitives end in -ar, -er, or -ir. The stem is everything that's left after you remove the ending.habl + ar = hablarcom + er = comerviv + ir = vivir
In this lesson, we will use three model verbs: hablar, comer, and vivir. In Spanish, you conjugate verbs by changing the ending. If the subject is I (yo), conjugate by dropping the ending and add -o.yo hablo (hablar - ar + o = hablo)I speak, I am speaking, I do speak
yo como (comer - er + o = como)I eat, I am eating, I do eat
yo vivo (vivir - ir + o = vivo)
I live, I am living, I do live
If the subject is you - informal (tú), conjugate by dropping the ending and add -as (for -ar verbs) or -es (for -er and -ir verbs).tú hablas (hablar - ar + as = hablas)you speak, you are speaking, you do speak
tú comes (comer - er + es = comes)you eat, you are eating, you do eat
tú vives (vivir - ir + es = vives)you live, you are living, you do live
If the subject is he (él), she (ella) or you - formal (usted), conjugate by dropping the ending and add -a (-ar verbs) or -e (-
er and -ir verbs).él/ella/usted habla (hablar - ar + a = habla)he speaks, she is speaking, you (formal) do speak
él/ella/usted come (comer - er + e = come)he eats, she is eating, you (formal) do eat
él/ella/usted vive (vivir - ir + e = vive)he lives, she is living, you (formal) do live
If the subject is we (nosotros/nosotras), conjugate by dropping the ending and add -amos, -emos, or -imos, depending
on whether the verb is -ar, -er or -ir.nosotros hablamos (hablar - ar + amos = hablamos)we speak, we are speaking, we do speak
nosotros comemos (comer - er + emos = comemos)we eat, we are eating, we do eat
nosotros vivimos (vivir - ir + imos = vivimos)we live, we are living, we do live
If the subject is you-all - informal (vosotros/vosotras), conjugate by dropping the ending and add -áis, -éis, or ís.vosotros habláis (hablar - ar + áis = habláis)
you-all speak, you-all are speaking, you-all do speak
vosotros coméis (comer - er + éis = coméis)you-all eat, you-all are eating, you-all do eat
vosotros vivís (vivir - ir + ís = vivís)you-all live, you-all are living, you-all do live
If the subject is they (ellos/ellas) or you-all - formal (ustedes), conjugate by dropping the ending and add -an (-ar verbs) or -en (-er and -ir verbs).ellos/ellas/ustedes hablan (hablar - ar + an = hablan)they speak, they are speaking, you-all (formal) do speak
ellos/ellas/ustedes comen (comer - er + en = comen)they eat, they are eating, you-all (formal) do eat
ellos/ellas/ustedes viven (vivir - ir + en = viven)they live, they are living, you-all (formal) do live
As you can see, to conjugate regular -ar verbs, simply drop the ending (-ar) and add one of the following:-o-as-a
-amos-áis-an
To conjugate regular -er verbs, simply drop the ending (-er) and add one of the following:
-o-es-e-emos-éis-enTo conjugate regular -ir verbs, simply drop the ending (-ir) and add one of the following:-o-es-e
-imos-ís-en
•
List of some regular- ar -er and -ir verbs
Here’s a list of some common regular -ar, -er, and -ir verbs: -ar verbs alquilar..................... amar ........................ andar ....................... ayudar ..................... bailar ....................... buscar ......................
caminar.................... cantar ...................... cocinar..................... comprar ................... dejar ........................ desear ...................... enseñar.................... entrar (en)................ enviar....................... escuchar .................. esperar..................... estudiar.................... firmar....................... ganar ....................... gastar ...................... hablar ...................... lavar......................... llegar ....................... llevar........................
