doc vs internet + libraryrepository.unika.ac.id/15903/2/unicheck steaming the...u, % heat transfer...

92.01% Originality 7.99% Similarity 175 Sources

Doc vs Internet + Library

Web sources: 145 sources found

1. https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/de-gruyter/heat-transfer-during-steaming-of-bread-gQhjtWRnCt 3.05%2. https://core.ac.uk/display/41383651 3.05%3. https://www.european-mrs.com/2014-spring-symposium-f-european-materials-research-society 0.71%4. https://www.pubfacts.com/search/zirconium%20tetratert-butoxide/2 0.59%5. https://docplayer.nl/50496718-Vlaanderen-is-open-ruimte-mestrapport-2016-vlaamse-land-maatsch… 0.29%6. https://www.slideshare.net/rmakaha/ms-office-package-practical-questions 0.29%7. https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/elsevier/two-dimensional-cfd-modelling-and-simulation-of-an-industria… 0.24%8. http://www.villaalbadetormes.com/registros/perfil_contratante/Proyecto%20Renov.%20y%20Mejor… 0.2%9. http://foodhaccp.com/memberonly/newsletter761.html 0.18%10. https://www.scribd.com/document/362923622/Baking 0.18%11. http://khotib-makalahti.blogspot.com/2009/10/pengujian-performansi-voip-pada.html 0.16%12. http://media.collegeboard.com/digitalServices/pdf/ap/bio-manual/Bio_Lab13-EnzymeActivity.pdf 0.16%13. https://searchworks.stanford.edu/?per_page=100&q=Schofield+reference+collection.&search_fie… 0.16%14. http://www.readbag.com/rdi-ku-ac-th-ku-journal-sciences-doc-ku422 0.16%15. https://www.uts.edu.au/staff/wenshan.guo-1 0.16%16. http://www.asturias.es/Astursalud/Ficheros/AS_Salud%20Publica/As_Vigilancia/Informes%20epi… 0.16%17. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1574-6968.12151/full?globalMessage=0 0.16%18. http://minds.jacobs-university.de/uploads/papers/Mantas_Lukosevicius_PhD_thesis.pdf 0.16%19. https://www.bbvaresearch.com/KETD/fbin/mult/WP_1130_tcm346-270043.pdf 0.15%20. https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/publications/browse.php?year=2014 0.15%21. http://www.public.asu.edu/~etcamach/AMSSI/reports/neuron.pdf 0.15%22. http://salis.org/resources/newbooks_archive_current.htm 0.15%23. https://www.containerstore.com/s/closet/shoe-storage/view-all-shoe-storage/12-pair-shoe-organiz… 0.15%24. https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P1006YOO.TXT 0.15%25. https://library.umd.umich.edu/newbooks/2007/july.php 0.15%26. http://www.niisk.com/spezrada/Dissertacija.pdf 0.15%27. https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=91024W54.TXT 0.15%28. https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Chemical_Principles/Gas_Laws_and_the_Kinetic_Theory 0.15%29. http://www.euskadi.eus/contenidos/informacion/escuela_vasca_deporte/es_9258/adjuntos/Mikel%… 0.15%30. http://wiener.math.csi.cuny.edu/~verzani/Projects/Tutorials/simpleR/stat.html 0.15%31. https://www.slideshare.net/schcherban/c-44312280 0.15%32. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:901740/FULLTEXT01.pdf 0.15%33. https://latierrayelhombre.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/cuadernillo-de-pruebas-saber-111.pdf 0.15%34. https://searchworks.stanford.edu/?f%5Btopic_facet%5D%5B%5D=Education&per_page=100 0.15%

Heat Transfer duringS...

Uploaded: 09/14/2018

Checked: 09/14/2018

Similarity

Similarity from a chosen source

Possible character replacementabc

Citation

References

https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/de-gruyter/heat-transfer-during-steaming-of-bread-gQhjtWRnCthttps://core.ac.uk/display/41383651https://www.european-mrs.com/2014-spring-symposium-f-european-materials-research-societyhttps://www.pubfacts.com/search/zirconium+tetratert-butoxide/2https://docplayer.nl/50496718-Vlaanderen-is-open-ruimte-mestrapport-2016-vlaamse-land-maatschappij-vlm-be.htmlhttps://www.slideshare.net/rmakaha/ms-office-package-practical-questionshttps://www.deepdyve.com/lp/elsevier/two-dimensional-cfd-modelling-and-simulation-of-an-industrial-a54x5zrNA2http://www.villaalbadetormes.com/registros/perfil_contratante/Proyecto+Renov.+y+Mejora+SANEAMIENTO+ALBA.pdfhttp://foodhaccp.com/memberonly/newsletter761.htmlhttps://www.scribd.com/document/362923622/Bakinghttp://khotib-makalahti.blogspot.com/2009/10/pengujian-performansi-voip-pada.htmlhttp://media.collegeboard.com/digitalServices/pdf/ap/bio-manual/Bio_Lab13-EnzymeActivity.pdfhttps://searchworks.stanford.edu/?per_page=100&q=Schofield+reference+collection.&search_field=search&sort=year-deschttp://www.readbag.com/rdi-ku-ac-th-ku-journal-sciences-doc-ku422https://www.uts.edu.au/staff/wenshan.guo-1http://www.asturias.es/Astursalud/Ficheros/AS_Salud+Publica/As_Vigilancia/Informes+epidemiol%C3%B3gicos/Informe+TB+2007-08.pdfhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1574-6968.12151/full?globalMessage=0http://minds.jacobs-university.de/uploads/papers/Mantas_Lukosevicius_PhD_thesis.pdfhttps://www.bbvaresearch.com/KETD/fbin/mult/WP_1130_tcm346-270043.pdfhttps://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/publications/browse.php?year=2014http://www.public.asu.edu/%7Eetcamach/AMSSI/reports/neuron.pdfhttp://salis.org/resources/newbooks_archive_current.htmhttps://www.containerstore.com/s/closet/shoe-storage/view-all-shoe-storage/12-pair-shoe-organizer/123d?productId=10008147https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P1006YOO.TXThttps://library.umd.umich.edu/newbooks/2007/july.phphttp://www.niisk.com/spezrada/Dissertacija.pdfhttps://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=91024W54.TXThttps://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Chemical_Principles/Gas_Laws_and_the_Kinetic_Theoryhttp://www.euskadi.eus/contenidos/informacion/escuela_vasca_deporte/es_9258/adjuntos/Mikel+Izquierdo.pdfhttp://wiener.math.csi.cuny.edu/%7Everzani/Projects/Tutorials/simpleR/stat.htmlhttps://www.slideshare.net/schcherban/c-44312280http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2%3A901740/FULLTEXT01.pdfhttps://latierrayelhombre.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/cuadernillo-de-pruebas-saber-111.pdfhttps://searchworks.stanford.edu/?f%5Btopic_facet%5D%5B%5D=Education&per_page=100https://corp.unicheck.com/

35. https://www.swmich.edu/webed/syllabi/201420/201420-1496-syllabus.doc 0.15%36. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compassion_fatigue 0.15%37. http://www.povray.org/documentation/3.7.0/r3_4.html 0.15%38. https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/braindevtrauma.pdf 0.15%39. http://www.futureacademy.org.uk/files/menu_items/other/2_icc_2876_4078_fullText_0_2400.pdf 0.15%40. https://searchworks.stanford.edu/?f%5Bbuilding_facet%5D%5B%5D=Marine+Biology+(Miller)&pa… 0.15%41. http://www.aurora-schools.org/userfiles/140/Classes/1203/A%20Brief%20History%20of%20the%… 0.15%42. http://www.kyrene.org/cms/lib2/AZ01001083/Centricity/Domain/971/2013-2014%20Tips%20and%… 0.15%43. http://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/MAR08/SessionIndex3/%3FSessionEventID%3D76699/?VirtualS… 0.15%44. http://www.who.int/patientsafety/events/04/4_Timmons.pdf 0.15%45. https://www.suse.com/documentation/sled-12/singlehtml/book_sle_tuning/book_sle_tuning.html 0.15%46. https://www.slideshare.net/lecressini13/g8-healthq4lmcigarettes 0.15%47. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chance/teaching_aids/books_articles/probability_book/Chapter3.pdf 0.15%48. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/1118/JSON/?response_type=dis… 0.15%49. http://cul.colgate.edu/content/new-acquisitions-may-2017 0.15%50. https://searchworks.stanford.edu/?per_page=100&q=%22Mathematics+Textbooks.%22&search_… 0.15%51. https://www3.nd.edu/~lawlib/innopac/acqspring11.html 0.15%52. http://research.gold.ac.uk/view/year/2009.type.html 0.15%53. https://es.slideshare.net/jaimeblancodeblas/hbitos-de-compra-offline-y-online-del-consumidor-esp… 0.15%54. https://vdocuments.site/documents/quimica-analitica-baeza-teoria-y-problemas-2005-5707bb4745… 0.15%55. https://moodle.capilanou.ca/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=328667 0.15%56. http://povray.org/documentation/current/r3_4.html 0.15%57. https://patents.google.com/patent/US6204248B1/en 0.15%58. https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Documents/TBAC%20Discussion%20Char… 0.15%59. https://viisaselama.fi/lahteet/kuinka-elaa-kuolematta 0.15%60. http://duqueteaches.blogspot.com/2009/12/earth-space-review.html 0.15%61. https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office/Create_a_basic_two_table_database_with_reports 0.15%62. http://norient.com/posts/page/3 0.15%63. https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/es/pdf/2017/06/la-realidad-de-consumidores-online.pdf 0.15%64. https://atpw.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/i-geotek.pdf 0.15%65. http://news.nhk-book.co.jp/archives/5467 0.15%66. https://www.kidsnewtocanada.ca/mental-health/developmental-disability 0.15%67. https://www.airbnb.ca/s/Niverville--NY 0.15%68. https://digitum.um.es/jspui/bitstream/10201/4413/3/DiazMolins.pdf.txt 0.15%69. https://cul.colgate.edu/content/new-acquisitions-july2017 0.15%70. http://web.mit.edu/povray_v3.7.0a/share/doc/povray-3.7/html/r3_4.html 0.15%71. https://www.slideshare.net/nandakishore58555941/numerical-methods-for-engineers-solution-man… 0.15%72. http://msvanwoerkom.weebly.com/uploads/3/6/7/5/3675744/a_brief_history_of_the_united_states… 0.15%73. https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office/MLA_format 0.15%74. http://duqueteaches.blogspot.com/2009_12_01_archive.html 0.15%75. http://duqueteaches.blogspot.com 0.15%76. http://teacher.pas.rochester.edu/phy121/LectureNotes/Chapter18/Chapter18.html 0.15%77. http://wardamericanrevolution.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/9/1/14911572/unit_2_lesson_1_5e.pdf 0.15%78. https://wikivisually.com/wiki/Mongoloid 0.15%79. http://www.pi-schools.gr/special_education_new/ftp/books/a_gymnasiou/18_arial/a_maths_arial_1… 0.15%80. https://searchworks.stanford.edu/?f%5Btopic_facet%5D%5B%5D=Chemical+engineering&per_pa… 0.15%



