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Sig.na Paolercio GREATEST REVIEW SHEET IN THE HISTORY OF REVIEW SHEETS Greetings/Salutations mi chiamo – my name is come ti chiami? – what is your name io sono – I am chi sei? – who are you? si chiama – her/his name is come si chiama? – what is his/her name quanti anni hai? – how old are you? io ho quindici anni – I am 15 years old quanti anni ha? – how old is he/she? ha tredici anni - he/she is 13 years old buon giorno – good day, hello (used from morning to late afternoon) buona sera – good evening (used from late afternoon through the evening) ciao! – hello (informal) salve! – hello (more formal) ciao! – goodbye (infomal) arrivederci !– goodbye (more formal) come stai? – how are you (informal) come sta? – how are you? (formal) sto bene! – I’m well sto male – I am not well sto così-così – I’m alright sto abbastanza bene – I’m quite well personal pronouns (pronomi personali) io – I noi – we tu – you voi – plural lui/lei – he/she loro – they Lei - you formal Loro – you (plural) formal

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Page 1: Topics · Web viewAdjectives (agree in # and gender with word it is modifying… those that end in “o/a” can also be plural “i/e” – while those that end in “e” in the

Sig.na Paolercio

GREATEST REVIEW SHEET IN THE HISTORY OF REVIEW SHEETS

Greetings/Salutationsmi chiamo – my name is come ti chiami? – what is your nameio sono – I am chi sei? – who are you?si chiama – her/his name is come si chiama? – what is his/her namequanti anni hai? – how old are you? io ho quindici anni – I am 15 years oldquanti anni ha? – how old is he/she? ha tredici anni - he/she is 13 years oldbuon giorno – good day, hello (used from morning to late afternoon)buona sera – good evening (used from late afternoon through the evening)ciao! – hello (informal) salve! – hello (more formal)ciao! – goodbye (infomal) arrivederci !– goodbye (more formal)come stai? – how are you (informal) come sta? – how are you? (formal)sto bene! – I’m well sto male – I am not well sto così-così – I’m alrightsto abbastanza bene – I’m quite well

personal pronouns (pronomi personali)io – I noi – wetu – you voi – plurallui/lei – he/she loro – theyLei - you formal Loro – you (plural) formal

essere - (used to describe people) avere - (used to express possession and age)to be (not feelings) to have

io sono noi siamo io ho noi abbiamotu sei voi siete tu hai voi avetelui/lei è loro sono lui/lei ha loro hanno

Adjectives (agree in # and gender with word it is modifying… those that end in “o/a” can also be plural “i/e” – while those that end in “e” in the singular only end in “I” in the plural whether masc or fem.

bello/a - beautiful, handsome brutto/a – uglydinamico/a – dynamic energetic pigro/a – lazy

Page 2: Topics · Web viewAdjectives (agree in # and gender with word it is modifying… those that end in “o/a” can also be plural “i/e” – while those that end in “e” in the

disinvolto/a – carefree timido/a – shycortese – kind, courteous, polite scortese – unkind, rudeingenuo/a – naïve furbo/a – shrewdsimpatico/a – nice, pleasant antipatico – unpleasantgentile – kind, courteous sgarbato/a – rudeonesto/a – honest disonesto – dishonestgeneroso/a – generous egoista – selfishsincero/a – sincere falso/a – falseintelligente – intelligent stupido – stupidprudente – careful, cautious audace – bold, daringbasso/a – short alto/a – tallgrande – large piccolo/a – smalldivertente – fun noioso/a – boringgrasso/a – fat magro/a – skinny/thinricco/a – rich povero/a – poorallegro/a – happy triste – sadcattivo/a – bad, devilish buono/a – goodgiovane – young vecchio/a – oldcalmo/a – calm nervoso/a – nervouselegante – elegant

americano,a,i,e canadese,iitaliano,a,i,e cinese,imessicano a,i,e francese,irusso,a,i,e giapponese,ispagnolo,a,i,e inglese, itedesco, a, i, e irlandese, i

bello/a – beautiful, nice grande – large, greatbravo/a – good, capable lungo/a – longbrutto/a – ugly, unpleasant nuovo/a – newbuono/a – good piccolo/a – smallcaro/a – dear stesso/a – samecattivo – bad vecchio/a – oldgiovane – young vero/a – true