mandar .................... mirar........................ necesitar .................. olvidar...................... pagar ....................... practicar................... preguntar................. preparar ................... regresar ................... saludar..................... tocar ........................ tomar....................... trabajar .................... viajar........................ visitar ....................... to rentto loveto walk
to helpto dance to look for to walk to singto cookto buy
to allow, to leave to desire to teachto enter (into)to sendto listen toto hope,to wait for
to studyto signto win,
to earnto spend moneyto speak, to talkto washto arriveto wear, to carryto orderto watch, to look at to needto forgetto pay for
to practiceto askto prepareto returnto greetto touch, to play an instrumentto take, to drinkto workto travelto visit -er verbs aprender .................. to learn beber ....................... to drink comer ...................... to eat comprender ............. to
understand correr ....................... to run creer ........................ to believedeber ....................... to have to, to owe esconder .................. to hideleer .......................... to readmeter en .................. to put into poseer...................... to possess, to own prometer.................. to promise romper..................... to break temer....................... to fearvender ..................... to sell -ir verb abrir......................... to openadmitir ..................... to admitasistir a .................... to attend
cubrir ....................... to cover decidir...................... to decide describir ................... to describe descubrir.................. to discover discutir..................... to discussescribir ..................... to writeexistir ....................... to exist omitir....................... to omit partir........................ to divide permitir.................... to permitrecibir ...................... to receivesubir ........................ to climb, to go up sufrir ........................ to suffer unir.......................... to unite vivir.......................... to live
Present indicative[
Verbs Yo Tú Vos Él / Ella /
UstedNosotros / Nosotras
Vosotros / Vosotras
p p p p piensa pensamos pensáis
ensar ienso iensas ensás
contar
cuento
cuentas
contás cuenta contamos contáis
perder pierdo pierdes p
erdés pierde perdemos perdéis
moler muelo mueles m
olés muele molemos moléis
oler huelo hueles olés huele olemos oléis
sentir siento sientes sentís siente sentimos sentís
dormir
duermo
duermes
dormís duerme dormimos dormís
Present subjunctive[edit]
Verbs Yo Tú Vos (*) Él / Ella /
UstedNosotros / Nosotras
Vosotros / Vosotras
pensar
piense
pienses pienses / pensés piense pensemos penséis
contar
cuente
cuentes cuentes / contés cuente contemos contéis
perder pierda pierdas pierdas / perdás pierda perdamos perdáis
moler muela muelas muelas / molás muela molamos moláis
oler huela huelas huelas / olás huela olamos oláis
sentir sienta sientas sientas / sintás sienta sintamos sintáis
dormir
duerma
duermas
duermas / durmás duerma durmamos durmáis
(*) In Central America pensés, contés, etc. are used,[2] but Spanish Royal
Academy prescribes pienses, cuentes, etc., according to Rioplatense Spanish.Imperative[edit]
Verbs Tú Vos Vosotros /
Vosotras Usted
pensar
piensa
pensá pensad (*) p
iense
contar
cuenta
contá contad (*) c
uente
perder pierde p
erdé perded (*) pierda
moler muele m
olé moled (*) muela
oler huele olé oled (*) huela
sentir siente sentí sentid (*) sienta
dormir
duerme
dormí dormid (*) d
uerma
(*) Only used in Spain. Formal conjugations of the plural imperative end in -d, but in colloquial use the most common conjugation ends in -r instead: pensar, contar, etc.
Note that sentir and dormir also undergo vowel raising.
Additional diphthongizing verbs include acordar(se), divertir(se), doler, empezar, encontrar, entender, llover, morir, mostrar, mover, poder, probar, querer, recordar, sentar(se), tener, venir, volar, and volver.Many verbs with -e- or -o- in the root do not alternate. Common non-diphthongizing verbs include acercar(se), beber, comer, comprar, conocer, correr, creer, deber, dejar, entrar, esperar, lamentar, llegar, llevar, meter, parecer, poner, prometer, quedar, regresar, responder, suceder, temer, and tomar.Less frequent verbs of this kind are often a source of mistakes for children learning to speak, and also for some adults:• rebosar → yo *rebueso, él *rebuesa... instead of yo
reboso, él rebosa...Vowel raising[edit]Vowel raising appears only in verbs of the third conjugation (-ir verbs), and in this group it affects dormir, morir, podrir (alternative for the more common pudrir) and nearly all verbs which have -e- as their last stem vowel (e.g. sentir, repetir); exceptions include cernir, discernir and concernir (all three diphthongizing).Affected forms[edit]The forms that exhibit the change can be described negatively as those in which the stem vowel is not diphthongized and the ending does not contain stressed /í/[3] or the /ir/ sequence. In other words, vowel raising affects the forms whose endings do not contain an i which is not part of a diphthong, taking into account that diphthongizing overrides vowel raising.In effect, for diphthongizing verbs (e.g. sentir, dormir), the
vowel-raising forms are:3the first-person and second-person plural of the present
subjunctive (sintamos, sintáis, durmamos, durmáis);4the gerund (sintiendo, durmiendo);5the third-person singular and plural of the preterite
(sintió, sintieron, durmió, durmieron);6all forms of the imperfect subjunctive (sintiera/sintiese...,
durmiera/durmiese...) and of the future subjunctive (sintiere..., durmiere...).