Checked: 09/14/2018

Similarity



Citation

References

https://www.swmich.edu/webed/syllabi/201420/201420-1496-syllabus.dochttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compassion_fatiguehttp://www.povray.org/documentation/3.7.0/r3_4.htmlhttps://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/braindevtrauma.pdfhttp://www.futureacademy.org.uk/files/menu_items/other/2_icc_2876_4078_fullText_0_2400.pdfhttps://searchworks.stanford.edu/?f%5Bbuilding_facet%5D%5B%5D=Marine+Biology+%28Miller%29&page=5&per_page=100http://www.aurora-schools.org/userfiles/140/Classes/1203/A+Brief+History+of+the+United+States.dochttp://www.kyrene.org/cms/lib2/AZ01001083/Centricity/Domain/971/2013-2014+Tips+and+Reminders+Final.dochttp://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/MAR08/SessionIndex3/?SessionEventID=76699%2F%3FVirtualSessionhttp://www.who.int/patientsafety/events/04/4_Timmons.pdfhttps://www.suse.com/documentation/sled-12/singlehtml/book_sle_tuning/book_sle_tuning.htmlhttps://www.slideshare.net/lecressini13/g8-healthq4lmcigaretteshttp://www.dartmouth.edu/%7Echance/teaching_aids/books_articles/probability_book/Chapter3.pdfhttps://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/1118/JSON/?response_type=displayhttp://cul.colgate.edu/content/new-acquisitions-may-2017https://searchworks.stanford.edu/?per_page=100&q=%22Mathematics+Textbooks.%22&search_field=subject_termshttps://www3.nd.edu/%7Elawlib/innopac/acqspring11.htmlhttp://research.gold.ac.uk/view/year/2009.type.htmlhttps://es.slideshare.net/jaimeblancodeblas/hbitos-de-compra-offline-y-online-del-consumidor-espaol-en-el-sector-retail-por-experian-espaa-marzo-2014https://vdocuments.site/documents/quimica-analitica-baeza-teoria-y-problemas-2005-5707bb474562f.htmlhttps://moodle.capilanou.ca/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=328667http://povray.org/documentation/current/r3_4.htmlhttps://patents.google.com/patent/US6204248B1/enhttps://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Documents/TBAC+Discussion+Charts+Merged+2.2011.pdfhttps://viisaselama.fi/lahteet/kuinka-elaa-kuolemattahttp://duqueteaches.blogspot.com/2009/12/earth-space-review.htmlhttps://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office/Create_a_basic_two_table_database_with_reportshttp://norient.com/posts/page/3https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/es/pdf/2017/06/la-realidad-de-consumidores-online.pdfhttps://atpw.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/i-geotek.pdfhttp://news.nhk-book.co.jp/archives/5467https://www.kidsnewtocanada.ca/mental-health/developmental-disabilityhttps://www.airbnb.ca/s/Niverville--NYhttps://digitum.um.es/jspui/bitstream/10201/4413/3/DiazMolins.pdf.txthttps://cul.colgate.edu/content/new-acquisitions-july2017http://web.mit.edu/povray_v3.7.0a/share/doc/povray-3.7/html/r3_4.htmlhttps://www.slideshare.net/nandakishore58555941/numerical-methods-for-engineers-solution-manual-chaprahttp://msvanwoerkom.weebly.com/uploads/3/6/7/5/3675744/a_brief_history_of_the_united_states-braithwaite-mcgarry_ve.dochttps://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office/MLA_formathttp://duqueteaches.blogspot.com/2009_12_01_archive.htmlhttp://duqueteaches.blogspot.comhttp://teacher.pas.rochester.edu/phy121/LectureNotes/Chapter18/Chapter18.htmlhttp://wardamericanrevolution.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/9/1/14911572/unit_2_lesson_1_5e.pdfhttps://wikivisually.com/wiki/Mongoloidhttp://www.pi-schools.gr/special_education_new/ftp/books/a_gymnasiou/18_arial/a_maths_arial_18b/g_a_maths_bm_%281-54%29_18b.dochttps://searchworks.stanford.edu/?f%5Btopic_facet%5D%5B%5D=Chemical+engineering&per_page=100https://corp.unicheck.com/

81. https://www.lca.gov/data/Data1/Volume%20III%20Atchafalaya%20Final/appendices/Appendix%2… 0.15%82. https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=2000D2C2.TXT 0.15%83. https://www.acmeintellects.org/images/AIIJRMSST/Jan2013/9-1-13.pdf 0.15%84. http://www.worldcat.org/title/global-supply-chain-quality-management-product-recalls-and-their-imp… 0.15%85. http://ijbsm.zbmu.ac.ir/FullHtml/IJBSM-5-20160716131206 0.15%86. http://www.essaydocs.org/ethics-for-the-safety-and-health-professional-approaches-and-c.html?pa… 0.15%87. https://www.slideshare.net/csandau/demystifying-the-chain-of-custody-forensic-arson-analysis-iaa… 0.15%88. http://standardbearers.net/uploads/The_Chicago_Statement_on_Biblical_Inerrancy_1978.pdf 0.15%89. https://vdocuments.mx/documents/springerbriefs-in-food-health-and-nutrition-food-freezing-and-th… 0.15%90. https://www.studymode.com/subjects/describe-a-time-when-your-moral-values-influenced-the-way… 0.15%91. http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/fd8ab222-1261-4344-a5bb-73c8e55b9af9/Full_text-26.p… 0.15%92. https://www.citi.com/commercialbank/insights/assets/docs/2018/The-Bank-of-the-Future/files/ass… 0.15%93. http://repository.uksw.edu/bitstream/123456789/8736/3/T1_672010050_Full%20text.pdf 0.15%94. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/ref/10.1080/23742917.2016.1252211?scroll=top 0.15%95. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/434731/pem-july-2018.pdf 0.15%96. https://www.math.csi.cuny.edu/Statistics/R/simpleR/printable/simpleR.pdf 0.15%97. https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/downloads/jh343x732 0.15%98. https://spire.ee.iisc.ac.in/spire/papers_pdf/Pattem_CSL_2017.pdf 0.15%99. https://lifeafterministry.com/2011/01/12/how-to-witness-to-a-mormon 0.15%100. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2018.00076/full 0.15%101. http://intelligentsystemsmonitoring.com/community/security-community/journal-volume-1-2017-c… 0.15%102. https://vdocuments.site/documents/iteaccion-estanque-liquido.html 0.15%103. https://previa.uclm.es/profesorado/porrasysoriano/elementos/Tema03.PDF 0.15%104. https://vdocuments.site/documents/pensamiento-variacional.html 0.15%105. http://www.science.gov/topicpages/t/traditional+acj+tests.html 0.15%106. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2018.00060/full 0.15%107. https://library.hsmc.edu.hk/new-additions-list/?year=2017&month=09 0.15%108. https://www.science.gov/topicpages/f/feng+zhou+nicolae.html 0.15%109. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00182/full 0.15%110. http://ftp.povray.org/documentation/3.7.0/r3_4.html 0.15%111. https://thesis.eur.nl/pub/6238/De%20Vries.doc 0.15%112. http://www.nber.org/papers/w14621.pdf 0.15%113. http://www.research.lancs.ac.uk/portal/services/downloadRegister/243529870/2018rodriguesfilho… 0.15%114. https://www2.ed.gov/policy/eseaflex/approved-requests/riamendreq2014.doc 0.15%115. http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm35.pdf 0.15%116. http://www.hhs.iup.edu/rlct/SAFE806HPf13/Ethics%20-%20Wachter%20book%20draft.docx 0.15%117. http://www.math.vt.edu/people/mcquain/csps.pdf 0.15%118. http://www.ihst.org/Portals/54/presentations/Helitech2013/Sheffield_Culture_Survey_Assessme… 0.15%119. http://cul.colgate.edu/content/new-acquisitions-list-september-2016-l-z 0.15%120. http://home.portervillecollege.edu/eKeele/Nursing%20Fundamentals/General%20information/Cla… 0.15%121. http://www.cod.edu/people/faculty/jarman/richenda/1551_hons_materials/gases_1551.pdf 0.15%122. http://www.rodoconnorassoc.com/issues_in_the_measurement_of_qua.htm 0.15%123. http://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/57732_Chapter_8.pdf 0.15%124. http://krikjecijferop.blogspot.com/2006/11/wiskunde-havovwo-deel-en-b-jaar-1.html 0.15%125. https://www.unicef.org/honduras/Sitan_-_Analisis_de_Situacion-_Honduras_2010_2.pdf 0.15%126. http://www.supportforstudentsuccess.org/home/CA49709536914667/.blogs/post18454/Chapter%… 0.15%



Checked: 09/14/2018

Similarity



Citation

References

https://www.lca.gov/data/Data1/Volume+III+Atchafalaya+Final/appendices/Appendix+P+Risk+Analysis+ARTM+09232010.pdfhttps://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=2000D2C2.TXThttps://www.acmeintellects.org/images/AIIJRMSST/Jan2013/9-1-13.pdfhttp://www.worldcat.org/title/global-supply-chain-quality-management-product-recalls-and-their-impact/oclc/526106453http://ijbsm.zbmu.ac.ir/FullHtml/IJBSM-5-20160716131206http://www.essaydocs.org/ethics-for-the-safety-and-health-professional-approaches-and-c.html?page=16https://www.slideshare.net/csandau/demystifying-the-chain-of-custody-forensic-arson-analysis-iaai-2017http://standardbearers.net/uploads/The_Chicago_Statement_on_Biblical_Inerrancy_1978.pdfhttps://vdocuments.mx/documents/springerbriefs-in-food-health-and-nutrition-food-freezing-and-thawing-calculations.htmlhttps://www.studymode.com/subjects/describe-a-time-when-your-moral-values-influenced-the-way-you-responded-to-an-issue-page1.htmlhttp://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/fd8ab222-1261-4344-a5bb-73c8e55b9af9/Full_text-26.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-fd8ab222-1261-4344-a5bb-73c8e55b9af9-mi4DWBYhttps://www.citi.com/commercialbank/insights/assets/docs/2018/The-Bank-of-the-Future/files/assets/common/downloads/The+Bank+of+the+Future.pdfhttp://repository.uksw.edu/bitstream/123456789/8736/3/T1_672010050_Full+text.pdfhttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/ref/10.1080/23742917.2016.1252211?scroll=tophttps://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/434731/pem-july-2018.pdfhttps://www.math.csi.cuny.edu/Statistics/R/simpleR/printable/simpleR.pdfhttps://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/downloads/jh343x732https://spire.ee.iisc.ac.in/spire/papers_pdf/Pattem_CSL_2017.pdfhttps://lifeafterministry.com/2011/01/12/how-to-witness-to-a-mormonhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2018.00076/fullhttp://intelligentsystemsmonitoring.com/community/security-community/journal-volume-1-2017-cognitive-techhttps://vdocuments.site/documents/iteaccion-estanque-liquido.htmlhttps://previa.uclm.es/profesorado/porrasysoriano/elementos/Tema03.PDFhttps://vdocuments.site/documents/pensamiento-variacional.htmlhttp://www.science.gov/topicpages/t/traditional+acj+tests.htmlhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2018.00060/fullhttps://library.hsmc.edu.hk/new-additions-list/?year=2017&month=09https://www.science.gov/topicpages/f/feng+zhou+nicolae.htmlhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00182/fullhttp://ftp.povray.org/documentation/3.7.0/r3_4.htmlhttps://thesis.eur.nl/pub/6238/De+Vries.dochttp://www.nber.org/papers/w14621.pdfhttp://www.research.lancs.ac.uk/portal/services/downloadRegister/243529870/2018rodriguesfilhophd.pdfhttps://www2.ed.gov/policy/eseaflex/approved-requests/riamendreq2014.dochttp://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm35.pdfhttp://www.hhs.iup.edu/rlct/SAFE806HPf13/Ethics+-+Wachter+book+draft.docxhttp://www.math.vt.edu/people/mcquain/csps.pdfhttp://www.ihst.org/Portals/54/presentations/Helitech2013/Sheffield_Culture_Survey_Assessment.pdfhttp://cul.colgate.edu/content/new-acquisitions-list-september-2016-l-zhttp://home.portervillecollege.edu/eKeele/Nursing+Fundamentals/General+information/Class+Syllabus+PTVN09+Fall+2016+THURSDAY.dochttp://www.cod.edu/people/faculty/jarman/richenda/1551_hons_materials/gases_1551.pdfhttp://www.rodoconnorassoc.com/issues_in_the_measurement_of_qua.htmhttp://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/57732_Chapter_8.pdfhttp://krikjecijferop.blogspot.com/2006/11/wiskunde-havovwo-deel-en-b-jaar-1.htmlhttps://www.unicef.org/honduras/Sitan_-_Analisis_de_Situacion-_Honduras_2010_2.pdfhttp://www.supportforstudentsuccess.org/home/CA49709536914667/.blogs/post18454/Chapter+4+Section+2.pdfhttps://corp.unicheck.com/

127. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2015/sdn1515.pdf 0.15%128. http://www.cdsd.k12.pa.us/cms/lib04/PA09000075/Centricity/Domain/262/Chp%201%20SG%20… 0.15%129. http://www.oecd.org/economy/surveys/Mexico-Overview-2015%20Spanish.pdf 0.15%130. https://www.smu.edu/~/media/Site/Simmons/Research/IEBE/2010%20CEC%20Presentation.ashx 0.15%131. https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/elsevier/heat-transfer-a-review-of-2003-literature-tAyenNQw7u 0.15%132. https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/physics-archive-2016-october-20… 0.15%133. https://cimar.mae.ufl.edu/cimar/pages/thesis/tobler_MS.pdf 0.15%134. https://www.slideshare.net/Tracxn/tracxn-research-smart-homes-landscape-november-2016-681… 0.15%135. https://www.sprep.org/attachments/VirLib/PNG/medium-term-development-plan-2011-2015.pdf 0.15%136. https://www.slideshare.net/DutchEmbassy/final-report-24104717 0.15%137. http://ri.uaemex.mx/bitstream/handle/20.500.11799/58938/DCARN%20IMELDA%20GARCIA%2… 0.15%138. https://www.saludarequipa.gob.pe/epidemiologia/bole_epi/2017/Bolet_50.pdf 0.15%139. https://www.eng.yale.edu/grablab/pubs/DollarDissertation2006.pdf 0.15%140. https://s3.amazonaws.com/content.accelerate-ed.com/Secondary/docs/Chemistry_HMH/Lesson… 0.15%141. https://www.konyvneked.hu/fotky5982/fotov/_ps_1167Hogy-ne-halj-meg_Bibliografia.pdf 0.15%142. http://www.imash.ru/netcat_files/File/lebedev/2007-a-Lebedev-DewPoint.pdf 0.15%143. http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/oti/2017/9592405.pdf 0.15%144. https://www.slideshare.net/NHS_Improvement/uti-collaborative-28th-june-2018-presentations 0.15%145. http://www.ecusd7.org/ehs/ehsstaff/akoester/Documents/Micro/Chapter%2005.pdf 0.15%

Web omitted sources: 18 sources found

1. http://expertscape.com/au/tea/Zhou%2C+Weibiao 1.52%2. http://expertscape.com/ar/tea/a/Gao%2C+Jing 1.52%3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11947-012-0986-3 1.43%4. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs11947-015-1544-6.pdf 1.12%5. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-981-10-2612-6_7 0.71%6. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nn505554y 0.71%7. http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jamc/2008/502953.xml 0.71%8. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs13197-012-0736-6 0.57%9. http://jhmtr.journals.semnan.ac.ir/article_343_0.html 0.38%10. https://www.heliyon.com/article/e00551 0.37%11. http://www.fst.nus.edu.sg/OurPeople/ZhouW.html 0.24%12. https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/elsevier/designing-process-controller-for-a-continuous-bread-baking… 0.24%13. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/026087749400073I 0.22%14. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01815.x/full 0.22%15. http://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=ijds.2010.113.127 0.2%16. https://www.jointcommission.org/assets/1/18/TJC-ImprovingPatientAndWorkerSafety-Monograph… 0.16%17. https://www.doterra.com/US/en/blog/bibliography 0.16%18. https://www.science.gov/topicpages/g/global+immunization+vision.html 0.15%

Library sources: 10 sources found

Food Bioprocess Technology Impact of Green Tea Extract.pdf 1.63%Green Tea Catechins Reduced the Glycaemic Potential of Bread.pdf 1.61%Green Tea Catechins Reduced the Glycaemic Potential of Bread (1).pdf 1.61%11 ICEF (Hal 647).pdf 1.08%



Checked: 09/14/2018

Similarity



Citation

References

http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2015/sdn1515.pdfhttp://www.cdsd.k12.pa.us/cms/lib04/PA09000075/Centricity/Domain/262/Chp+1+SG+KEY.pdfhttp://www.oecd.org/economy/surveys/Mexico-Overview-2015+Spanish.pdfhttps://www.smu.edu/%7E/media/Site/Simmons/Research/IEBE/2010+CEC+Presentation.ashxhttps://www.deepdyve.com/lp/elsevier/heat-transfer-a-review-of-2003-literature-tAyenNQw7uhttps://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/physics-archive-2016-october-20?page=17https://cimar.mae.ufl.edu/cimar/pages/thesis/tobler_MS.pdfhttps://www.slideshare.net/Tracxn/tracxn-research-smart-homes-landscape-november-2016-68122165https://www.sprep.org/attachments/VirLib/PNG/medium-term-development-plan-2011-2015.pdfhttps://www.slideshare.net/DutchEmbassy/final-report-24104717http://ri.uaemex.mx/bitstream/handle/20.500.11799/58938/DCARN+IMELDA+GARCIA+ARGUETA-split-merge.pdf%3Bsequence%3D3https://www.saludarequipa.gob.pe/epidemiologia/bole_epi/2017/Bolet_50.pdfhttps://www.eng.yale.edu/grablab/pubs/DollarDissertation2006.pdfhttps://s3.amazonaws.com/content.accelerate-ed.com/Secondary/docs/Chemistry_HMH/LessonMaterialPDFs/t-mc_cnlese586632_c02s3.pdfhttps://www.konyvneked.hu/fotky5982/fotov/_ps_1167Hogy-ne-halj-meg_Bibliografia.pdfhttp://www.imash.ru/netcat_files/File/lebedev/2007-a-Lebedev-DewPoint.pdfhttp://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/oti/2017/9592405.pdfhttps://www.slideshare.net/NHS_Improvement/uti-collaborative-28th-june-2018-presentationshttp://www.ecusd7.org/ehs/ehsstaff/akoester/Documents/Micro/Chapter+05.pdfhttp://expertscape.com/au/tea/Zhou%2C+Weibiaohttp://expertscape.com/ar/tea/a/Gao%2C+Jinghttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11947-012-0986-3https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11947-015-1544-6.pdfhttps://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-10-2612-6_7https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nn505554yhttp://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jamc/2008/502953.xmlhttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13197-012-0736-6http://jhmtr.journals.semnan.ac.ir/article_343_0.htmlhttps://www.heliyon.com/article/e00551http://www.fst.nus.edu.sg/OurPeople/ZhouW.htmlhttps://www.deepdyve.com/lp/elsevier/designing-process-controller-for-a-continuous-bread-baking-process-IhZ4V5xgw2https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/026087749400073Ihttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01815.x/fullhttp://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=ijds.2010.113.127https://www.jointcommission.org/assets/1/18/TJC-ImprovingPatientAndWorkerSafety-Monograph.pdfhttps://www.doterra.com/US/en/blog/bibliographyhttps://www.science.gov/topicpages/g/global+immunization+vision.htmlhttps://corp.unicheck.com/

A Study on Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 Viability in Bread du.pdf 0.4%Green Tea Catechins During Food Processing and Storage.pdf 0.4%A Study on Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 Viability in Bread du (1).pdf 0.4%2. Results and Discussions.docx 0.15%Vicky Widia Yusrina-13.70.0146-22 MARET.docx 0.15%15.I1.0019_Joshua Adi Nugraha P-KP-21 JUNI-F.docx 0.15%

Library omitted sources: 2 sources found

Heat Transfer during Steaming of Bread.pdf 100%Heat Transfer during Steaming of Bread.pdf 100%



Checked: 09/14/2018

Similarity



Citation

References

https://corp.unicheck.com/

V i c t o r i a K . A n a n i n g s i h , E d d a Y . L . S i m , X i a o D o n g C h e n a n d W e i b i a o Z h o u *

H e a t T r a n s f e r d u r i n g S t e a m i n g o f B r e a d

A b s t r a c t : U n d e r s t a n d i n g o f h e a t t r a n s f e r d u r i n g s t e a m i n g

i s i m p o r t a n t t o o p t i m i z e t h e p r o c e s s i n g o f s t e a m e d b r e a d

a n d t o p r o d u c e d e s i r e d q u a l i t i e s i n t h e f i n a l p r o d u c t .

P h y s i c o c h e m i c a l c h a n g e s o c c u r d u r i n g s t e a m i n g o f t h e

d o u g h w h i c h m i g h t b e i m p a c t e d u p o n b y t h e h e a t t r a n s -

f e r s y s t e m . I n t h i s s t u d y , a m a t h e m a t i c a l m o d e l w a s

d e v e l o p e d t o d e s c r i b e t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r s y s t e m i n t h e

b r e a d b e i n g s t e a m i n g t h r o u g h o u t t h e h e a t i n g p r o c e s s .

T h e F o r w a r d E u l e r m e t h o d w a s e m p l o y e d f o r s o l v i n g

t h e t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l p a r t i a l d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s e t

f o r h e a t t r a n s f e r t o p r o d u c e t e m p e r a t u r e p r o f i l e s a t a

n u m b e r o f i n d i v i d u a l l o c a t i o n s i n t h e s t e a m e d b r e a d

d u r i n g i t s s t e a m i n g . A l l t h e c o m p a r i s o n s b e t w e e n t h e

m o d e l - p r e d i c t e d v a l u e s a n d t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s p r o -

d u c e d r o o t m e a n s q u a r e e r r o r v a l u e s r a n g e d f r o m 1 . 3 9 1 t o

3 . 5 4 5 a n d R2 v a l u e s o f a l l g r e a t e r t h a n 0 . 9 3 . T h e r e f o r e , i t

i s c o n f i r m e d t h a t t h e m o d e l h a s a g o o d p e r f o r m a n c e a n d

c a n b e u s e d t o p r e d i c t t e m p e r a t u r e p r o f i l e s i n t h e b r e a d

d u r i n g s t e a m i n g .