VERBS: are/ere/ire – present tense (remove stem from infinitive of verb and add ending:Ex. insegnare (to teach) stem: insegn- ending: -are

are verbs endings ere verb endings ire verb endings

-o -iamo -o -iamo -o -iamo-i -ate -i -ete -i -ite-a -ano -e -ono -e -ono

Page 3: Topics · Web viewAdjectives (agree in # and gender with word it is modifying… those that end in “o/a” can also be plural “i/e” – while those that end in “e” in the

Common are – ere – ire verbs

abitare - to live arrivare – to wait ascoltare – to listen (to)aspettare – to wait (for) cantare – to sing cercare – to look for chiamare – to call cominciare – to begin comprare – to buydesiderare – to wish, want dimenticare – to forget entrare – to enterfrequentare – to attend giocare – to play (a game) guardare – to watch, look (at)imparare – to learn incontrare – to meet insegnare – to teachlavorare – to work mandare – to send mangiare – to eatpagare – to pay (for) parlare – to speak passare - to pass;to spendpensare (di) – to think (of) portare – to bring, wear (time)ricordare – to remember studiare – to study telefonare – to telephonetornare – to return trovare – to find usare – to usevisitare – to visit

assistere – to attend chiedere – to ask for chiudere – to closeconoscere – to know (a person of a place); to meet credere – to believedecidere di – (+infinitive) to decide to do something discutere (di) – to discussleggere – to read mettere – to put, place (something)perdere – to lose prendere – to take, to have (to eat or drink)ricevere – to receive rispondere – to answer scrivere – to writespendere – to spend ($) vedere – to see vendere – to sell

ire verbs like dormire (regular) ire verbs like capire (irregular)*Verbs like the list on the right take the letters –isc in certain conjugations:

capireio cap-isc-o noi capiamotu cap-isc-i voi capitelui/lei cap-isc-e loro cap-isc-ono

(regular –ire verbs) (irregular –ire verbs)

aprire – to open finire – to finishoffire – to offer ubbidire – to obeypartire – to leave, depart preferire – to preferseguire – to follow, take (courses) pulire – cleansentire – to hear, to feel restituire – to give backservire – to serve, to be useful riferire – to report, relatesoffire – to suffer spedire – to sendsuggerire – to suggest

irregular verbs – present tense

andare - to go venire – to come

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vado andiamo vengo veniamovai andate vieni veniteva vanno viene vengono

dare – to give fare – to do/make stare – to be, staydo diamo faccio facciamo sto stiamodai date fai fate stai stateda danno fa fanno sta stanno

volere – to want potere – to be able to dovere – to have tovoglio vogliamo posso possiamo devo dobbiamovuoi volete puoi potete devi dovetevuole vogliono può possono deve devono

bere – to drink dire – to say uscire – to go outbevo beviamo dico diciamo esco usciamobevi bevete dici dite esci uscitebeve bevono dice dicono esce escono

Prepositions - Simple

a – to, at, incon - withdi – of, about, fromda – from, byper - forin – in, into, atsu - ontra/fra – between, among

Prepositions combine with the definite article:

il lo l’ la i gli le a al allo all’ alla ai agli alleda dal dallo dall’ dalla dai dagli dalledi del dello dell’ della dei degli dellein nel nello nell’ nella nei negli nellesu sul sullo sull’ sulla sui sugli sulle

Numbers

uno – one undici – eleven trenta - thirtydue – two dodici – twelve quaranta – fortytre – three tredici – thirteen cinquanta – fifty quattro – four quattordici – fourteenq sessanta - sixtycinque – five quindici – fifteen settanta - seventy

