BY: ASHLEY & KENDRA

Parkinson Disease

What is it?

Parkinson Disease (PD) is a progressive disorder of the central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer's

motor skills, speech, and other functions.

Causes

The cause of Parkinson Disease remains unknown.

Many experts think that the disease is caused by a

combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Scientists have identified aging as an important cause.

Genetic Factors

About 15 to 25 percent of people with Parkinson’s report having a

relative with the disease.

Researchers have discovered several gene mutations that can cause the disease directly, but

these affect only a small number of families.

Environmental Factors

Some scientists have suggested that Parkinson disease may result from exposure to an environmental toxin or injury.

Researchers have identified several factors that may be linked to Parkinson’s.

rural living well water manganese Pesticides

Dopamine

A substance called dopamine acts as a messenger between two brain areas, the

substantia nigra and the corpus striatum to produce smooth, controlled movements.

When the amount of dopamine is too low, communication between the substantia nigra and corpus striatum becomes ineffective, and

movement becomes impaired.

The greater the loss of dopamine, the worse the movement-related symptoms

The Brain

FactsParkinson Disease is the second

most common neurodegenerative disorder.

It is also the most common movement disorder.

In the United States, about 1 million people are affected by Parkinson Disease and about 5

million worldwide.

Primary Symptoms

•Primary symptoms include:• tremor • stiffness• slowness • impaired

balance• shuffling

Picture Effects the present areas

Secondary Symptoms

Anxiety, insecurity, and stress

Confusion and memory loss

Constipation

Depression

Difficulty swallowing and excessive salivation

Increased sweating

Skin problems

Slowed, quieter speech, and monotone voice

Urinary frequency/urgency

At Risk Most people who develop Parkinson's disease

are older than 60 years of age.

Men are affected about 1.5 to 2 times more often than women.

People who have a family history of the disorder.

People who have been exposed to environmental toxins such as pesticides and herbicide.

Treatment

There is currently NO treatment to

cure Parkinson Disease.

Treatment

For some individuals with unmanageable motor symptoms, surgery may be an

option. In deep brain stimulation(DBS), the

surgeon implants electrodes to stimulate areas of the brain involved in movement.

In another type of surgery, specific areas in the brain that cause Parkinson

symptoms are destroyed. An alternative approach currently being

explored is the use of dopamine-producing cells derived from stem cells.

Treatment There are many

medications available to treat the symptoms of Parkinson’s, although none yet that actually reverse the effects of the disease.

It is common for people with PD to take a variety of these medications all at different doses and at different times of day in order to manage the symptoms of the disease.

Treatment

General lifestyle changes (rest and exercise), physical therapy,

occupational therapy, and speech therapy may be

beneficial.

Prevention

Parkinson Disease is

NOT preventable.

Prevention

The severity of Parkinson Disease symptoms vary greatly from individual to individual and it is not possible to predict how quickly the disorder will progress.

Parkinson Disease is not a fatal disease and the average life expectancy is similar to that of people without the disease.

Michael J Fox

Actor Michael J. Fox has PD.

Fox was diagnosed in 1991 when he was 30, but kept his condition secret from the public for seven years.

Muhammad Ali Muhammad Ali

has shown signs of parkinsonism since the age of 38.

Video

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000095.htm

Conclusion1. How many people are affected by Parkinson Disease in the United States?

One million2. About how old is a person who develops

Parkinson Disease?60 years of age

3. Give an example of a primary symptom for Parkinson Disease?

tremor, stiffness, slowness, impaired balance, shuffling

Bibliography

http://www.medicinenet.com/parkinsons_disease/article.htm

http://www.umm.edu/parkinsons/facts.htm?gclid=CJO2msCr868CFYZxOgody0m7XA

http://www.azilect.com/Consumer/About-Parkinson-s-Disease/Parkinson-s-Symptoms.aspx?s_mcid=google-ppc-&s_kwcid=TC|6774|parkinsons%20disease%20symptoms||S||6492865475&gclid=CJGPtMWr868CFYeo4AodehfvXA

http://www.pdf.org/en/about_pd

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