K e y w o r d s : h e a t t r a n s f e r , m a t h e m a t i c a l m o d e l , s t e a m e d

b r e a d , f i n i t e d i f f e r e n c e m e t h o d

* C o r r e s p o n d i n g a u t h o r : W e i b i a o Z h o u , F o o d S c i e n c e a n d

T e c h n o l o g y P r o g r a m m e , c / o D e p a r t m e n t o f C h e m i s t r y , N a t i o n a l

U n i v e r s i t y o f S i n g a p o r e , 3 S c i e n c e D r i v e 3 , S i n g a p o r e 1 1 7 5 4 3 ;

N a t i o n a l U n i v e r s i t y o f S i n g a p o r e ( S u z h o u ) R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e , 3 7 7

L i n Q u a n S t r e e t , S u z h o u I n d u s t r i a l P a r k , J i a n g S u 2 1 5 1 2 3 , P e o p l e s’

R e p u b l i c o f C h i n a , E - m a i l : c h m z w b @ n u s . e d u . s g

V i c t o r i a K . A na n i n g si h , F o o d S c i e n ce a n d T e c h no l o g y P r o g ra m m e ,

c / o D e p a r t me n t o f C h e m i st r y , N a t i on a l U n i v e r s i ty o f S i n g a p or e ,

3 S c i e n c e D r iv e 3 , S i n g a p o r e 1 1 7 54 3 ; D e p a r t me n t o f F o o d

T e c h n ol o g y , S o e g i j ap r a n a t a C a th o l i c U n i v er s i t y , J a l a n P a wi y a t a n

L u h u r I V / 1 , S e m a r an g 5 0 2 3 4 , I n d o n es i a , E - m a i l : k r i s t in a @ u n i ka . a c . id

E d d a Y . L . S i m , F oo d S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n ol o g y P r o g r am m e ,

c / o D e p a r t me n t o f C h e m i st r y , N a t i on a l U n i v e r s i ty o f S i n g a p or e ,

3 S c i e n c e D ri v e 3 , S i n g a p or e 1 1 7 5 4 3 , E- ma i l : u 0 3 0 62 4 5 @ n us . e d u . s g

X i a o D o n g C h e n , D e p a r t m e n t o f C h e m i c a l a n d B i o c h e m i c a l

E n g i n e e r i n g , X i a m e n U n i v e r s i t y , F uj i a n , C h i n a , E - m a i l : x d c @ x m u . e d u . c n

1 I n t r o d u c t i o n

S t e am e d b re a d , o r c al l e d “m a n t o u”, i s a t ra d i ti on a l s ta p le

f o od i n n or t h er n C hi n a ( i. e . th e r e gi on n o r th o f t he Y a n gt z e

R i v er ) a nd r e p r e se n ts a r o un d 7 0 % o f t h e e n d u sa g e o f

f l ou r p r o du c e d i n th i s r e g io n a n d a l e s se r p r op o rt i o n i n

t h e s o ut h [ 1 ] . A mo n g s i mi la r p r o du c ts w i d e l y e mb r ac e d b y

p e o pl e i n K o re a , Ja p a n a n d So u th e a st A s i an c o u nt r i es a r e

a v a r i e t y o f s t e a m e d b r e a d s w i t h d i f f e r e n t f i l l i n g s ( o r c a l l e d

s t ea m ed b u n s) . T h e m a j or s t e ps f o r p ro d u ci n g t h es e p ro -

d u ct s i nc l ud e m a ki n g d ou g h of w he a t f lo u r of l o we r p ro -

t e in c o n t e nt c o mp a r e d to b a k e d b r ea d , d iv i d in g t h e d ou g h

i n to s m a l l p ie c e s a nd m o u l di n g t h em a n d f i na l l y st e a mi n g

t h e d ou g h p ie c e s u s in g o nl y s a t u ra t ed s t e am i n t h e

a b se n c e o f an y d r y h e at .

S t e a m i n g , w h i c h i s n o t t o b e c o n f u s e d w i t h t h e p r o -

c e s s o f i n j e c t i n g s o m e s t e a m d u r i n g b a k i n g , i s a p r o c e s s

t h a t r e s u l t s i n a s e r i e s o f p h y s i c a l , c h e m i c a l a n d b i o -

c h e m i c a l c h a n g e s i n a p r o d u c t , s u c h a s v o l u m e e x p a n -

s i o n , c o n d e n s a t i o n o f w a t e r o n t h e p r o d u c t s u r f a c e

f o l l o w e d b y t h e f o r m a t i o n o f a n o u t e r e l a s t i c s k i n ( n o t

c r u s t ) , p r o t e i n d e n a t u r a t i o n a n d s t a r c h g e l a t i n i z a t i o n .

T h e s y s t e m i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y s i m u l t a n e o u s h e a t a n d

w a t e r t r a n s p o r t p r o c e s s e s w i t h i n t h e p r o d u c t a s w e l l a s

b e t w e e n t h e p r o d u c t a n d t h e e n v i r o n m e n t i n s i d e t h e

s t e a m e r . A t t h e b e g i n n i n g , h e a t t r a n s p o r t f r o m t h e e n v i r -

o n m e n t ( i . e . s a t u r a t e d s t e a m ) t o t h e p r o d u c t s u r f a c e

o c c u r s m a i n l y t h r o u g h c o n v e c t i o n a c c o m p a n i e d b y l a t e n t

h e a t o f c o n d e n s a t i o n o f s t e a m . A f t e r w a r d s , w h i l e c o n d u c -

t i o n a t t h e s u r f a c e i s t h e m a j o r m o d e o f h e a t t r a n s f e r , f o r

b r e a d i n s i d e , c o n d u c t i o n f r o m t h e s u r f a c e t o t h e b r e a d

c r u m b c e n t r e i s d o m i n a t i n g a n d t h e l a t e n t h e a t o f c o n -

d e n s a t i o n c o n t r i b u t e s a l o n g a c o l d f r o n t w h i c h m o v e s

t o w a r d s t h e c e n t r e . D e p e n d i n g o n t h e a c t u a l t y p e o f

t h e p r o d u c t t o b e m a d e a n d t h e t y p e o f s t e a m e r u s e d ,

r e l a t i v e c o n t r i b u t i o n s b y t h e v a r i o u s m e c h a n i s m s o f

h e a t t r a n s f e r c a n b e a d j u s t e d t o a c h i e v e a d e s i r e d q u a l i t y

i n t h e f i n a l p r o d u c t . D u e t o t h e h i g h e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n

o f t h e s t e a m i n g p r o c e s s , i t i s c r u c i a l t h a t t h e o p e r a t i n g

c o n d i t i o n o f a s t e a m e r i s o p t i m i z e d t o r e d u c e t h e

e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n a s w e l l a s t o i m p r o v e p r o d u c t

q u a l i t y , s i m i l a r t o b a k i n g s y s t e m s [ 2 ] , i . e . p o s s i b l e m i n i -

m u m a m o u n t o f s t e a m u s e d p e r k g o f d r y m a t e r i a l

p r o c e s s e d .

B o t h e x p e r i m e n t a l a n d m a t h e m a t i c a l m o d e l l i n g

a p p r o a c h e s a r e o f t e n u s e d f o r t h i s p u r p o s e . I n t h e f o r m e r

a p p r o a c h , t h e p r o c e s s i s s i m u l a t e d i n a l a b o r a t o r y o r

p i l o t - s c a l e s e t - u p t o g e n e r a t e v a l u a b l e d a t a o n t h e s y s t e m

b e h a v i o u r [ 3 ] . W h i l e c a r e f u l e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a a r e i n d i s -

p e n s a b l e i n v a l i d a t i n g t h e p r o c e s s , h o w e v e r , u n l i k e

k n o w l e d g e o b t a i n e d t h r o u g h m a t h e m a t i c a l m o d e l s , t h e y

c a n n o t b e e a s i l y g e n e r a l i z e d . M a t h e m a t i c a l m o d e l l i n g ,

d o i 1 0 . 1 5 1 5 / i j f e - 2 0 1 3 - 0 0 2 3 I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o u r n a l o f F o o d E n g i n e e r i n g 2 0 1 4 ; 1 0 ( 4 ) : 6 1 3 6 2 3–

Brought to you by | Cornell University Library

Authenticated

Download Date | 5/24/15 4:33 PM



Checked: 09/14/2018

Similarity



Citation

References


w h i c h i s o f t e n b a s e d o n k n o w n p h y s i c a l a n d c h e m i c a l

p r i n c i p l e s , i s i m p o r t a n t i n r e d u c i n g t h e t i m e a n d c o s t s

i n v o l v e d i n e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n . M o d e l s c a n a l s o b e u s e d f o r

t h e d e s i g n , o p t i m i z a t i o n a n d c o n t r o l o f t h e p r o c e s s .

P a u l u s [ 4 ] d e s c r i b e d t r a n s p o r t m o d e l s a s o n e o f t h e

m a i n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e m o d e l l i n g o f i n d u s t r i a l c o o k -

i n g . I n r e c e n t y e a r s , t h e r e h a s b e e n g r o w i n g i n t e r e s t f o r

t h e m o d e l l i n g o f s i m u l t a n e o u s h e a t a n d w a t e r t r a n s f e r s

i n b a k i n g [ 5–7 ] . Z h o u [ 8 ] p r e s e n t e d s e v e r a l h e a t a n d m a s s

t r a n s f e r m o d e l s d u r i n g b a k i n g w h i c h i n v o l v e d t h e r m o -

p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f p r o d u c t t h a t a r e c h a n g i n g d u r i n g

t h e b a k i n g p r o c e s s , e . g . d e n s i t y , s p e c i f i c h e a t , t h e r m a l

c o n d u c t i v i t y a n d t h e r m a l d i f f u s i v i t y .

T h e r m o p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s a r e e s s e n t i a l t o d e v e l o p -

i n g m o d e l s f o r h e a t t r a n s f e r . T h e r m o p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s

o f d o u g h a n d b a k e r y p r o d u c t s f o r b a k e d g o o d s w e r e

r e p o r t e d b y B a i k e t a l . [ 9 ] , M a r c o t t e [ 1 0 ] a n d Z u n i g a

a n d L e - B a i l [ 1 1 ] . T h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y , s p e c i f i c h e a t a n d

m a s s d i f f u s i v i t y a r e s o m e o f t h e i m p o r t a n t t h e r m o p h y s i -

c a l p r o p e r t i e s e s s e n t i a l f o r t h e m o d e l l i n g o f h e a t a n d

m a s s t r a n s f e r d u r i n g b o t h b a k i n g a n d s t e a m i n g

p r o c e s s e s .

S o f a r , r e l a t i v e l y f e w s t u d i e s o n s t e a m e d b r e a d h a v e

b e e n r e p o r t e d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e [ 1 , 1 2 ] . T h e o r e t i c a l m o d e l -

l i n g o f t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r s y s t e m f o r s t e a m i n g b r e a d h a s

n o t b e e n r e p o r t e d , i n c o n t r a s t t o m a n y s t u d i e s o n b a k e d

b r e a d [ 1 0 , 1 3 , 1 4 ] . T h i s s t u d y a i m e d t o d e v e l o p a m a t h e -

m a t i c a l m o d e l f o r t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r i n s t e a m e d b r e a d

d u r i n g i t s s t e a m i n g p r o c e s s .

2 M a t e r i a l s a n d m e t h o d s

2 . 1 B r e a d f o r s t e a m i n g

T h e s t u d y w a s c a r r i e d o u t o n n o r t h e r n - s t y l e s t e a m e d

b r e a d . S o f t o r l o w - p r o t e i n “m a n t o u” f l o u r ( B a k e K i n g ,

H o n g K i n g E x t r a S p e c i a l F l o u r , S i n g a p o r e ) w a s p u r c h a s e d

f r o m a l o c a l s u p e r m a r k e t . T h e d o u g h f o r m u l a t i o n i n p e r -

c e n t a g e o f f l o u r w e i g h t w a s 5 8 % w a t e r , 1 % y e a s t ( D r y

b a k e r’s y e a s t , S a f - i n s t a n t , F r a n c e ) , 1 % s a l t ( P a g o d a ,

C h i n a ) a n d 1 % s u g a r ( S i s , A u s t r a l i a ) . M i x i n g w a s d o n e

i n a s p i r a l m i x e r ( V a r i m i x e r ® W A G - R N 2 0 , E u r o p e ) c o m -

p r i s i n g o n e l o w - s p e e d m i x i n g s t e p ( 6 m i n , 1 0 0 r p m ) . T h e

t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e d o u g h a f t e r k n e a d i n g w a s 2 3 0 . 5 ° C .