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sei – six sedici – sixteen ottanta - eightysette – seven diciassette – seventeen novanta - ninetyotto – eight diciotto – eighteen cento – one hundrednove – nine dicinnove – nineteen mille – one thousanddieci – ten venti – twenty mila – for more than 1,999

days of the week – lunedì, martedì, mercoledì, giovedì, venerdì, sabato, domenica(all are masculine with the exception of la domenica)

months – gennaio, febbraio, marzo, aprile, maggio, giugno, luglio, agosto, settembre, ottobre, novembre, dicembre

expressions of time (present, immediate future)oggi – today stamattina – this morningoggi pomeriggio – this afternoon stasera – this eveningstanotte – tonight

la mattina – (in) the morning il pomeriggio – (in) the afternoonla sera – (in) the evening la notte – (at) night domani – tomorrowdomani mattina (domattina) tomorrow morningdopodomani – the day after tomorrowdomani sera – tomorrow eveningdomani pomeriggio – tomorrow afternoon

lunedì mattina – Monday morningmartedì pomeriggio – Tuesday afternoonmercoledì sera – Wednesday eveninggiovedì notte – Thursday night

Expressions of time Che ora è? Che ore sono? what time is it?Sono le....due-undici – It is two o’clock – eleven o’clockÈ l’una – It’s one o’clockÈ mezzogiorno/mezzanotte – It’s noon / midnight

A che ora…? At what time….?Alle due – undici…. At two o’clock – eleven o’clockAll’una – At one o’clock…A mezzogiorno/mezzanotte – At noon / midnight…

expressions of avere

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avere freddo – to be cold avere caldo – to be hotavere paura (di) – to be afraid (of) avere bisogno di – to needavere sonno – to be sleepy avere voglia di – to feel like avere sete – to be thirsty (doing something)

expressions of farefare bel tempo – to be nice weather Oggi fa bel tempo?fare caldo – to be hot (weather) Sì, stamattina fa caldo.fare freddo – to be cold (weather) Ma più tardi fa freddo.fare una passeggiata – to go for a walk Desideri fare una passeggiata?fare due passi – to go for a short walk Sì, perché non facciamo due passi?fare una gita – take a short trip Gli studenti fanno una gita scolastica. fare un viaggio – to take a longer trip A dicembre fanno un viaggio in Italiafare una domanda – to ask a question Lorenzo fa una domanda a Bettina.fare colazione – to eat breakfast Facciamo colazione al bar?fare una fotografia – to take a picture Sì, ma prima facciamo alcune foto in piazza.

Reflexive verbs – present tense : verbs whose actions refer back to the subject(I dress myself – Mi vesto) Just like regular verbs but take a reflexive pronoun:

alzarsi – to get (oneself) upmi alzo ci alziamoti alzi vi alzatesi alza si alzano

Common reflexive verbs

addormentarsi – to fall asleep mettersi a – to begin, to start toalzarsi – to get up preoccuparsi (di) – to worry (about)chiamarsi – to be called prepararsi (per) – to prepare oneself to, get readydivertirsi – to enjoy oneself sentirsi – to feelfermarsi – to stop svegliarsi – to wake uplavarsi – to wash (oneself) vestirsi – to get dressedmettersi – to put on (clothing)

Interrogative Pronounscome? how? che (cosa)? what chi? who?dove? where quando? when quale/i? which?perché? why? quanto/a? how much quante/i? how many

Expressions of Time Past

ieri – yesterday un’ora fa – an hour agoieri mattina – yesterday morning due giorni fa (settimane, mesi, anni) two daysieri pomeriggio- yesterday afternoon (weeks, months, years) agoieri sera – last night molto tempo fa – a long time ago

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l’altro ieri – the day before yesterday poco tempo fa – not long ago, a little while agoqualche tempo fa – some time ago quanto tempo fa? how long ago?

sabato scorso – last Saturday a settimana scorsa – last weekil mese scorso – las month l’anno scorso – last year

già – already mai – ever (never)

The PERFECT TENSE (Passato Prossimo) is used to express simple, completed actions in the past. It is a compound tense that takes the auxiliary verbs essere or avere + a past participle. The past participle is formed by dropping the endings –are, -ere, -ire and adding –ato, -uto, -ito respectively.

