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“Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering Washington University in St. Louis democracy Government (Winston Churchill) except for all those other forms that have been tried from time to time.”

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Carnot, the father of Thermodynamics and his Prediction in France, 1824 From: REFLECTIONS ON THE MOTIVE POWER OF HEAT AND ON MACHINES FITTED TO DEVELOP THAT POWER Nature in providing us with combustibles on all sides has given us the power to produce at all times and in all places heat and the impelling power which is the result of it. To develop this power to appropriate it to our uses is the object of heat engines. The study of these engines is of the greatest interest their importance is enormous their use is continually increasing and they seem destined to produce a great revolution in the civilized world. It appears that it must some day serve as a universal motor and be substituted for animal power, waterfalls and air currents. Over the first of these motors it has the advantage of economy over the two others the inestimable advantage that it can be used at all times and places without interruption.

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Page 1: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

“Indeed, … coal

is the worst form of power generation,

Richard L. AxelbaumJens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science

Director, CCCUDept. of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering

Washington University in St. Louis

democracy

Government

(Winston Churchill)

except for all those other forms that have been tried from time to time.”

Page 2: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

“Indeed, … coal

is the worst form of power generation,

Richard L. AxelbaumJens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science

Director, CCCUDept. of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering

Washington University in St. Louis

except for all those other forms that have been tried from time to time.”

Page 3: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Carnot, the father of Thermodynamics and his Prediction in France, 1824

From: REFLECTIONS ON THE MOTIVE POWER OF HEAT AND ON MACHINES FITTED TO DEVELOP THAT POWER

Nature in providing us with combustibles on all sides has given us the power to produce at all times and in all places heat and the impelling power which is the result of it. To develop this power to appropriate it to our uses is the object of heat engines. The study of these engines is of the greatest interest their importance is enormous their use is continually increasing and they seem destined to produce a great revolution in the civilized world.

It appears that it must some day serve as a universal motor and be substituted for animal power, waterfalls and air currents. Over the first of these motors it has the advantage of economy over the two others the inestimable advantage that it can be used at all times and places without interruption.

Page 4: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Hans Rosling

Page 5: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Hans Rosling

Page 6: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Hans Rosling

Page 7: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Hans Rosling

Page 8: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Hans Rosling

Page 9: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Growth in Population after the Industrial Revolution

Sustainable Energy, D. MacKay

Page 10: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Growth in Population after the Industrial Revolution

On the plus side folks, we will be landing way ahead of schedule

touque.ca cartoonstock.com

Sustainable Energy, D. MacKay

Page 11: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

World Energy in 2010

Page 12: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Worldwide energy consumption

Report #:DOE/EIA-0484(2008)

Page 13: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Worldwide Electricity Generation

Page 14: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Coal Production (Mt)

International Energy Agency 2011

Page 15: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Proposed coal-fired plants

World Resources Institute (Nov. 2012)

Page 16: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

India – the Challenge

Page 17: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Over 400 new coal fired plants are being planned for India to elevate them out of

poverty…

Page 18: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Very Rapid Growth in Wind and Solar since 2010!

By 2030Wind: 1500 TWhSolar: 250 TWh

Energy Information Agency 2012

World Renewable Electricity Generation (TWh)

But by 2030: total production will increase from 21,400 TWh to 33,000 TWh

Wind: 4.5%Solar: <1%

Page 19: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

The Moving Target

World Electricity Generation

International Energy Agency 2011

Page 20: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Sources: ACI, MSHA

• Rapid increases in CO2

emissions in Asia

• China is now the largest emitter of CO2

• The developing world has surpassed the OECD nations in total emissions.

• Global solutions are needed to address climate change.

CO2 Emission Trends(in giga-tonnes of CO2)

The Carbon Dioxide Issue

Non-OECD

China

OECD

United States

Page 21: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

The Four Requirements for World Energy

Page 22: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Energy Solution: A portfolio of options

Conflict-free (Avoid the have-and-have-nots of oil)

Affordable

Reliable

Environmental Sustainable

Page 23: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Natural gas in invaluable for:

• Heating• Cooking• Hot water• Industrial processes• Peak power generation

And fracking has unleashed enormous reserves of natural gas, but…

Challenges in understanding energy…Natural Gas

Page 24: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Yes, it will burn, but aren’t there better uses for natural gas?

And what about:•CO2 emissions and fugitive methane emissions?•the possibility that environmental issues/earthquakes associated with fracking could rapidly curtail supply?

Using natural gas in base-load power plants is like…

Page 25: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

If you were offered a choice, which would you choose?

What if… the ten bills were scattered in this room, and the pennies were scattered around Missouri

Ten $100 bills or a Million Pennies?

Challenges in understanding energy, cont.

ENERGY DENSITY: “A Bird in Hand is worth two in the Bush”

Page 26: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Challenges in understanding energy, cont.