D o u g h w a s l e t t o r e s t f o r 1 0 m i n a t a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e

o f a r o u n d 2 2 ° C a n d w a s t h e n s h e e t e d a n d f o r m e d i n t o

h e m i s p h e r i c a l p i e c e s u s i n g a m o u l d e r ( D r R O B O T I I ,

N e t h e r l a n d s ) . T h e m o u l d e d d o u g h p i e c e s w e r e w e i g h e d

t o b e 5 0 g t o e n s u r e c o n s i s t e n c y . T h e h e m i s p h e r i c a l

d o u g h p i e c e s w e r e p l a c e d o n t h e p l a s t i c t r a y s o f a s t e a -

m e r ( P h i l l i p s , H - R C 1 9 , S i n g a p o r e ) , a n d t h e n t h e t r a y s

w e r e p l a c e d i n t o a p r o o f i n g c a b i n e t ( E U R O F O U R S®

M s 0 1 T 0 3 - 2 , F r a n c e ) f o r 3 0 m i n a t 4 0 ° C a n d a r e l a t i v e

h u m i d i t y o f 8 0 % . T h e h e m i s p h e r i c a l d o u g h p i e c e s a f t e r

p r o o f i n g w e r e s t e a m e d f o r v a r i o u s p r e - d e t e r m i n e d

s t e a m i n g p e r i o d s . A t e a c h s t e a m i n g o p e r a t i o n , e i g h t

p i e c e s o f p r o o f e d s a m p l e s w e r e f i t t e d i n t o t h e s t e a m e r

e a c h t i m e .

2 . 2 S t e a m i n g a n d t e m p e r a t u r em e a s u r e m e n t s

S t e am i ng w a s c ar r i ed o u t i n a c o n ve nt i o n al , e le c t ri c al l y

o p e ra te d s t e am e r ( 3 t i er s t e am e r, T e f a l , B er k sh i re , U K ) a t

a n e q ui l i br i um s u r r ou n di n g t e mp er a t ur e o f 1 00 ° C i n t h e

s t ea m er . T h e st e a me r h ad t h r ee t r a y s w h i c h we r e s ta c ke d

o n t o p of e a c h o t h er . D u e to t h e h i g h p ow e r e ff i ci e n cy a n d

t h e sm a l l s i z e o f th e s t ea me r , t he t e mp e ra t u re o f t he t o p

t r ay r e a c he d a n e qu i l ib r i um t e mp e r at u r e a s fa s t a s t h e

b o tt o m t ra y . I n t h e l id o f t h e s te a me r , t h re e s ma l l h o l es

w e re p r e se nt w h ic h s e rv e d t o r e gu l at e t h e i n si d e p re s su r e

o f t h e s te a m e r. T h es e h o l e s w er e a l so u s e d t o i n se r t u p t o

n i n e K- t yp e t h e rm o c o up le s o f 0 . 3 m m i n d i am e t e r t hr o ug h

t h e l id a n d p l ac e t h e m at d i f f e re n t p os i ti o n s i n th e d o ug h

p i e ce s i n si d e t he s t e am e r d u ri n g s te a mi n g , t h ro u g h th e

e n ti r e s ti p u l at e d st e a m in g p r o ce ss .

A s s h o w n i n F i g u r e 1 , t h e t h e r m o c o u p l e s w e r e s p e c i -

f i c a l l y p l a c e d a t e i g h t d i f f e r e n t l o c a t i o n s o f t h e d o u g h /

s t e a m e d b r e a d , n a m e l y t h e c e n t r e ( p o i n t 1 ) , t h e b o t t o m ,

f o u r o t h e r d i f f e r e n t l o c a t i o n s i n t h e c r u m b o f t h e d o u g h

( p o i n t s 2–5 ) , d i r e c t l y a b o v e t h e d o u g h ( i . e . s u r r o u n d i n g )

a n d j u s t u n d e r t h e b r e a d s k i n ( i . e . s u r f a c e ) . I t w a s e a r l i e r

o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e t e m p e r a t u r e p r o f i l e s y i e l d e d f r o m t h e

p o i n t s o n a n d u n d e r t h e b r e a d s k i n w e r e v e r y s i m i l a r d u e

t o t h e r a p i d t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i o n t h r o u g h t h e s k i n . H e n c e ,

t h e p o i n t s w e r e t a k e n a s o n e ( i . e . t h e s u r f a c e p o i n t ) .

2 . 3 M o i s t u r e m e a s u r e m e n t s

T h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f b r e a d m o i s t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n d u r i n g

s t e a m i n g a t d i f f e r e n t t i m e s w a s a c h i e v e d b y s a m p l i n g a t

t h e l o c a t i o n s o f p o i n t s 2 & 3 , p o i n t s 4 & 5 , b o t t o m , c e n t r e

a n d s u r f a c e . T h e s t e a m e d b r e a d s a m p l e s w e r e d i v i d e d

i n t o s e v e r a l p o r t i o n s , a n d t h e i r m o i s t u r e s w e r e

6 1 4 V . K . A n a n i n g s i h e t a l . : H e a t T r a n s f e r d u r i n g S t e a m i n g o f B r e a d


Authenticated




Checked: 09/14/2018

Similarity



Citation

References


d e t e r m i n e d u s i n g a g r a v i m e t r i c m e t h o d [ 1 5 ] b y w e i g h i n g

a s a m p l e b e f o r e a n d i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r a n o v e n d r y i n g .

M o i s t u r e m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e d o n e i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r

s t e a m i n g w i t h o u t c o o l i n g t h e f i n a l p r o d u c t . T h i s w a s t o

e n s u r e t h a t t h e m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t s o f t h e b r e a d s a m p l e s

d u r i n g t h e s t e a m i n g p r o c e s s w e r e m o r e a c c u r a t e l y d e t e r -

m i n e d , a s t h e g r a v i m e t r i c a n a l y s i s w a s d o n e w i t h o u t

c o o l i n g w h e n w a t e r l o s s b y e v a p o r a t i o n w a s s t i l l c o m -

p a r a t i v e l y s m a l l . A f t e r d r y i n g , t h e s a m p l e s w e r e c o o l e d i n

a d e s i c c a t o r a n d w e i g h e d b y a n a n a l y t i c a l b a l a n c e ( s e n -

s i t i v i t y 0 . 0 0 1 g ) . T h e w e t - b a s e d m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t (M % ) o f

a s a m p l e w a s c a l c u l a t e d b y t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e

m a s s b e f o r e (mi ) a n d a f t e r ( m f) d r y i n g u s i n g t h e e q u a t i o n :

M m( % ) ¼ ( i – mf ) 1 0 0 / mi .

2 . 4 M a t h e m a t i c a l m o d e l l i n g o f h e a t t r a n s f e rd u r i n g s t e a m i n g

T he d o u gh /s t e ame d b r e ad p ie c e is m o d e lle d a s a t h re e -

d i me ns io n al h e mi sp h e re of r a di us R . The dough pieces at a

u n i f o r m t e m p e r a t u r e Ti a n d a u n i f o r m m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t W0

w er e t ak en o u t of t h e pr o of e r a nd p l ac e d i n to t he s te a me r

w h i c h w a s a t T0 a n d i ts r e la ti v e h um id i ty ( R H) w a s t a ke n

a s 10 0 % ( i. e. f u ll s te a m) a t ro om p r e ssu r e ( i.e . 1 a tm ).

H e a t t r a n s f e r i n s i d e t h e d o u g h c a n b e t r e a t e d a s a

h e a t c o n d u c t i o n p r o c e s s d e s p i t e t h a t c o n d u c t i o n w a s n o t

t h e o n l y m e c h a n i s m f o r h e a t t r a n s f e r i n t h e d o u g h .

A n o t h e r m e c h a n i s m w a s t h r o u g h w a t e r v a p o u r d i f f u s i o n

f r o m o u t e r l a y e r s t o w a r d s d o u g h c e n t r e ( F i g u r e 1 ) . W a t e r

v a p o u r c a n d i f f u s e f r o m t h e o u t s i d e e n v i r o n m e n t , w h i c h

c o n s i s t s o f 1 0 0 % w a t e r v a p o u r , t o w a r d s t h e c e n t r e o f t h e

d o u g h ; m e a n w h i l e w a t e r v a p o u r a l s o c o n d e n s e s a t t h e

s u r f a c e o f s t e a m e d b r e a d f r o m w h e r e m o i s t u r e i s t r a n s -

f e r r e d e i t h e r v i a l i q u i d w a t e r d i f f u s i o n o r w a t e r v a p o u r

d i f f u s i o n t o w a r d s t h e c e n t r e . H o w e v e r , i t w a s n o t e d t h a t

t h e f o r m a t i o n o f s k i n m i g h t h a v e s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e s t r i c t e d

t h e d i f f u s i o n o f w a t e r v a p o u r f r o m o u t s i d e t o b r e a d . T h i s

w a s s i m i l a r t o t h e f u n c t i o n o f c r u s t o b s e r v e d b y v a r i o u s

i n v e s t i g a t o r s d u r i n g t h e i r s t u d y o f b a k e d b r e a d , w h i c h

r e s t r i c t e d t h e d i f f u s i o n o f w a t e r v a p o u r f r o m b r e a d i n s i d e

t o w a r d s e n v i r o n m e n t [ 1 6 , 1 7 ] .

I n t h i s s t u d y , t w o m a j o r a s s u m p t i o n s w e r e m a d e :

( 1 ) I n t h e m o d e l , o n l y h e a t c o n d u c t i o n w a s t a k e n i n t o

c o n s i d e r a t i o n n e g l e c t i n g t h e e f f e c t s o f m a s s t r a n s f e r

d u e t o t h e c o m p u t a t i o n a l e f f i c i e n c y a n d t h e c o m p l e x i t i e s

i n v o l v e d i n m o d e l l i n g t h e m t o g e t h e r . H e a t t r a n s f e r w a s

c a r r i e d o u t b y c o n d u c t i o n d u e t o t h e t e m p e r a t u r e

g r a d i e n t r e s u l t e d f r o m c o n v e c t i o n a n d c o n d e n s a t i o n o n

t h e s u r f a c e . ( 2 ) T h e t o t a l a p p a r e n t v o l u m e w a s t a k e n a s

c o n s t a n t d u r i n g s t e a m i n g ( i . e . m a t e r i a l e x p a n s i o n w a s

i g n o r e d ) . T h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e s e a s s u m p t i o n s f o r t h e s y s t e m

w i l l b e e v a l u a t e d b y e x a m i n i n g h o w w e l l t h e m o d e l o u t -

p u t s a r e a g r e e a b l e t o t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a .

F i g u r e 1 T o p : S c h e m a t i c d i a g r a m o f t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n o f s t e a m e d b r e a d a n d l a b e l l e d l o c a t i o n s f o r t e m p e r a t u r e m e a s u r e m e n t s . B o t t o m :

M e c h a n i s m o f h e a t a n d m a s s t r a n s f e r i n t h e s t e a m e d b r e a d

V . K . A n a n i n g s i h e t a l . : H e a t T r a n s f e r d u r i n g S t e a m i n g o f B r e a d 6 1 5


Authenticated




Checked: 09/14/2018

Similarity



Citation

References


T h e c om p l et e d es c r i pt i on o f a m a t h em a ti c al m o d e l f o r

t h e a b ov e- m e n ti on e d s ys t e m i s p re se n t ed i n t h e f o ll o wi n g

s e ct i on s .