*If a verb takes essere, the ending of the participle agrees in # and gender with the subject.

ho parlato sono andato/ahai parlato sei andato/aha parlato è andato/aabbiamo parlato siamo andati/eavete parlato siete andati/ehanno parlato sono andati/e

Irregular past participles (* those that take essere)

aprire – aperto bere – bevuto chiedere – chiestochiudere – chiuso decidere – deciso dire – dettodiscutere – discusso *essere – stato fare – fattoleggere – letto mettere – messo *morire – morto*nascere – nato offrire – offerto perdere – persoprendere – preso *rimanere – rimasto rispondere – risposto*scendere – sceso scrivere – scritto soffrire – soffertospendere – speso vedere – visto *venire – venutovincere - vinto

The IMPERFECT is a past tense used to describe continuous actions in the past, conditions like weather, feelings and states of being in the past OR to describe and ongoing action that was interrupted by another action. (Es. Parlavo al telefono quando Laura è entrata.)

imp. pass pross

*the following four verbs have irregular stems in the imperfectIMPERFECTendings

Essere Bere Dire Fare

Page 8: Topics · Web viewAdjectives (agree in # and gender with word it is modifying… those that end in “o/a” can also be plural “i/e” – while those that end in “e” in the

io -vo Ero Bevevo Dicevo Facevo

tu -vi Eri Bevevi Dicevi Facevi

lui/lei -va Era Beveva Diceva Faceva

noi -vamo Eravamo Bevevamo Dicevamo Facevamo

voi -vate Eravate Bevevate Dicevate Facevate

loro -vano Erano Bevevano Dicevano Facevano

The TRAPASSATO is used to express events that had taken place before another past event. (I had already eaten breakfast when my brother woke up.) This tense is formed using the imperfect forms of ESSERE OR AVERE + the PAST PARTICIPLE.

(*the same rules apply as when using the passato prossimo, in terms of determining whether essere or avere should be the auxiliary verb)

avevo detto ero venuto/aavevi detto eri venuto/aaveva detto era venuto/aavevamo detto eravamo venuti/eavevate detto eravate venuti/eavevano detto erano venuti/e

-The FUTURE tense is used to express what will happen in the future.-After “quando”, “appena”, and “se” when the action of the main verb takes place in thefuture.-Future of Probability: things that will most likely happen, guess/conjecture

The CONDITIONAL tense is used to express what would occur under certain conditions or circumstances. It is also used for politeness/requests.

For both of these tenses you just drop the “e” from the infinitive and add the ending. For –are verbs however you must first change the “a” to an “e”Es. parlare = parler + ending

Future Endings Conditional Endings io - ò -ei

tu -ai -esti

Page 9: Topics · Web viewAdjectives (agree in # and gender with word it is modifying… those that end in “o/a” can also be plural “i/e” – while those that end in “e” in the

lui/lei -à -ebbe

noi -emo - emmo

voi -ete - este

loro -anno - ebbero

*The irregular stems used for the future tense are the same for the conditionalinfinitive future/conditional stemandare = andr- (Es. andrò, andrai, andrà…..)avere = avr-bere = berr-dare = dar-dovere = dovr-essere = sar-fare = far-potere = potr-sapere = sapr-vedere = vedr-venire = verr-volere = vorr-

ImperativoThe imperative forms are used to give commands in Italian. There are formal and informal commands:

Informal Commands have the forms: TU, NOI, and VOI

Formal Commands have the forms: LEI and LORO

Remember commands are only used to address one or more people directly.

Here are 2 charts that give you the endings for both types of commands:

Informal-are -ere -ire

tu guarda! leggi! finisci!

noi guardiamo! leggiamo! finiamo!

voi guardate! leggete! finite!

-for the negative tu command = non + infinitive

-all other forms just take non in front of the verb

Irregular Informal Commands

Page 10: Topics · Web viewAdjectives (agree in # and gender with word it is modifying… those that end in “o/a” can also be plural “i/e” – while those that end in “e” in the

andare - va’, andiamo, andate

avere – abbi, abbiamo, abbiate

essere – sii, siamo, siate

stare – sta’, stiamo, state

dare – da’, diamo, date

dire – di’, dicaimo, dite

fare – fa’, facciamo, fate

Formal CommandsLei guardi ! legga ! finisca !

Loro guardino ! leggano ! finiscano !