For non-diphthongizing verbs (e.g. pedir) it affects these same forms (pidamos, pidáis, pidiendo, pidió, pidieron, pidiera...), plus:• in the present indicative, all singular forms and the third-
person plural (pido, pides, pide, piden);• the remaining forms of the present subjunctive (pida,
pidas, pidan);• the tú form of the imperative (pide).The forms which do not undergo either diphthongizing or vowel raising are:• the first-person and second-person plural of the present
indicative (sentimos, sentís), because these forms have stressed /í/ in their endings.
• the infinitive (sentir), past participle (sentido), imperfect indicative (sentía...) and the vos and vosotros/as forms of the imperative (sentí, sentid), for the same reason.
• the future (sentiré...) and conditional (sentiría...), whose endings contain the /ir/ sequence.
Affected verbs[edit]Verbs which are diphthongizing and vowel-raising include:• those ending in -entir (sentir, mentir, arrepentirse...) and -
ertir (convertir, advertir...);• those ending in -erir (herir, requerir, preferir, digerir...),
except aterir;• venir and derived verbs (convenir, prevenir...) in the
gerund (viniendo...), as the rest of forms undergo other overriding irregularities.
• dormir and morir.The diphthongizing -er verb poder exceptionally undergoes vowel rising in the gerund (pudiendo), but the first- and second-person plural of the present subjunctive are regular (podamos, podáis).Non-diphthongizing vowel-rising verbs include:those ending in -edir (medir, pedir, despedir...), -etir
(competir, repetir) and -egir (corregir, elegir...; note forms with j before a/o such as corrijo, corrija).
those ending in -eír (reír, sonreír, freír, desleír). Double i that would result is simplified (rieron, not *riieron or *riyeron). Note that stressed i in contact with a/e/o must take an acute accent (río, ríe, ría) but monosyllabic forms of the preterite do not have it (rio, riais, but rió and riáis also valid if you pronounce them in two syllables).
those ending in -eñir (teñir, ceñir...). Note that unstressed i between ñ and a vowel is dropped (tiñendo, tiñó, tiñeron, tiñera...).
decir and derived verbs (bendecir, predecir...), in the forms that do not undergo other overriding irregularities.
embestir.podrir. Note that the affected forms are equal to those
derived from the more usual infinitive pudrir, which is regular except in the past participle podrido.