2 . 4 . 1 G o v e r n i n g e q u a t i o n

H e at t r an s fe r e qu a t io n i n C a rt e s i an c o or d in at e s i s g i v en b y

@T

@t¼ α @

2 T

@x2þ

@2 T

@y2þ

@2 T

@z 2

¼ αÑ2 T ð Þ1

α ¼ λρCC pp

w h e r e T i s t e m p e r a t u r e ( ° C ) , λ i s t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y(W m−1 ° C−1 ) , ρ i s d e n s i t y ( k g m−3 ) , C p i s s p e c i f i c h e a t(J k g−1 ° C−1 ) , a n d α i s t h e r m a l d i f f u s i v i t y ( m2 s−1 ) . A s s u m et h a t ρ a n d C p w e r e c o n s t a n t d u r i n g t h e s t e a m i n g p r o c e s sw h o s e v a l u e s a r e 5 4 4 k g m−3 a n d 2 , 3 1 0 J k g−1 ° C−1 . T h e n ,

λ w a s o b t a i n e d t h r o u g h o p t i m i z a t i o n o f t h e m o d e l b ym i n i m i z i n g t h e r o o t m e a n s q u a r e e r r o r ( R M S E ) b e t w e e n

t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l a n d m o d e l l e d v a l u e s . I t w a s f o u n d t o b e

a r o u n d 0 . 8 0 W m−1

° C−1

.

2 . 4 . 2 B o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s

T h e r e w e r e t w o b o u n d a r i e s t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n

t h i s s t u d y . T h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e d o u g h / b r e a d s u r -

r o u n d i n g s w a s t a k e n t o b e 1 0 0 ° C t h r o u g h o u t t h e s t e a m -

i n g p r o c e s s . S i n c e t h e s a m p l e w a s p l a c e d o n a p e r f o r a t e d

s o l i d p l a t e w h i c h a l l o w e d a c o n t i n u o u s a c c e s s o f s t e a m t o

t h e b o t t o m o f t h e d o u g h / b r e a d , t h e b o t t o m a n d t o p s u r -

f a c e s o f b r e a d w e r e a l s o t a k e n t o b e a t 1 0 0 ° C . T h i s w a s

d u e t o c o n d e n s a t i o n o f v a p o u r a t d o u g h s u r f a c e a t t h e

b e g i n n i n g s o t h a t t h e t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n

t h e m w e r e c l o s e t o z e r o a t a l l t i m e s d u r i n g s t e a m i n g .

I n o t h e r w o r d s , t h e t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e s u r r o u n d i n g s

a n d t h e d o u g h s u r f a c e s ( i . e . t o p a n d b o t t o m ) w a s t h e

s a m e ( 1 0 0 ° C ) . T h i s a s s u m p t i o n w a s s u b s e q u e n t l y v e r i f i e d

b y t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s .

2 . 4 . 3 N u m e r i c a l m e t h o d

T h e n um e r i ca l m et h od u s e d t o s o lv e t h e p ar t i al d i f fe r e nt i al

e q ua t i on , i . e . e q. ( 1 ) w a s t h e F or w ar d E u l er m e t h od . I t w a s

a p pl i e d v i a a f i ni t e d if fe r e nc e a n al ys i s. T h e f i ni te d i ff e r -

e n c e s c h e me w a s t o a p p r o xi ma t e th e d e ri v at i ve s u s i ng

c h a ng e s t h a t o cc ur a t f i ni t e i nt e rv a l s. T o d er i ve t h e f in i te

d i ff e re n c e e qu a t io n s, t h e d o u gh w a s s p l it i n t o g r i d p oi n t s

w i th e q ui s p ac e d i nt e rv a ls t h a t we r e i mp os e d o n a r ec t an -

g u l ar d o m ai n . E ac h t e mp e ra t u re r e a d in g o n t h e g ri d i s

d e n ot e d b y Ti , j , k . T h e g r i d sp a ci n g s i z es i n t h e x- , y- and

z- di r e ct i on s a r e d en o te d b y h x, hy a n d hz r e sp e ct i ve l y . Th e

g r i d p oi nt s a r e n u mb e re d i , j a n d k l a b el l i ng t h e p os i ti o n s

o n t h e g ri d i n t h e x- , y- and z- d ir e ct i o ns , r e sp e c ti v e ly ,

a c co r di n g t o C ar t es i a n c oo rd i n at e s.

U n d e r t h e c e n t r a l d i f f e r e n c e s c h e m e , t h e - d i r e c t i o nx

s e c o n d - o r d e r d e r i v a t i v e t e r m i n t h e r i g h t - h a n d s i d e

o f e q . ( 1 ) , i . e . @2 T@x 2 c a n b e a p p r o x i m a t e d b y e q . ( 2 ) a s

f o l l o w s :

@2 T

@x2

Ti1; ;j k 2 Ti j; ;k þ Tiþ1;j k;

h x2 ð2Þ

w h e r e h x i s t a k e n t o b e t h e s t e p - s i z e o f x. S i m i l a r a p p r o x -

i m a t i o n s c a n b e d o n e f o r t h e y- a n d z- d i r e c t i o n s e c o n d -

o r d e r d e r i v a t i v e s .

T h e d i f f e r e n c e e q u a t i o n f o r a g r i d p o i n t ( )i , j , k

l o c a t e d i n s i d e t h e b o u n d a r y i s d e r i v e d b y c o n s i d e r i n g

t h e g r i d p o i n t ( i , j , k ) a n d s i x s u r r o u n d i n g g r i d p o i n t s .

T h e F o r w a r d E u l e r m e t h o d e v a l u a t e s T i j , k, a t a f u t u r e

t i m e s t e p (t þΔt ) u s i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n :

@T

@t¼

Tðt þ ΔΔtÞ TðtÞ

ΔΔt

w h e r e T(t ) a n d T(t þΔt ) a r e t e m p e r a t u r e a t t i m e a n dtt i m e ( i s t i m e s t e p . S u b s t i t u t i n g e q st þΔt ) , r e s p e c t i v e l y . ΔΔt( 2 ) a n d ( 3 ) i n t o e q . ( 1 ) r e s u l t s i n ( f o r s i m p l i c i t y ,

o n l y x- d i r e c t i o n d e r i v a t i v e i s s h o w n f o r i l l u s t r a t i o n

p u r p o s e ) :

Tðt þ ΔΔtÞ TðtÞΔΔt

ji; ;j k ¼ αTi1;j;k 2 Ti j; ;k þ Ti j kþ1; ;

h x2 ð Þ4

E q u a t i o n ( 4 ) i s s u b s e q u e n t l y s o l v e d f o r T(t þΔt ) t oo b t a i n t h e T i , j , k v a l u e a t a f u t u r e t i m e s t e p . T h i s s c h e m e

i s c a l l e d a n e x p l i c i t m e t h o d b e c a u s e , i f T i , j , k a t t a r e

g i v e n f o r a l l t h e g r i d p o i n t s , T i , j , k f o r t h e n e w t þΔt f o ra n y g r i d p o i n t c a n b e i m m e d i a t e l y c a l c u l a t e d b y s i m p l y

u s i n g e q . ( 4 ) .

I t w a s n o t e w o r t h y t h a t t h e t i m e s t e p Δt o f t h e e x p l i c i tm e t h o d m u s t s a t i s f y

ΔΔt 0:5 h x

2

α ð Þ5

O t h e r w i s e , i n s t a b i l i t y o f t h e s o l u t i o n w i l l h a p p e n . H e n c e ,

n o m a t t e r h o w s l o w t h e p h y s i c a l c h a n g e o f t h e s y s t e m i s ,

ΔΔt m u s t b e e q u a l t o o r s m a l l e r t h a n 0:5 h x2

α . T h i s a l s o m e a n st h a t ΔΔt m u s t b e c o m e i n c r e a s i n g l y s m a l l e r i f h x i s r e d u c e d .



Authenticated




Checked: 09/14/2018

Similarity



Citation

References


A p r o g r a m b a s e d o n t h e a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d F o r w a r d

E u l e r m e t h o d w a s i m p l e m e n t e d u s i n g M a t l a b , a n d t h e

m o d e l w a s s i m u l a t e d f o r a p e r i o d o f 2 0 m i n . T h e R M S E

b e t w e e n t h e m o d e l l e d r e s u l t s a n d t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l

r e s u l t s w a s m i n i m i z e d t h r o u g h a d j u s t i n g m o d e l p a r a -

m e t e r s . I n p a r t i c u l a r , λ v a l u e i n e q . ( 1 ) w a s u s e d a s a ni n p u t i n t h e o p t i m i z a t i o n s y s t e m t o m i n i m i z e t h e o u t p u t ,

i . e . t h e R M S E v a l u e .

3 R e s u l t s a n d d i s c u s s i o n

3 . 1 M o i s t u r e p r o f i l e s

F i g ur e 2 p re se n t s th e m oi s tu r e p ro fi l e s at d i ff e re n t

p o i nt s o f m e as u re m e nt i n t h e s t e am e d b re a d . M o is t u re

c o n te nt s t h r o ug ho u t t h e b re a d i n cr e as e d w i th s t e a mi n g

t i me . A l so , t h e m o is t ur e c o n te nt b e c a m e re l a ti v e ly

l o we r a s th e m ea s ur e m e nt p oi n t mo v e d f ur t h er a wa y

f r om t h e s u rf a c e. H e n ce , i t c a n b e s u gg e st e d t h at w a t er

d i ff u s io n o c cu r re d f r o m t h e o ut si d e t o wa r d s t he i n s id e o f

t h e b re a d t o i ts c e n tr e . A s s h o wn i n F i gu r e 2 , t h e mo i s tu r e

c o n te nt s d ur i n g th e e nt i re b r e ad s t ea mi n g p ro c e ss f e ll

w i th i n a re l a t iv e ly n a rr o w ra n g e , h e n ce m o i st u re t r an s f er

a n d i ts i mp a c t on h e at t r an s fe r w e re a s su m e d t o be n e g li -

g i bl e i n t h e c u rr e nt m o d e l d ev e l op ed f o r h e a t tr a n sf e r .

T h e i n c r e a s e i n m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t w i t h s t e a m i n g t i m e

w a s d u e t o c o n d e n s a t i o n o f w a t e r a t t h e s u r f a c e o f b r e a d .

T h e s a t u r a t e d s t e a m i n t h e s u r r o u n d i n g s a l s o p r e v e n t e d

e v a p o r a t i o n o f w a t e r f r o m t h e b r e a d , r e s u l t i n g i n a s u r -

f a c e o f h i g h m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t . T h e h i g h w a t e r c o n t e n t a t

t h e b o t t o m o f t h e s t e a m e d b r e a d w a s d u e t o t h e f a c t t h a t

t h e s a m p l e w a s r e s t i n g o n at h i n , w e t p i e c e o f c l o t h o n

t h e t o p o f a s t a i n l e s s s t e e l t r a y d u r i n g s t e a m i n g . T h e c l o t h

w a s t o p r e v e n t t h e b r e a d f r o m a d h e r i n g t o t h e t r a y , a

c o m m o n p r a c t i c e i n i n d u s t r i a l s t e a m b r e a d p r o d u c t i o n .

S i n c e t h e c l o t h w a s a b l e t o a b s o r b m o r e w a t e r , i t p r o -

d u c e d a h i g h m o i s t u r e g r a d i e n t b e t w e e n t h e c l o t h a n d t h e

b o t t o m o f t h e s t e a m e d b r e a d , t h u s c a u s i n g h i g h m o i s t u r e

c o n t e n t s a t t h e b o t t o m .

3 . 2 N u m e r i c a l r e s u l t s

F o r w a r d E u l e r m e t h o d w a s i m p l e m e n t e d u s i n g M a t l a b ,

a n d t h e m o d e l w a s s i m u l a t e d f o r a p e r i o d o f 2 0 m i n .