Irregular Formal Commands

andare (vado) vada vadanofare (faccio) faccia faccianovenire (vengo) venga venganodire (dico) dica dicano

avere abbia abbianodare dia dianoessere sia sianosapere sappia sappianostare stia stiano 

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AGGETTIVI POSSESSIVI: Possessive adjectives agree in number and gender with the word that is being "possessed", not the person "possessing" them. Ex. Mia madre - Whether it is a female or male saying "my mother", the adjective "my" is feminine because the word mother is feminine.Ex 2 Sue amiche - Whether we are saying his or her girl friends "sue" is agreeing with the word "girl friends" and has nothing to do with whose friends they are.

***SINGULAR FAMILY MEMBERS – NO DEFINITE ARTICLE! Ex. Mia madre

DIRECT OBJECTS/PRONOUNS

A. Direct object: Answers the question WHO / WHAT receivesthe action of the verb.I drink coffee in the morning. What do you drink? coffeeTherefore, the direct object is coffee.

B. Direct Object Pronoun: Replaces the direct object.I drink coffee in the morning. I also drink it in the afternoon. Instead of repeating the wordcoffee, we have replaced it with a pronoun.

Es. Bevo il caffè la mattina. → Lo bevo anche il pomeriggio.

What do you notice about the position of the direct object pronoun in Italian?It generally goes in front of the verb.

The following chart lists all of the direct object pronouns:

Oggetti Direttimi = me ci = usti = you vi = you (all)lo = it, him li = them (masc)la = it, her le = them (fem)

masc sing masc plural feminine singular feminine pluralmine il mio i miei la mia le mieyour il tuo i tuoi la tua le tuehis/hers il suo i suoi la sua le sueours il nostro i nostri la nostra le nostreyours (plural) il vostro i vostri la vostra le vostretheirs il loro i loro la loro le loro

Page 12: Topics · Web viewAdjectives (agree in # and gender with word it is modifying… those that end in “o/a” can also be plural “i/e” – while those that end in “e” in the

Indirect Objects/Pronouns

What is an indirect object? The thing that receives the direct object. It replaces “to / for” someone. Esempi: - Compri questa giacca per me? Sì ti compro la giacca. (Are you buying this jacket for me? Yes I am buying the jacket for you)- Darai la ricetta ad Annalisa? Sì le darò la ricetta. (Will you give the recipe to Annalisa? Yes I will give the recipe to her)

- Consigli questo piatto a lui ? Sì gli consiglio questo piatto.(Do you recommend this dish for him? Yes I recommend this dish for him)

What happens when you replace both the direct and indirect objects with a pronoun?

Check it out - but take it slow!!!Preparo la pastasciutta per Luigi. Gli preparo la pastasciutta. (indirect object has been replaced by a pronoun) La preparo per lui. (direct object has been replaced by a pronoun) Gliela preparo. (both direct and indirect objects have been replaced and therefore they must combine)

Non avete paura!.... pronomi combinati sono divertenti!Just remember that you don't have to replace a direct or indirect object with a pronoun.

Spedisco la lettera a Giuliana (no pronouns)La spedisco a Giuliana. (just the direct obj replaced)Le spedisco la lettera. (just the indirect obj replaced)Gliela spedisco. (both replaced!)

Oggetti Indiretti (to/for...)

mi = to/for me ci = to/for usti = to/for you vi = to/for you (plural)gli/le = to/for him/her gli/loro = to/for them

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pronomi combinati

Pronomi Indiretti and the verb PIACERE

Mi (to/for me) ci (to/for us)Ti (to/for you) vi (to/for you plural)gli (to/for him) gli (to/for them)le (to/for her) *loro (to/for them)

*only pronoun that goes after verb

•Piacere works differently than most verbs.Mangiare is a regular verb; therefore io mangio una pizza = I eat pizzaHowever with the verb piacere (to like) you say that something is pleasing to you, rather than saying that you like that something.