The vowel-raising verb erguir is usually diphthongizing (with ye- forms as yergo...), not-diphthongizing forms are however valid but rare (irgo...).Diphthongs and hiatuses[edit]Cambio vs. envío[edit]Diphthongs in the infinitive may be preserved throughout the conjugation or broken in the forms which are stressed on the stem, depending on whether the i or u in contact with a/e/o take the stress or not. The stressed vowel is marked bold in the examples: cambiar > cambio, but enviar > envío (requiring an acute accent to indicate the resulting hiatus). The Spanish Royal Academy doesn't consider either behaviour as an irregularity, but illustrates each with six "regular" models, one for each possible diphthong in the infinitive: anunciar, averiguar, bailar, causar, peinar and adeudar for diphthong-keeping verbs and enviar, actuar, aislar, aunar, descafeinar and rehusar for diphthong-breaking ones. Remember that the presence of a silent h does not break a diphthong, so a written accent is needed anyway in rehúso.All verbs ending in -guar are diphthong-keeping, as well as saciar, desairar, restaurar and reinar. Note that two dipththongs are kept in desahuciar > desahucio (again the -h- makes no difference), which thus follows both the anunciar and causar models.Diphthong-breaking verbs include ahincar, aislar, aunar, aullar, maullar, aupar, aliar, vaciar, contrariar, evaluar, habituar, reunir. The verbs criar, fiar, guiar, liar and piar are also diphthong-breaking (crío, guíe), but when the stress falls on the endings the resulting forms are generally considered as monosyllables and thus written
without accent: crie, fie, guiais, lieis.... In spite of that, you can follow the regular accentuation rules if you pronounce these forms as bisyllabic: crié, guiáis...For the verbs licuar and adecuar both options are valid: adecuo or adecúo.Note that the ui diphthong in cuidar is kept throughout the conjugation despite the fact of the i getting the stress in forms such as cuido (written without stress mark).Verbs ending in -uir and -oír[edit]All verbs ending in -uir (e.g. construir, disminuir, distribuir) add a medial -y- before all endings not starting with i: construyo, construyes, construya... Taking into account that these verbs also undergo the change of unstressed intervocalic i to y (see orthographical changes above), they have many forms containing y.This also applies to the forms of oír and desoír that do not undergo the -ig- change: oyes, oye, oyenAgain, note that some regular forms of fluir, fruir and huir are written without stress mark if considered monosyllabic, but may bear it if pronounced as bisyllabic: vosotros huis or huís (present), yo hui or huí (preterite).Note that logically argüir loses the diaeresis before y: arguyo, arguyó...Other common irregular patterns[edit]Endings starting with o/a in er/ir verbs[edit]In er and ir verbs, the first person singular of the present indicative and the whole present subjunctive are the only forms whose endings start with o/a instead of e/i. These two different phonetic environments made Latin forms evolve differently in many verbs, leading to irregularities. Note that:
Whenever the first person singular of the present indicative has an irregularity other than diphthongizing, but still ends in -o, the whole present subjunctive shares the same irregularity:
hacer > hago, haga...lucir > luzco, luzca...caber > quepo, quepa...ver > veo, vea...; prever > preveo, prevea...
When the first person singular of the present indicative does not end in -o, the present subjunctive is also irregular, but in a different way:
ser > soy, sea...ir > voy, vaya...haber > he, hayasaber > sé, sepa...
G-verbs[edit]Before o (in the first person singular of the indicative present tense) and a (that is, in all persons of the present subjunctive), the so-called G-verbs (sometimes "go-verbs" or "yo-go" verbs) add a medial -g- after l and n (also after s in asir), add -ig- when the root ends in a vowel, or substitute -g- for -c-. Note that this change overrides diphthongization (tener, venir) but combines with vowel-raising (decir). Many of these verbs are also irregular in other ways. For example:salir: yo salgo, tú sales...valer: yo valgo, tú vales...poner: yo pongo, tú pones...tener: yo tengo, tú tienes...venir: yo vengo , tú vienes...caer: yo caigo, tú caes...
traer: yo traigo, tú traes...oír: yo oigo, tú oyes...hacer: yo hago, tú haces...decir: yo digo, tú dices...asir: yo asgo, tú ases...ZC-verbs[edit]This group of verbs—which originated in the Latin inchoative verbs but now includes other verbs as well— substitute -zc- for stem-final -c- before o and a. The group includes nearly all verbs ending in -acer (except hacer and derived verbs), -ecer (except mecer and remecer), -ocer (except cocer and derived verbs), and -ucir. For example:nacer: yo nazco, tú naces...crecer: yo crezco, tú creces...conocer: yo conozco, tú conoces...producir: yo produzco, tú produces...Yacer may alternatively be conjugated with -zc- (yazco), -g- (yago) or a compromise -zg- (yazgo).Irregular forms in the future, conditional and imperative[edit]Some -er and -ir verbs (most G-verbs plus haber, saber, poder and querer) also change their stem in the future and conditional tenses. This involves:Just dropping the infinitive e: haber → habré..., saber →
sabré..., poder → podré..., querer → querré...Dropping the infinitive e/i and padding the resulting *-lr-/*-
nr- with a -d-: tener → tendré..., poner → pondré..., venir → vendré..., valer → valdré..., salir → saldré...