F i g u r e 3 s h o w s s o m e s n a p - s h o t s o f t h e t e m p e r a t u r e p r o -

f i l e a t t h e s t e a m i n g t i m e s o f 0 , 1 , 2 , 5 , 1 0 a n d 2 0 m i n . T h e

g r a d u a l c h a n g e i n t e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r 5 m i n a c c u r a t e l y

d e p i c t e d a n d m a t c h e d t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e e x p e r i -

m e n t a l r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d .

3 . 3 T e m p e r a t u r e p r o f i l e s

F i g u r e 4 s h o w s t h a t a t a l l m e a s u r e m e n t p o i n t s d u r i n g t h e

s t e a m i n g p r o c e s s , t h e t e m p e r a t u r e e v e n t u a l l y r e a c h e d t h e

h e a t i n g m e d i u m t e m p e r a t u r e o f 1 0 0 ° C . A l l l o c a t i o n s i n

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Steaming time, minSteaming time, min

Mo

istu

re c

on

ten

t, %

Mo

istu

re c

on

ten

t, % Point 2

Point 3

Point 4

Point 5

Bottom

Centre

Surface

F i g u r e 2 M o i s t u r e p r o f i l e s o f s t e a m e d b r e a d a t d i f f e r e n t m e a s u r e m e n t p o i n t s



Authenticated




Checked: 09/14/2018

Similarity



Citation

References


0z, cm

x, cm –5 1

23

45

0

5

100

Temperature profile of cross-section of mantou during steaming at = 0t

90

80

Te

mp

era

ture

,°C

70

60

50

40

0 z, cm x, cm –5 1

23

45

0

5

100

Temperature profile of cross-section of mantou during steaming at = 1 mint

90

80

Te

mp

era

ture

,°C

70

60

50

40

0z, cm

x, cm –5 1

23

45

0

5

100


90

80

Te

mp

era

ture

,°C

70

60

50

40

0 z, cm x, cm –5 1

23

45

0

5

100


90

80

Te

mp

era

ture

,°C

70

60

50

40

0 z, cm x, cm –5 1

23

45

0

5

100


90

80

Te

mp

era

ture

,°C

70

60

50

40

0 z, cm x, cm –5 1

23

45

0

5

100


90

80

Te

mp

era

ture

,°C

70

60

50

40

F i g u r e 3 S n a p - s h o t o f t h e t e m p e r a t u r e p r o f i l e t h r o u g h s t e a m i n g a t t i m e s 0 , 1 , 2 , 5 a n d 2 0 m i n



Authenticated




Checked: 09/14/2018

Similarity



Citation

References


t h e b r e a d s a m p l e s h a d a n i n i t i a l t e m p e r a t u r e o f ~ 4 2 ° C . I t

w a s a l s o o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e a t t h e c e n t r e

o f t h e s a m p l e w a s s l o w e s t d u e t o i t s l o n g e s t d i s t a n c e

a w a y f r o m t h e s u r f a c e . T h e t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e a t a p o i n t

o f m e a s u r e m e n t b e c a m e g r e a t e r a s i t s d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e

s u r f a c e o f t h e b r e a d d e c r e a s e d .

T h e i n i t i a l l o w e r t e m p e r a t u r e f o r t h e s u r r o u n d i n g ( i . e .

l e s s t h a n 1 0 0 ° C ) w a s d u e t o t h e o p e n i n g a n d c l o s i n g o f

t h e s t e a m e r l i d p r i o r t o t h e s t e a m i n g p r o c e s s , r e s u l t i n g i n

a l o s s o f s t e a m a n d a d i p i n t h e t e m p e r a t u r e . F o r s i m p l i -

c i t y i n t h e m o d e l l i n g , t h e s u r r o u n d i n g t e m p e r a t u r e w a s

t a k e n t o b e 1 0 0 ° C a t a l l t i m e s . T h e r a p i d h e a t t r a n s f e r

t h r o u g h c o n v e c t i o n o f s t e a m f r o m t h e b o i l i n g w a t e r a t t h e

b o t t o m r e s e r v o i r t o t h e o t h e r p a r t s o f t h e s t e a m e r j u s t i f i e s

s u c h a n a s s u m p t i o n .

3 . 4 O p t i m i z a t i o n o f v a l u e sλ

T h e o pt i mi z e d λ va l u e s wh i c h re s u lt e d i n t he l o w es t R M S Ev a l ue b e t w ee n t h e mo d e ll e d a n d e xp e ri m e nt a l v a lu e s a re

s h ow n i n Ta b le 1 . S i n ce t he t e m p er a tu re p r o fi l e s a t th o s e

p o i nt s d ir e ct l y u nd e r an d o n th e s u rf a ce w e re o b s e rv ed t o

b e a l mo st t h e s a m e fo r e ve r y e xp er i m e nt , t he s e t e m p er a -

t u re p r o f il e s a t a l l ti m e s o f th e s t e am i ng p r o c es s w e re

t a ke n t o b e t h e sa m e i n t hi s w o rk ( i . e. “s u rf a c e” m e as u r e -

m e nt p o i nt ) . T he e ff e c ti v e th e rm a l c o nd uc t i vi t y (λ) val ue s

d e te r mi n e d i n t h is s t u dy w e re i n t h e r an g e o f 0 .7 2 5–0 .8 5 5

W m−1

° C−1

( T ab l e 1 ), w h ic h w er e c l o se t o th e v a l ue s

r e po r t ed i n t h e l i te r a tu r e f o r b ak e d b re a d , e .g . 0 . 7 2

W m−1 ° C −1 f o r w hi t e b r e ad a f t e r 8 m i n o f b ak i n g [ 18 ] .

3 . 5 V e r i f i c a t i o n o f m o d e l u s i n g o p t i m i z e dλ v a l u e s

T h e o b t a i n e d m o d e l w a s v e r i f i e d w i t h t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l

t e m p e r a t u r e p r o f i l e s a t t h e i n t e r n a l f i v e p o i n t s o f m e a -

s u r e m e n t d u r i n g t h e s t e a m i n g . T h e v e r i f i c a t i o n s

p r o d u c e d l o w R M S E a n d h i g h c o e f f i c i e n t o f d e t e r m i n a t i o n

(R 2) v a l u e s b e t w e e n t h e t w o s e t s o f d a t a u s i n g t h e

o p t i m i z e d λ v a l u e s , a s l i s t e d i n T a b l e 1 . F i g u r e 5 s h o w st h e c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n t h e m o d e l l e d r e s u l t s a n d t h e

e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s . B a s e d o n t h e s m a l l R M S E v a l u e s

a n d h i g h R 2 v a l u e s , t h e m o d e l v e r i f i c a t i o n r e s u l t s

s u g g e s t t h a t t h e m o d e l i s a c c e p t a b l e . T h e m o d e l h a s a

g o o d p e r f o r m a n c e a n d c o u l d b e u s e d t o r e p r o d u c e

T a b l e 1 O p t i m i z e d λ v a l u e s a t f i v e d i f f e r e n t l o c a t i o n s i n t h es t e a m e d b r e a d w i t h t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g R M S E a n d R

2v a l u e s

M e a s u r e m e n t p o i n t s λ R M S E R2

S u r f a c e 0 . 7 4 0 1 . 6 7 6 0 . 9 5 3

C e n t r e 0 . 8 3 5 1 . 4 7 8 0 . 9 9 7

P o i n t s 2 & 3 0 . 8 1 0 1 . 6 4 0 0 . 9 8 7

P o i n t s 4 & 5 0 . 8 5 5 2 . 9 6 7 0 . 9 8 0

B o t t o m 0 . 7 2 5 2 . 1 3 9 0 . 9 1 2

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28

Steaming time, minSteaming time, min

Te

mp

era

ture

, °C

Te

mp

era

ture

, °C

Surroundings

Bottom

Points 2 & 3

Points 4 & 5

Centre

Directly under surface

Direct on surface

F i g u r e 4 E x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s o f t e m p e r a t u r e p r o f i l e s i n t h e s t e a m e d b r e a d d u r i n g s t e a m i n g . E a c h t e m p e r a t u r e p r o f i l e i s a c u m u l a t i v e

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h r e e o r m o r e p r o f i l e s o f t h e s a m e p o i n t i n t h r e e o r m o r e d i f f e r e n t e x p e r i m e n t s



Authenticated




Checked: 09/14/2018

Similarity



Citation

References


( a )( b )

100 5 15

Time, min

20 25 30

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

Te

mp

era

ture

, °C

Temperature profile of model and experiment (surface), correlation coefficient = 0.95308

Model

Experiment

100 5 15

Time, min

20 25 30

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

Te

mp

era

ture

, °C

Model

Experiment

Temperature profile of model and experiment (centre), correlation coefficient = 0.99702

( c )

Temperature profile of model and experiment (points 2 & 3), correlation coefficient = 0.98662

100 5 15

Time, min

20 25 30 100 5 15

Time, min

20 25 30

100 5 15

Time, min

20 25 30

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

Te

mp

era

ture

, °C

Model

Experiment

( d )

( e )


Temperature profile of model and experiment (bottom), correlation coefficient = 0.91165

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

Te

mp

era

ture

, °C

Model

Experiment

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

Te

mp

era

ture

, °C

Model

Experiment

F i g u r e 5 V e r i f i c a t i o n s o f t h e d e v e l o p e d m o d e l u s i n g e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a o f t e m p e r a t u r e p r o f i l e s t a k e n a t ( a ) t h e s u r f a c e , ( b ) t h e c e n t r e ,

( c ) p o i n t s 2 & 3 , ( d ) p o i n t s 4 & 5 a n d ( e ) t h e b o t t o m o f t h e b r e a d



Authenticated




Checked: 09/14/2018

Similarity



Citation

References


t e m p e r a t u r e p r o f i l e s i n t h e s t e a m e d b r e a d d u r i n g s t e a m -

i n g p r o c e s s .

3 . 6 V a l i d a t i o n o f m o d e l

T h e m od e l w as v a l i da t e d w it h t h e e xp e ri m e nt a l t em p er a -

t u re p r of i l es a t t he f i ve p o i nt s o f t em p er a tu r e m ea s u re me n t

w i th t w o a d d it i on a l s e ts o f i n d ep en d e nt e x p er i me n t al

r u ns . T h e v a li d at i on s a l s o p ro d uc e d l o w R MS E a n d

h i g h R2

v a l ue s b e tw e en t h e t w o s e ts o f d a t a u s in g t h e

o p ti m i ze d λ v a l ue s , wh i c h a r e l is t e d i n T a b l e 2 . F i g ur e 6s h ow s t h e v a l id at i o n r e su l ts o f t h e o b t ai n e d mo d e l

u s i ng t h e i n d ep en d e nt e x p er i m e nt a l d a t a . A g o o d ag r e e-

m e nt b e t w ee n t h e m od e l l ed v a l ue s a n d e x p er i me n ta l

r e su l t s i s e vi d e nt i n F i g ur e 6 . T o ge t h er w i th t h e l o w

R M S E v al u e s a nd h i g h R2 v a l ue s s h o wn i n T a b le 2 , i t

c o n fi rm s t h a t t h e m o de l h a s a g o o d q ua l it y a n d c a n b e

u s e d to p r e d i ct t e mp e r at u r e p ro f il e s a n d t hu s e n e rg y c o n-

s u mp t i on i n t h e s t e am e d b re a d d u r in g s t ea m in g .

F u r th e rm o re , t h e m o d el m a y a i d t o o p ti m i zi n g /m in i m i zi ng

t h e s t ea m in g t i me t h a t a s su r e s a s a t is f ac t or y p r o d uc t,

w h i ch e na b l es t h e mi n i mi z at i on o f e ne r g y c o n s um p ti o n

b y t h e s t e a m i n g p r o c e s s .