•Piace + singular objectEx. Mi piace il libro (The book is liking to me = I like the book)

•Piace + infinitiveEx. Mi piace leggere (Reading is liking to me = I like to read)

•Piacciono + plural objectEx. Mi piacciono i libri (The books are liking to me = I like the books)

Attività: Try to form the following sentences. In each sentence you are either using “piace” or “piacciono” and putting one of the pronouns in front of it “mi,ti,gli/le,ci,vi,loro/gli”

Indirect +lo +la +li +leObject Pronounsmi me lo me la me li me leti te lo te la te li te legli glielo gliela glieli glielele glielo gliela glieli glieleci ce lo ce la ce li ce levi ve lo ve la ve li ve le*loro lo....loro la....loro li....loro le....loro**OR→ glielo gliela glieli gliele

* loro is WEIRD! It doesn't combine: The direct object precedes the verb and loro followsExample: Offro un panino a loro →Lo offro loro

**Or you can just use GLI. This also means "to or for them":

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1. I like apples. (le mele)2. She likes the film. (il film)3. We like to eat. (mangiare)4. They like to sleep (dormire)5. You all like italian food (cibo italiano)6. He likes the song. (la canzone)7. You like your friends. (i tuoi amici)

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Congiuntivo Presente: Verbi che esprimono desiderio, volontà e speranza

-Verbs have tense (which tells you when the action took place) and mood (which tells you how the speaker perceives the statement).

-The tenses we have studied thus far have been in the indicative mood: for stating facts and certainties.

Another mood in Italian is the subjunctive (il congiuntivo), which has several tenses.The mood of the subjunctive expresses uncertainty, hopes, desires, suggestions etc.The subjunctive is nearly always used in a subordinate clause introduced by CHE.Here are a few examples:

Indicativo (facts/certainties) Congiuntivo (verbs that express desires, conjectures…)

Gli atleti sono in forma. Insisto che gli atleti siano in forma.Il programma va in onda. Spero che il programma vada in onda.Lei abassa la radio. Lui vuole che lei abbassi la radio.Il volo parte in tempo/orario Preferisco che il volo parta in tempo/in orario.

So, if the main clause expresses a desire, a demand, or a hope, the subordinate clause will be in the subjunctive.The subjunctive is only used when the main clause and the subordinate clause have 2 different subjects. If there is only one subject, an infinitive will be used:Insisto di essere in forma.

Spero di avere molti amici.

I miei genitori sperano che io abbia molti amici

Verbi: desiderare, insistere, preferire, sperare, suggerire, volere CHE

Il Congiuntivo

-are -ere -ire -ire (-isc)parlare prendere seguire finire

…che io parli prenda segua finisca…che tu parli prenda segua finisca…che lui/lei parli prenda segua finisca

…che noi parliamo prendiamo seguiamo finiamo…che voi parliate prendiate seguiate finiate…che loro parlino prendano seguano finiscano

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Irregular Verbs in the Subjunctive (Congiuntivo)

andare – vada, vada, vada, andiamo, andiate, vadanoavere – abbia, abbia, abbia, abbiamo, abbiate, abbianobere – beva, beva, beva, beviamo, beviate, bevanodare – dia, dia, dia, diamo, diate, dianodire – dica, dica, dica, diciamo, diciate, dicanodovere – debba, debba, debba, dobbiamo, dobbiate, debbanoessere – sia, sia, sia, siamo, siate, sianofare – faccia, faccia, faccia, facciamo, facciate, faccianopotere – possa, possa, possa, possiamo, posssiate, possanorimanere – rimanga, rimanga, rimanga, rimaniamo, rimaniate, rimanganostare – stia, stia, stia, stiamo, stiate, stianouscire – esca, esca, esca, usciamo, usciate, escanovenire – venga, venga, venga, veniamo, veniate, venganovolere – voglia, voglia, voglia, vogliamo, vogliate, vogliano

Thus far we have used the subjunctive in dependent “che” clauses to express desires, wishes and hopes as well as impersonal phrases of necessity, possibility, probability, and opinion.

VERBI: desiderare, insistere, preferire, sperare, suggerire, volere CHE

ESPRESSIONI:è bene è opportuno cheè giusto è importante è oraè impossible è possibileìmprobabile è preferibileè inopportuno è probabileè meglio sembraè necessario pare

1. The subjunctive is also used in dependent che clauses after expressions of emotion such as:

Sono contento / scontento che …..Sono felice / infelice...Mi piace che...Mi dispiace che... Ho paura che / Temo che ... Sono sorpreso che...(Mi sorprende che....)

