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24 Transmission System Solutionsby Michael PattonWhat makes a transmission system robust?

36 Trends in Technology: Choosinga Transmitterby Chriss SchererConsider all the options for this capital expense.

40 On Location: Universal Studiosby Chriss SchererA station inside a playground

ColumnsViewpoint 08

by Chriss SchererNAB Radio's report card

Contract Engineering 10by Mark Krieger

Crafting a contract

RF Engineering 14by John Battison

Multitenant towers

Networks 10by Kevin McNamara

All about switched networks

FCC Update 20by Harry C. Martin

FCC clamps down on Longley-Rice

RadioTHE RADIO TECHNOLOGY LEADER

Radio Magazinewww.beradio.com

October 2002 Volume 8, Number 10

Is. DepartmentsOnline 06

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New Products 52by Kari Taylor

How it Works 60by Ron Nott

The folded unipole antenna

Classifieds 67

Contributor Pro -File 68

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g Currents OnlineHighlights of news items from from the past month

NAB Radio Sees Decline in AttendanceCLD-I= The final count is 3,983 attendees.

Ibiguity Adds Conversion IncentiveStations that commit to convert by year end willhave their technology licensing fees waived.

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Site FeaturesCurrents Online

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Engineer's NotebookA collection of articles from Radio magazine's

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Industry LinksLinks to museums, reference material, schools,

trade associations and radio history provideuseful and interesting information.

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ow at its peak, the fall convention cyclebrings learning opportunities closer toyou through many regional conventionsand expos. I am invited to many of theseevents and make every effort to go to asmany as I can, but attending all of them isnearly impossible.

Preceeding the regional convention wave,one national convention, the NAB RadioShow,was held last month in Seattle. For me,every convention carries a set of standardquestions that I hear after the show The firstis usually, "how was the show?"

I have to say that that it was a good show.There were some new product intro-ductions, and I had a chance to begindeveloping some upcoming articlesthat will become Field Reports andFacility Showcases.

The big discussion on the showfloor and in manysessions was IBOC.Exhibitors that are not directly in-volved with IBOC development areshowing an interest. Attendees whohave not been following the subjectclosely for the past several yearswere trying to catch up with thetechnology. For many, this knowl-edge of what is on the horizon does

not help them do their daily jobs. Manytake the approach of "I'll wait until it's astandard and I have to implement it, in-stead of learning and unlearning informa-tion and details now" The time is now. Ifyou need to get the basics, read How itWorks in the August 2002 issue. Ibiquityeven distributed copies of our Augustissue in their booth because of that article.

I also looked at the latest informationabout the Arbitron Portable People Meter(PPM) project. Data comparing the pa-per diaries and the PPM results weredistributed to show that the new methodis viable and accurate.Streaming as a topic was almost non-

existent this year. Thanks to the rulings androyalties imposed over the last year, mostattendeeds considered it a dead issue. Two

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notable items were that netcasting pioneer KPIG hasadopted a subscription service for its webcast and WRALis working with a system (that is actually rather low -techwhen examined) to permission listeners only within thestation's coverage contour. Neither of these items isground -breaking.

For an exhibitor, a successful show is gauged by theamount of traffic and how this traffic yields sales leads. It'sstrange that many exhibitors seemed to feel that theattendance was higher than it was last year. In reality, theshow floor was smaller,and the NAB reported attendanceat 3,983. Compare this to 5,227 at the Radio Show in NewOrleans last year. Many exhibitors had low attendanceexpectations going into the show, so any reasonableshowing was a good thing.

For an attendee, the sessions provided several greatlearning opportunities. While the show floor was notbursting with new products, there was plenty of technol-ogy being shown. Because of the lower attendance,attendees had a better chance of spending quality timewith an exhibitor without interruption or without havingto fight a crowd.

What's the future of the NAB Radio Show? Following theend of the World Media Expo,the Radio Show had promiseof being an ongoing success. This success only lasted thefirst two years (1997 and 1998) and has since faltered.

Some suggested that the Radio Show should be terminat-ed and completely rolled into the spring convention. I

disagree. Radio needs its own convention. The springconvention covers so many elements that traditionalbroadcasting itself, let alone radio, is only a small part. Thefall makes sense for timing to separate it from the springshow, but it is proving to be a hard task for the NAB to pulloff. Many exhibitors are not able to financially justifyexhibiting. Increasing costs for exhibit space and drayagecannot be offset by resulting sales. Consolidation andstation budget cuts result in fewer attendees.

I'm looking forward to Philadelphia next year. I think thelocation offers several advantages for both attendees andexhibitors. Unfortunately, if next year's show continues itsdownward trend, we may be left with nothing but theregional choices in the fall.

Chriss Scherer, editorcschererovprimediabusiness.com

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Contract Engineering

The art of the contractBy Mark Krieger, CBT

hile everyone recognizes the fundamentalpurpose and principles behind contracts,it is a topic rarely discussed on the engi-neering side of broadcast radio. This is anunfortunate lapse, considering the varietyof contracts most engineers draft and en-dorse during their careers. What consti-tutes the nuts and bolts of an effectivecontract in a broadcast engineer's context?