Dropping the infinitive -ce- or -ec-: hacer → haré..., deshacer → desharé..., decir → diré... Predecir, contradecir and desdecir may share this irregularity
(prediré...) or, more commonly, use the regular forms (predeciré). For bendecir and maldecir only the regular forms are used (bendeciré...).
Many of these verbs also have shortened tú imperative forms: tener → ten, contener → contén, poner → pon, disponer → dispón, venir → ven, salir → sal, hacer → haz, decir → di. However, all verbs derived from decir are regular in this form: bendice, maldice, desdícete, predice, contradice.
Anomalous stems in the preterite and derived tenses[Some verbs (including most G-verbs) have a completely different stem in the preterite. These stems are very old and often are found in Latin as well. The same irregular stem is also found in the imperfect subjunctive (both in -ra and -se forms) and the future subjunctive. This stems are anomalous also because:they are stressed in the first and third persons singular,
ending in unstressed -e and -o respectively (while in all other cases the preterite gets the stress over the suffix).
the rest of the endings are the usual for -er/-ir verbs even for the -ar verbs estar and andar.
in the verbs with -je preterite (conducir, decir, traer...) unstressed i is dropped between the j and a vowel: ellos trajeron, yo trajera... Note that this doesn't happen with regular or vowel-raising -ger/-jer/-gir/-jir verbs (proteger > protegieron, tejer > tejieron, corregir
> corrigieron, crujir > crujieron).Examples:estar → estuv-: yo estuve, tú/vos estuviste(s), él estuvo..., ellos estuvieron; yo estuviera...andar → anduv-: yo anduve, tú/vos anduviste(s), él anduvo..., ellos anduvieron; yo anduviera...tener → tuv-: yo tuve, tú/vos tuviste(s), él tuvo..., ellos tuvieron; yo tuviera...haber → hub-: yo hube, tú/vos hubiste(s), él hubo..., ellos hubieron; yo hubiera...caber → cup-: yo cupe, tú/vos cupiste(s), él cupo..., ellos cupieron; yo cupiera...saber → sup-: yo supe, tú/vos supiste(s), él supo..., ellos supieron; yo supiera...venir → vin-: yo vine, tú/vos viniste(s), él vino..., ellos vinieron; yo viniera...poder → pud-: yo pude, tú/vos pudiste(s), él pudo..., ellos pudieron; yo pudiera...poner → pus-: yo puse, tú/vos pusiste(s), él puso..., ellos pusieron; yo pusiera...hacer → hic-/hiz-: yo hice, tú/vos hiciste(s), él hizo..., ellos hicieron; yo hiciera...reducir → reduj-: yo reduje, tu/vos redujiste(s), él redujo.., ellos condujeron; yo condujera...decir → dij-: yo dije, tú/vos dijiste(s), él dijo..., ellos dijeron; yo dijera...Irregular past participles[edit]A number of verbs have irregular past participles. This includes verbs which are irregular in many other ways, as poner and decir, but for some other verbs this is their only irregularity (e.g. abrir, romper), while some very irregular
verbs (as ser and ir) have regular past participles. Examples:abrir → abierto, morir → muerto, volver → vuelto, devolver
→ devuelto...romper → roto, escribir → escrito...ver → visto, prever → previsto, poner → puesto,
componer → compuesto...hacer → hecho, rehacer → rehecho, decir → dicho,
predecir → predicho (but bendecir → bendecido, maldecir → maldecido)...
pudrir → podrido.There are three verbs that have both a regular and an irregular past participle. Both forms may be used when conjugating the compound tenses and the passive voice with the auxiliary verbs haber and ser, but the irregular form is generally the only one used as an adjective:• freír → he freído or he frito, but papas fritas.• imprimir → he imprimido or he impreso, but papeles
impresos.• proveer → he proveído or he provisto, una despensa
bien provista far more usual than una despensa bien proveída.