Temperature profile of model and experiment (surface), correlation coefficient = 0.96378 Temperature profile of model and experiment (centre), correlation coefficient = 0.99716

100 5 15

Time, min

20 25

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

Te

mp

era

ture

,°C

Model

Experiment

100 5 15

Time, min

20 25

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

Te

mp

era

ture

,°C

Model

Experiment

( a ) ( b )


100 5 15

Time, min

20 25

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

Te

mp

era

ture

,°C

Model

Experiment

( c )


100 5 15

Time, min

20 25

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

Te

mp

era

ture

,°C

Model

Experiment

( d )

F i g u r e 6 V a l i d a t i o n s o f t h e d e v e l o p e d m o d e l u s i n g i n d e p e n d e n t e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a o f t e m p e r a t u r e p r o f i l e s t a k e n a t ( a ) t h e s u r f a c e , ( b ) t h e

c e n t r e , ( c ) p o i n t s 2 & 3 , ( d ) p o i n t s 4 & 5 a n d ( e ) t h e b o t t o m o f t h e s t e a m e d b r e a d

T a b l e 2 V a l i d a t i o n s o f t h e d e v e l o p e d m o d e l u s i n g i n d e p e n d e n t

e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a w i t h t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g R M S E a n d R2

v a l u e s

M e a s u r e m e n t p o i n t s R M S E ( v a l i d a t i o n s ) R2 ( v a l i d a t i o n s )

S u r f a c e 2 . 0 3 7 0 . 9 6 4

C e n t r e 1 . 3 9 1 0 . 9 9 7

P o i n t s 2 & 3 1 . 9 7 0 0 . 9 8 7

P o i n t s 4 & 5 3 . 5 4 5 0 . 9 8 0

B o t t o m 2 . 5 5 1 0 . 9 3 4



Authenticated




Checked: 09/14/2018

Similarity



Citation

References


4 C o n c l u s i o n s

A t hr e e -d i men s io n al p ar t i al d i ffe r en t ia l eq u at i on h e at t ra n s-

f er m o d e l fo r t he s t e am in g p r oc e ss o f s t ea m e d br e ad h a s

b ee n d ev e lo pe d a nd n u me r ic al l y so l ve d b y em p lo y in g t h e

F or w ar d E u le r m et h o d i n Ca r te si a n c oo rd i na t e s. A de q ua t el y

l o w R MS E a nd h i g h R2 v al u es w e r e o bt ai n e d fo r b ot h

v e ri fi c at i on a nd v a li da t i on da t as e ts t h at w e re i n de pe n d en t l y

g e n e r a t e d t h r o u g h e x p e r i m e n t s . T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h e g o o d

q ua l i ty o f th e mo d e l. T h e r es u l ts d em on s tr at e d th a t th e

t em p er a tu re p r of i l es i n s t e am e d b re a d d ur in g s te am i ng c a n

b e sa t i sfa c to r i ly m o d e ll ed a n d pr e di ct ed b y c on s id er i ng o nl y

h e a t t r a n s f e r t h r o u g h o p t i m i z e d e f f e c t i v e t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v -

i ty (λ) va l u es . Mo is t ur e c on t e nt s t h ro u gh o ut t h e st ea m e d

b r ea d i n cr ea s e d p rog r e ss iv el y w i th s t e am i ng t i m e , al b ei t

v ar y in g in a n a rr o w ra ng e , wh ic h i nd i ca te d t ha t wa t e r d i ff u-

s i o n o c c u r r e d f r o m t h e o u t s i d e t o w a r d s t h e i n s i d e o f t h e

s t ea me d b re a d to i t s ce n tr e . F u tu re w o rk s sh o ul d b e ai m ed

t o s t u d y t h e p r o c e s s o f s i m u l t a n e o u s h e a t t r a n s f e r a n d m a s s

t r an sf e r d ur in g t h e st e am in g p r oc e ss t o f ur t h er e v al u at e i f

t he c o n tr i bu t io n f ro m t h e m as s t ra n sf e r i s s i gni f ic a n t or n o t

t o t h e qu a li ty o f a c o up l e d mo d el .

A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s : F i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t s f r o m S i n g a p o r e

M i n i s t r y o f E d u c a t i o n t h r o u g h A c a d e m i c R e s e a r c h F u n d

T i e r 1 g r a n t R - 1 4 3 - 0 0 0 - 4 0 4 - 1 1 2 a n d t h e N a t i o n a l

U n i v e r s i t y o f S i n g a p o r e ( S u z h o u ) R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e

u n d e r t h e g r a n t n u m b e r N U S R I 2 0 1 1 - 0 0 7 a r e a c k n o w l -

e d g e d . T h e f i r s t a u t h o r i s g r a t e f u l t o t h e f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t

f r o m t h e D i r e c t o r a t e G e n e r a l o f I n d o n e s i a n H i g h e r

E d u c a t i o n i n s p o n s o r i n g h e r P h D s t u d y .

R e f e r e n c e s

1 . H u a n g S , B e t k e r S , Q u a i l K , M o s s R . A n o p t i m i z e d p r o c e s s i n g

p r o c e d u r e b y r e s p o n s e s u r f a c e m e t h o d o l o g y ( R S M ) f o r

n o r t h e r n - s t y l e C h i n e s e s t e a m e d b r e a d . J C e r e a l S c i

1 9 9 3 ; 1 8 : 8 9 1 0 2 .–

2 . C a r v a l h o M G , M a r t i n s N . M a t h e m a t i c a l m o d e l i n g o f h e a t

a n d m a s s t r a n s f e r i n a f o r c e d c o n v e c t i o n b a k i n g o v e n . I n :

V o l i n t i n e B G , e d i t o r . A I C h E s y m p o s i u m s e r i e s - h e a t t r a n s f e r .

S a n D i e g o , C A , 1 9 9 2 : 2 0 5 1 1 .–

3 . S i m p s o n R , A b a k a r o v A . T h e r m a l f o o d p r o c e s s i n g

o p t i m i z a t i o n : s i n g l e a n d m u l t i - o b j e c t i v e o p t i m i z a t i o n c a s e

s t u d i e s . I n : A h m e d J , R a h m a n M S , e d i t o r s . H a n d b o o k

o f f o o d p r o c e s s d e s i g n . O x f o r d : W i l e y - B l a c k w e l l ,

2 0 1 2 : 1 6 7 8 9 .–

4 . P a u l u s K O . C o o k i n g k i n e t i c s : m o d e l s a n d k n o w l e d g e . I n :

Z e n t h e n P , e d i t o r . T h e r m a l p r o c e s s i n g a n d q u a l i t y o f f o o d s .

L o n d o n : E l s e v i e r A p p l i e d S c i e n c e , 1 9 8 4 : 3 0 4 1 2 .–

5 . S a b l a n i S S , M a r c o t t e M , B a i k O D , C a s t a i g n e F . M o d e l i n g o f

s i m u l t a n e o u s h e a t a n d w a t e r t r a n s p o r t i n t h e b a k i n g p r o c e s s .

L e b e n s m W i s s T e c h n o l 1 9 9 8 ; 3 1 : 2 0 1 9 .–

6 . T h e r d t h a i N , Z h o u W , A d a m c z a k T . T w o - d i m e n s i o n a l C F D

m o d e l l i n g a n d s i m u l a t i o n o f a n i n d u s t r i a l c o n t i n u o u s b r e a d

b a k i n g o v e n . J F o o d E n g 2 0 0 7 ; 6 0 : 2 1 1 1 7 .–

7 . W o n g S Y , Z h o u W , H u a J S . C F D m o d e l i n g o f a n i n d u s t r i a l c o n -

t i n u o u s b r e a d - b a k i n g p r o c e s s i n v o l v i n g U - m o v e m e n t . J F o o d

E n g 2 0 0 7 ; 7 8 : 8 8 8 9 6 .–

8 . Z h o u W . B ak in g p ro c es s : ma t he m at i ca l m od e li n g a nd

a n al y s is . In : F ar i d M M, e d i t or . Ma t he m at i ca l m od e li n g of f o od

p r o c e s s i n g . B o c a R a t o n , F L : C R C P r e s s , T a y l o r & F r a n c i s G r o u p ,

2 0 10: 35 7–3 72 ) .

9 . B a i k O D , M a r c o t t e M , S a b l a n i S S , C a s t a i g n e F . T h e r m a l a n d

p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f b a k e r y p r o d u c t s . C r i t R e v F o o d S c i N u t r

2 0 0 1 ; 4 1 : 3 2 1 5 2 .–

1 0 . M a r c o t t e M . H e a t a n d m a s s t r a n s f e r d u r i n g b a k i n g . I n :

Y a n n i o t i s S , S u n d e n B , e d i t o r s . H e a t t r a n s f e r i n f o o d

p r o c e s s i n g . S o u t h a m p t o n a n d B o s t o n , M A : W I T P r e s s ,

2 0 0 7 .

1 1 . Z u n i g a R , L e - B a i l A . A s s e s s m e n t o f t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y a s a

f u n c t i o n o f p o r o s i t y i n b r e a d d o u g h d u r i n g p r o v i n g . F o o d

B i o p r o d u c t s P r o c e s s 2 0 0 9 ; 8 7 : 1 7 2 2 .–

1 2 . H o u G G , P o p p e r L . C h i n e s e s t e a m e d b r e a d . I n : P o p p e r L , S c h ä f e r W ,

F r e u n d W , e d i t o r s . F u t u r e o f f l o u r : a c o m p e n d i u m o f f l o u r i m p r o v e -

m e n t . G e r m a n y : M ü h l e n ch e m i e , 2 0 0 6 .

1 3 . F e y i s s a A H , G e r n a e y K V , A d l e r - N i s s e n J . U n c e r t a i n t y a n d

s e n s i t i v i t y a n a l y s i s : m a t h e m a t i c a l m o d e l o f c o u p l e d h e a t a n d

m a s s t r a n s f e r f o r a c o n t a c t b a k i n g p r o c e s s . J F o o d E n g

2 0 1 1 ; 1 0 9 : 2 8 1 9 0 .–

1 4 . S a k i n - Y i l m a z e r M , K e m e r l i T , I s l e r o g l u H , O z d e s t a n O ,

G u v e n G , U r e n A , e t a l . B a k i n g k i n e t i c s o f m u f f i n s i n c o n v e c t i o n

a n d s t e a m a s s i s t e d h y b r i d o v e n s . J F o o d E n g 2 0 1 3 ; 1 1 9 :

4 8 3 9 .–

Temperature profile of model and experiment (bottom), correlation coefficient = 0.93423

100 5 15

Time, min

20 25

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

Te

mp

era

ture

,°C

Model

Experiment

( e )

F i g u r e 6 ( c o n t i n u e d )



Authenticated




Checked: 09/14/2018

Similarity



Citation

References


1 5 . A O A C . I n : C u n n i f f P , e d i t o r . O f f i c i a l m e t h o d s o f a n a l y s i s o f

A O A C i n t e r n a t i o n a l , 6 0 t h e d . M a r y l a n d : A O A C I n t e r n a t i o n a l ,

1 9 9 6 .

1 6 . H a m d a m i N , M o n t e a u J - Y , L e B a i l A . M o i s t u r e d i f f u s i v i t y a n d

w a t e r a c t i v i t y o f f r o z e n p a r t b a k e d b r e a d . I n t J F o o d S c i T e c h n o l

2 0 0 3 ; 4 1 : 3 3 4 4 .–

1 7 . Z a n o n i B , P e r i C , G i a n o t t i R . D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e t h e r m a l