2. The subjunctive is also used if the main clause expresses a belief:

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Credo che...Pensiamo che...Immaginano che....Ci sembra che....Mi pare che....

3. The subjunctive is also used after expressions of disbelief, doubt, and uncertainty:Dubitiamo che…Non sono sicuro/a che….Non sanno se...Non credo che...Non penso che...

REMEMBER that if there is no change of subject, the INFINITIVE is used.Ex.Sono contenta di vederla.Sono infelice di tornare a lavoro.

Congiuntivo Passato: The past subjunctive is used in a dependent CHE clause to describe a past action when the verb in the main clause is in the present tense and calls for the subjunctive:Ex. Sono scontento che mio fratello si sia trasferito in Florida.

(present) (past subjuntive)

I am not unhappy that my brother moved to Florida.

The past subjunctive is formed by using the helping verb "essere" or "avere" in the subjunctive + the past participle of the main verb.

andare visitare

sia andato/a abbia visitatosia andato/a abbia visitatosia andato/a abbia visitato

siamo andati/e abbiamo visitatosiate andati/e abbiate visitatosiano andati/e abbiano visitato

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L'imperfetto del congiuntivo

Verbi irregolari:

essere - fossi, fossi, fosse, fossimo, foste, fosserofare - facessi, facessi, facesse, facessimo, faceste, facessero bere - bevessi, bevessi, bevesse, bevessimo, beveste, bevesserodare - dessi, dessi, desse, dessimo, deste, desserodire - dicessi, dicessi, dicesse, dicessimo, diceste, dicesserostare - stessi, stessi, stesse, stessimo, steste, stesseroRULES TO REMEMBER FOR THE SUBJUNCTIVE

How is it formed? HERE IS AN EXAMPLE USING PARLARE

1) Remove -RE from the infinitive2) Add the VERB ENDINGS:

parla-ssi parla-ssimoparla-ssi parla-steparla-sse parla-ssero

When is it used? (See next page for other uses)

1) To express a hypothetical or imaginary situtation:Se + imperfetto del congiuntivo + condizionale↑ ↑ ↑IF FIRST CLAUSE SECOND CLAUSE↓ ↓ ↓Se io fossi un milionario, comprerei una scimmia.

I. PRESENT AND PAST SUBJUNCTIVE

1. There will always be TWO clauses. The subjects of those two clauses must be different, otherwise an infinitive will follow the verb and the subjunctive is not needed.

Examples: IO spero che LUI venga alla festa. (two subjects)IO spero di venire alla festa. (one subject)

2. If the verb in the main clause is in the PRESENT TENSE, then the second clause will be in the PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE. Example: Ho paura che loro non vengano alla festa.

BUT if the action in the second clause happened first, then it will be in the PAST SUBJUNCTIVE.Example: Ho paura che loro non siano venuti alla festa.

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II. IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE

1. There are three situations that call for the use of the imperfect subjunctive:

A. To express a hypothetical or imaginary situation beginning with the word SE (if). In this case, the clause with SE is in the imperfect subjunctive and the other clause is in the conditional. (In these cases, the subjects of both clauses do NOT have to be the different.)

Examples: Se tu non fossi qui, potrei trovare un altro. (two subjects that are different) Se io fossi ricco, viaggerei il mondo. (two subjects that are the same)

B. If the verb in the main clause is in the conditional, then the second clause will be in the imperfect subjunctive. In this case the subjects of those two clauses must be different, otherwise an infinitive will follow the verb and the subjunctive is not needed.

Examples: IO Vorrei che TU fossi felice. IO Vorrei essere felice.

C. If the verb in the main clause is in a PAST tense. Remember that the main clause must be a phrase that will call for the subjunctive. (a hope, desire, uncertainty, fear, doubt, expression of emotion etc + CHE).

Examples: Tu pensavi che io studiassi lo spagnolo. Lui era contento che loro venissero alla spiaggia.