Others[edit]The verbs ser (to be) and ir (to go) both exhibit irregularities in the present, imperfect and preterite forms. Together with ver (to see) and prever (to foresee), they are the only four verbs with irregular imperfect indicative. Their tú imperative forms are sé, ve (for both ir and ver, although mirar is more common than ver in commands) and prevé. Their vos imperative forms are sé, andá (the verb andar replaces ir), ve and prevé.
Present indicative tense Imperfect indicativeser ir ver prever ser ir ver prever
yo soy voy veo preveo era iba veía preveía
tú eresvas ves prevés eras ibas veías preveías
vos sos
él, ella es va ve prevé era iba veía preveía
nosotros/as
somos
vamos
vemos prevemos éram
osíbamos
veíamos preveíamos
vosotros/as sois vais veis prevéis erais ibais veíais preveíais
ellos/as son van ven prevén eran iban veían preveían
Remember that whenever the preterite is irregular, the imperfect subjunctive (-ra and -se forms) and the dated future subjunctive (-re) share the same irregularity; indeed, these tenses may always be correctly formed by substituting the appropriate endings for the -ron ending of the third person plural preterite: fueron > fuera/fuese,...; fuere....The verbs dar (to give) and estar (to be) both exhibit irregularities in the present indicative and present subjunctive because their stems cannot be stressed (in dar the stem is just d-, in estar it was originally st-). The form dé is so written to distinguish it from the preposition de. Both verbs are also irregular in the preterite and derived tenses: dar follows the pattern of regular -er/-ir verbs, while estar has an anomalous preterite stem and follows the corresponding common pattern:
Present indicative
Present subjunctive Preterite
dar estar dar estar dar estar
yo doy estoy dé esté di estuve
tú, vos das estás des estés diste estuviste
él, ella da está dé esté dio estuvo
nosotros/as
damos estamos demos estemos dimo
s estuvimos
vosotros/as dais estáis deis estéis diste
is estuvisteis
ellos/as dan están den estén dieron estuvieron
• Spanish conjugation Spanish conjugator. 12,000 verbs conjugated.• Diccionario panhispánico de dudas. Apéndice 1: Modelos de conjugación
verbal.Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:1977630-0!*!0!!en!4!* and timestamp 20160814104623 and revision id 730223557 <img src="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;" />
STEM CHANGING VERBSStem Changing VerbsIn all three conjugations of verbs (-ar, -er, and -ir) there are some verbs whose vowels change within the stem. These stem-changes occur in all persons except nosotros and vosotros. These two persons maintain the regular stem. There are six varieties of stem-changes: o->ue, e -> ie, e -> i, i -> ie, u -> ue, o -> hue. Each of these is described below with examples.1. e to ieThis is the most common stem change for Spanish verbs.Conjugation Examplequerer - to wantquiero queremo
squieres queréisquiere quieren
The Boot!As you can see, the stem change is only applied in 1st, 2nd, 3rd person singular and 3rd person plural, forming the shape of a boot in the conjugation chart. The "boot" is a good way to remember which persons have the stem change.Some Common e -> ie Verbsacertar to guess divertirs
e to have fun pensar (en)
to think (about)
atenderto attend to
empezar to begin perder to lose
atravesar to cross encender
to light/ignite, to turn on
preferir to prefer
calentar to warm encerrar to enclose querer to wantcerrar to close entende
rto understand
recomendar
to recommend
comenzar to begin fregar to scrub/wash remendar to
mend/patchconfesar to
confessgobernar to govern sentar
(se) to sit downhelar to freeze sentir to feel sugerir to suggest
defender to defend mentir to lie tropezar
(con)to stumble (into, across)
descender
to descend negar to deny
despertar (se)
to wake up nevar to snow
2. o to ueThis is the 2nd most common stem change after e->ie.Conjugation Examplesoñar - to dreamsueño soñamossueñas soñáissueña sueñanSome Common o -> ue Verbs
absolver to absolve doler to hurt recordar
to remember
acordarse (de) to agree on dormir to sleep remove
r to remove
almorzar to have lunch encontrar to find resolve
r to resolve
aprobar to approve envolver to wrap retorcer to twist
cocer to boil/bake llover to rain revolver
to mix/shake
