~ attention deficit - lindsey pospisil (1)

7/28/2019 ~ Attention Deficit - Lindsey Pospisil (1)

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Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

ADD/ADHD

By:Lindsey Pospisil


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Definition

AD/HD is a behavioral and neurological

disorder

According to the DSM-IV there are three

separate types:

1. AD/HD as a combined type including

inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

2. AD/HD with just inattention

3. AD/HD with hyperactivity and impulsivity (American Psychiatric Association {APA}, 2000)


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Symptoms

The three main symptoms are:

1. Inattention

2. Impulsivity

3. Hyperactivity

Other common symptoms are: Distractibility

Memory

Emotional reactivity

Self-discipline

Hyperfocusing


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History

The first person to label AD/HD was Heinrich Hoffman in1845

Symptoms of AD/HD have been seen since the 1800s These symptoms are commonly seen in children after they have

suffered from neurological damage

1937 the first stimulant drug Dexedrine was found forhyperactive children, but was ignored till the 1960s In the 1950s drug therapy was the most commonly used

treatment for hyperactive children

In the 1970s they slowly became aware of the

neurological background involved with AD/HD During the 90s AD/HD became one of the most common

disorders


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Causes

Environmental: Lead

Prenatal care: smoking and alcohol

Genetics: Common among close family members

Not sure which exact gene causes AD/HD

Frontal Lobe: the frontal lobe plays a role in ones personality

Main functions include planning, concentrating,impulses, motivation

The frontal lobe integrates messages it receives fromthe temporal and parietal areas


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Causes

Neurotransmitters

Dopamine

main neurotransmitter

Low levels can cause attention problems and

distractibility

Nor epinephrine, Epinephrine, Acetylcholine,

Serotonin

These all have an influence on awareness,

memory functions, and concentration


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Treatments

Stimulant medication

Most effective treatment

Dosages can be increased or decreasedto fit specific needs

Dexedrine

Adderall

Concerta

Focalin Metadate

Ritalin

Cylert


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Treatments

When AD/HD is seen along with

Depression and Anxiety, antidepressants

can be given to help behaviors for both

disorders.

Behavior treatment is usually

recommended for those diagnosed with

AD/HD along with stimulant medication


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Conclusion

The exact cause is yet unknown for

AD/HD

There are many parts of the brain and

body that have an influence inattention,

impulsivity, and hyperactivity, but future

research is in progress on trying to

pinpoint the exact area in the brain thatcauses AD/HD.


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References

American Psychiatric Association. (2000).Diagnostic and

Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders (4th ed.). Washington,

DC: Author.

Purves, D., Augustine, G. J., Fitzpatrick, D., Hall, W. C., LaMantia, A.

S., McNamara, J. O., Williams, S. M. (2004). Neuroscience

(4th ed.).Sinauer Associates, Inc.

Quinn, Patricia (Ed.). (2001).ADD and the College Student.

Washington, DC: Magination Press.

Strock, Margaret. (1996).Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

National Institute of Mental Health. No. 3572. RetrievedNovember 27, 2005, from,

http://www/nimh.nih.gov/publicat/adhd/cfm.

~ attention deficit - lindsey pospisil (1)

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