How much would you pay for them in June? “Timing is Everything”

Page 27: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Land Area Needed for 5 MW continuous: Ideal Conditions: Power from coal

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.seminole-electric.com/sections/generation/images/2007-04_PalatkaGenStatfromWest-web400.jpg&imgrefurl=http://earth2tech.com/2007/07/27/carbon-capture-but-clean-coal/&usg=__YcKo524c58Wd2aRM50nmR1lzAlA=&h=265&w=400&sz=132&hl=en&start=1&sig2=EOE4yUBbEdpwt8Yozk6Taw&um=1&tbnid=LR8GWhzUYuZUdM:&tbnh=82&tbnw=124&ei=HHmKSeCSHJeENeKVqMwH&prev=/images?q=clean+coal+power+plant&um=1&hl=en&rlz=1T4ADBR_enUS277US278
Page 28: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Land Area Needed for 5 MW continuous: Ideal Conditions: Power from solar

*Based on Results from NREL’s HOMER

Page 29: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Land Area Needed for 5 MW continuous: Ideal Conditions: Power from wind

*Based on Results from NREL’s HOMER

Page 30: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Land Area Needed for 5 MW continuous:Average Conditions: Power from coal

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.seminole-electric.com/sections/generation/images/2007-04_PalatkaGenStatfromWest-web400.jpg&imgrefurl=http://earth2tech.com/2007/07/27/carbon-capture-but-clean-coal/&usg=__YcKo524c58Wd2aRM50nmR1lzAlA=&h=265&w=400&sz=132&hl=en&start=1&sig2=EOE4yUBbEdpwt8Yozk6Taw&um=1&tbnid=LR8GWhzUYuZUdM:&tbnh=82&tbnw=124&ei=HHmKSeCSHJeENeKVqMwH&prev=/images?q=clean+coal+power+plant&um=1&hl=en&rlz=1T4ADBR_enUS277US278
Page 31: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Land Area Needed for 5 MW continuous:Average Conditions: Power from solar

*Based on results from NREL’s HOMER

Page 32: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Land Area Needed for 5 MW continuous:Average Conditions: Power from wind

*Based on results from NREL’s HOMER

Page 33: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Mountain-Top Coal Mining

Orjan F. Ellingvag / Corbis

Page 34: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

AES Laurel Mountain consists of 61 GE 1.6 MW wind turbine generators mounted on 80-meter towers deployed along a 13-mile stretch of Laurel Mountain in West Virginia. An average of about 35 MW.

Mountain-Top Wind Plants

Page 35: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

My Fear…

that in the name of the environment we will inadvertently do things that are ultimately devastating to the environment that we hold so dear.

Page 36: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Coal Land Use

Source: ACI, Frank Clemente at Penn State

The red dot (6 square miles) depicts the size of the area mined in the PRB each year, which supplies over 40% of America’s coal (20% of the US power)

Page 37: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

The Clean Water Analogy

Unfiltered Missouri River water Clean drinking water

Page 38: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

But what about Carbon Dioxide?Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

Image from: http://www.martinfrost.ws/

Page 39: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of
Page 40: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of
Page 41: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

U.S. CO2 Storage Sites

US: 1,800-20,000 Gt sequestration potential* 6 Gt of CO2 emitted in 2007Global: additional 8,000 Gt ** 27 Gt of CO2 emitted in 2007(* DOE CO2 Atlas, **2010 Dooley et al., 2006) (Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

http://cdiac.ornl.gov)

Page 42: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Present U.S. CO2 Sequestration Activities

1. Report: DOE/NETL-402/1312/02-07-08

CO2 stored by EOR:(natural and anthropogenic)

~ 51 MMt/yr

CO2 avoided by using wind and solar for electricity instead of coal

~ 50 MMt/yr

compare to

Currently more than 3,500 miles of CO2 pipeline in place

In perspective…

Page 43: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Stabilization WedgeNatural Resources Defense Council

Page 44: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

CO2

coal

biomass

CO2

solar

storagebioreactor

liquid fuels

wind

steamturbine

O2oxy-fuel combustor

Conceptual Drawing of a Future Power Plant

Page 45: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Next Generation Technologies

Net Efficiency:

SPOC process increases the efficiency up to 6 percentage points over conventional oxy-combustion.

Efficiency higher than Current US Average.

a b c

a DOE/NETL #2010/1411 & EIA; b DOE/NETL #2010/1405; c DOE/NETL #2012/1557

Page 46: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Economic Performance Summary

• 2011 cost basis• CO2 purity meets specifications for enhanced oil recover (EOR)• COE does not include revenue from sale of CO2, or costs for geologic

storage.

Page 47: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Reflecting on key take home points• Nuclear - Let’s not trade one potential catastrophe for

another• Natural gas - Invaluable… let’s not squander it• Solar and Wind –

• Low energy density - pennies versus dollars• Timing is everything - price of gloves in summer

• The developing world has mouths to feed NOW.• Energy demand is a rapidly moving target• Energy and Climate Change are global problems and

will require global solutions• The are no quick, simple or proven solutions• A portfolio of technologies will be needed, including

coal with CCS• Let’s stop fighting and get to work!

Page 48: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Key Points to Keep in Mind when Riding the Energy Rollercoaster Coal delivered the promise that Carnot anticipated. Energy needs are growing rapidly, particularly in the

developing country. Any replacement of existing resources has to not just

replace existing capacity but also supply an enormous amount of new capacity.

Coal is arguably the most geopolitically stabilizing energy source there is.

If used correctly, coal can be a clean, secure, reliable source of energy for hundreds of years.

Page 49: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Consortium for Clean Coal Utilization

SponsorsPeabody Energy Arch Coal Ameren

Approach• Research projects are being supported at Washington University

in collaboration with Partner Universities around the world.

• State-of-the-art clean coal facilities have been established.

• A motivated work force is being educated to address the challenges associated with clean utilization of coal in the 21st century.

Founded in January of 2009, the Consortium is dedicated to addressing the scientific and technological challenges of ensuring that coal can be used in a clean and sustainable manner.

Page 50: “ Indeed, … coal is the worst form of power generation, Richard L. Axelbaum Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU Dept. of

Advanced Coal & Energy Research Facility

ACERF: 1 MWth capacity Configured for oxy-combustion Full suite of emissions monitoring

Additional Facilities:• Drop tube furnace• 30kW lab-scale test furnace• Fuel/ash characterization


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