colgar to hang (up) morder to bite rogar to begconmover
to move (emotionally) moler to grind soler
to be accustomed to
contar to count morir to die sonar to soundcostar to cost mostrar to show soñar to dreamdemoler to demolish mover to move torcer to twistdemostrar
to demonstrate/prove
poder to be able to tronar to thunder
devolver to return (something) probar to taste,
to prove volar to fly
disolver to dissolve promover
to promote
3. e to iConjugation Examplerepetir - to repeatrepito repetimo
srepites repetísrepite repitenSome Common e -> i Verbsconseguir to get repetir to
repeat
corregir to correct
reírse (de)
to laugh/to make fun of
despedirto fire/to say goodbye
seguir to follow
elegir to elect servir to serveimpedir to
impedesonreírse to smile
medir to measure vestirse to get
dressedperseguir to follow4. i to ieThere are only only two commonly used verbs whose stem changes from i to ie:Conjugation Examplesadquirir - to acquire inquirir - to
inquireadquiero adquirimo
sinquiero
inquirimos
adquieres adquirís inquieres inquirís
adquiere adquieren inquiere inquieren
5. u to ueThere is only one commonly used verb whose stem changes from u to ue, and it is a very common verb.Conjugation Examplejugar - to playjuego jugamosjuegas jugáisjuega juegan6. o to hueThere is only one commonly used verb whose stem changes from o to hue.Conjugation Exampleoler - to smellhuelo olemoshueles oléishuele huelen
Affirmative and negative commands
AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE WORDS IN SPANISHPalabras Affirmativas y Negativas en EspañolIn these notes you will learn more about negative and affirmative words used in Spanish including indefinite pronouns to mean nobody, nothing, someone, something, and many more. Read the explanations and the example sentences carefully to be ready to complete the exercises below to practice and to test yourself.
Libros en la biblioteca
When we want to talk about an indefinite situation, we use an affirmative word.When we want to talk about a negative situation, we use a negative word.
PALABRASAFIRMATIVAS
PALABRAS NEGATIVAS
algo - something nada - nothing
alguien - someone nadie - nobody
alguno/a/as, algún - a, one, any, some
ningún, ninguno/a - none
siempre - always nunca, jamás - never
alguna vez - ever nunca, jamás - never
también - also tampoco - neither
o … o, either … or ni … ni - neither … nor
Alguno and ninguno must match the gender and number of the noun they replace or modify.Note that alguno changes to algún when used before masculine singular nouns.
Similarly, ninguno changes to ningún when used before
masculine singular nouns.
• Alguno de ellos. (One of them.)• Un hombre está lavando su coche. (A man is
washing his car.)• Algunos de los muchachos. (One of the boys.)• Algunos hombres están lavando el coche. (Some
men are washing the car.)• Algunas mujeres están lavando el coche. (Some
women are washing the car.)• Algún libro se perdió en la biblioteca. (A book
was lost in the library.)• Algún hijo se perdió en el parque. (A boy was lost
in the park.)• No hay ningún libro en las mesa. (There is no
book on the table.)Note that if you are including the masculine noun, you will use the words algún or ningún. But if you are not including the masculine noun because it is already known, it was already mentioned, etc, you use the form alguno and ninguno.
7 ¿Están todos los libros en la biblioteca? No, alguno se perdió.
8 (Are all the books in the library? No, one was lost.)
9 ¿Están todos los niños listos? No, ninguno está listo.
10 (Are all the children ready? No, none of them
is ready.)If a verb is preceded by "no", any words that follow must be negative. A double negative is required in Spanish when "no" precedes the verb:• No tenemos nada - We don’t have anything.
[Literally: we don't have nothing.]• No me gusta ninguna blusa - I don’t like any
blouse.However, if the negative word comes before the verb, we don't need to use "no".• Yo nunca veo películas de terror - I never watch
horror movies.• Nadie vio esa película porque era horrible -
Nobody watched that movie because it was horrible.Exercise 1: Look at the pictures and answer the questions with suitable words.Ejercicio 1: Mira las fotos y responde las preguntas con las siguientes palabras.Hints: ningún (x2), algunas, algunos, ninguna, siempre, nadie (x3).
Note: Try to use the correct written accents if you can e.g.: á, é, í, ó, ú, ñ, ü.If you don't know the correct answer, type '?' to reveal it.
1. ¿Hay alguna persona en el mar? - Sí hay personas.2. ¿Hay algún tiburón en el mar? - No, no hay tiburón en el mar.3. ¿Hay mucha gente en el verano? - hay mucha gente en el verano.
4. ¿Hay alguien en la playa? - No, no hay en la playa.5. ¿Algunas personas juegan en el mar? - No, juega en el mar.
6. Me parece que no hay joven en este parque.7. Sí, hay jóvenes en el parque. ¡Mira!8. mujer está usando vestido.9. ¿Alguien está comiendo? - No, está comiendo.
Exercise 2: Classify these words as affirmative or negative.
Ejercicio 2: Clasifica estas palabras como positivas o negativas1. Algo
Afirmativo Negativo ---2. NadaAfirmativo Negativo ---3. AlguienAfirmativo Negativo ---4. SiempreAfirmativo Negativo ---5. NadieAfirmativo Negativo ---6. TampocoAfirmativo Negativo ---7. NuncaAfirmativo Negativo ---8. NiAfirmativo Negativo ---9. AlgunoAfirmativo Negativo ---10. TambiénAfirmativo Negativo ---11. NingunoAfirmativo Negativo ---Exercise 3: Complete the Spanish sentence to mean the same as the English.Ejercicio 3: Lee las oraciones en inglés y completa las que están en español para que tengan el mismo significado.
Hints: alguien, alguno, algún, algunos, nada, nadie, no, nunca, siempre, tambien, tampoco
Note: Try to use the correct written accents if you can e.g.: á, é, í, ó, ú, ñ, ü.If you don't know the correct answer, type '?' to reveal it.
1. I do not have anything in my backpack. - No tengo en mi mochila.2. I always eat spaghetti. - Yo como spaghetti.3. I never drive a Ferrari. - Yo conduzco una Ferrari.4. Nobody is dancing. - está bailando.5. Someone is knocking on the door. - está golpeando la puerta.6. I like ice-cream and I also like chocolate. Me gusta el helado y me gusta el chocolate.7. I have some books on the shelf. - Tengo libros en el estante.8. I don’t have a blue car. - tengo un auto azul.9. - Me neither. - Yo .
Exercise 4: Choose the correct word.Ejercicio 4: Elige la palabra correcta.
1. Visitaste alguna vez México? - No, - nuncasiemprehe visitado México. 2. ¿Hablas con tus amigos? - Sí, - siemprenuncahablo con mis amigos. 3. ¿Hay alguien que sepa hablar francés en la clase? - Sí, hay - nadiealguienque sabe hablar francés.
4. ¿ - AlgúnAlgunoniño puede correr rápido? 5. No, - ningúnningunopuede correr rápido. 6. - NadieAlguienvino a la fiesta, fue muy aburrida. 7. Sí, y - no había ningúnno había nadanadie había ningúnnadie había nadapara comer. 8. ¿No tienes los cuadernos? - No, y - tambiéntampocotengo el diccionario. 9. ¿Vas a la escuela? - No, - tampoco
novoy a la escuela, voy a la universidad.
Exercise 5: Complete with a suitable wordEjercicio 5: Completa con una palabra adecuada.Hints: algún, alguno, algunos, alguien, ningún, ninguna, nada, nadie, nunca.1. La clase de matemáticas es muy difícil, no comprendo
.2. Estoy asombrado, había visto a una mujer tan bonita.3. Estoy muy triste porque vino a mi fiesta.4. ¿Hay que pueda leer la mente?5. ¿Hay planeta llamado Capricornio?6. ¡No! ¡No hay planeta llamado Capricornio!7. No hay que pueda volar como Superman.8. Asombrosamente, estudiante aprobó el examen porque no estudiaron.9. jóvenes quieren ir a la fiesta.