Dispelling mythsThere are a couple of common fallacies

about contracts. Chief amongst these is thatonlywritten contracts are enforceable. Notso. Offers made and accepted verbally orin written form (letters, notes or e -mails)

may constitute a

Contracts are designed to protect the interests ofthe parties involved.

contractual agree-ment and couldcome into playshould litigationlater arise. Havinga specific writtencontract that con-fines both partiesto the terms withinit will avoid thispitfall. Be carefuland precise re-garding your prom-ises and require-ments, while pay-ing close attentionto your client's ex-pectations in re-turn-and put itin writing.

Another danger-ous misconcep-tion is that a goodlawyer will find away to remedy a

disagreement after entering into a poorlywritten contract. While this is a possibility,it invariably becomes a question of howmuch it's going to cost. A contract is alegally binding agreement between twoparties, and any misunderstandings orvague terminology at the signing will re-main for the duration. Thus, the time to get

legal advice is before, not after the damage is done.In the end, every contract is about protecting the vital

interests of both parties. An ethical businesspersonshould take every step necessary to do just that whenwriting a contract.

The main ingredientsEvery contract an engineer writes or signs should con-

tain some basic elements. First is a list of the goods andservices he commits to providing to the client. This wouldcover quantity and quality. For example, the engineermight agree to handle maintenance for a remote transmit-ter facility. Among the issues that need to be addressedis exactly what systems or pieces of equipment he will beresponsible for maintaining. If an ac disconnect switchbums up,taking the transmitter off the air, is he responsiblefor replacing it or is the client obligated to provide anelectrician to perform the service, including all outlets andservice disconnects? If an engineer agrees to supply parts,he may want to stipulate that he will provide OEM itemsat invoice, plus a certain markup percentage. Of course,the minimum and maximum hours of service he willprovide under the heading of routine maintenance shouldalso be clearly defined. What kind of reports will theengineer provide? A good maintenance contract willspell these things out.

Another important element of the contract is deliverytime frames for goods and services rendered. Someengineers tend to minimize in this area, believing that if theydon't specify schedules, they can't be held to them. Whilevague language may buy the engineer a certain amount offlexibility, it can also bring problems. The law provides forcertain standards of timeliness as deemed professionallyappropriate. If a client believes that the service wasinappropriately slow and the contract doesn't clearlyspecify those terms, they may have some legal basis forlitigation. It is best to specifysome mutually agreeable rangeof parameters.

Payment rates and methods should also be unambigu-ously specified. Otherwise, the engineer may have com-pleted a project fora client, only to find that the client wishesto pay them with barter items.

Designate a particular individual who will serve as thepoint of contact with the client. This person should beresponsible for evaluating work performed, authorizingpurchases or additional expenses, and providing youwith all necessary information and feedback from thatclient. Furthermore, the engineer should define hisstatus as an independent contractor, including his qual-ifications and capabilities, as well as a basic descriptionof what tools and specialized equipment he will (orwon't) provide. Suppose a problem develops and aTDR


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Contract Engineering

or spectrum analyzer is needed to diag-nose the problem. Who will be responsi-ble for the rental costs? Putting it in writingwill eliminate these potential problems.

Finally, there are issues of indemnifica-tion to address. Both sides need to beprotected; the client from damages andclaims resulting from the engineer's er-rors, negligence or omissions and theengineer, from damages, fines or lossesresulting from the client's failure to act onrecommendations or information he pro-vided. In addition, the engineer shouldprovide a statement regarding his liabilityinsurance policy. Include somethingknown in legal -speak as a force majureclause, which is a statement that acknowl-edges the possibility that forces beyondthe engineer's or the client's control,suchas terrorism or acts of god, may serve toexcuse the engineer from what wouldotherwise be considered as a timely exe-cution of the contract's provisions.

ResourcesRemember that because every job is

different, every contract may have some unique clausesthat address the special needs of both parties. In somecases,the engineerwill be called on to assume all engineer-ing duties for a station. Naturally, this will necessitate asomewhat broader contract. Asample contract is availablethrough the SBE at no cost to SBE members. Although notintended for use as is, the SBE sample contract makes agreat template for the engineer, the client and the attorneyto work from.

If you don't have an attorney already,it's time to find one.The cost of having a contract reviewed can vary, depend-ing on the attorney's hourly rate and the complexity of thedocument, from as little as $200 to $1,000 and up. It's asmart investment, especially if you think of it as legalpreventative maintenance.

Krieger, Radio's consultant on contract engineering, is basedin Cleveland and can be reached at [email protected].

To request a copy ofthe SBE's samplecontract engineer-ing agreement,follow the link on

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Urban growth and an increased need for verticalspace has made tower space more valuable. Inaddition, most communities frown on building newtowers despite the increased need.

RF Engineering

Multitenant towersBy John Battison, P.E., technical editor, RF

s wide-open areas suitable for tower erec-tion decrease in availability, vertical realestate is becoming increasingly attractiveto potential broadcasters. The use of some-body else's tower can be attractive, butbefore rushing into a contract with anexisting tower owner,consider all the prob-lems that can occur as well as the FCCrequirements and rules.

Adequate and comprehensive insuranceis essential. There must be no question asto liability of the landlord or of the tenantin the event of catastrophe attributable totechnical operation.

From an existing tower owner's point ofview, renting space may offer an opportu-nity for tax write-offs by donating tower

space to religiousbroadcasters andother charitableinstitutions. Whenproperly handled,it might turn the en-gineering depart-ment into a profitcenter. This wouldearn the respectand appreciationof the general man-ager who wouldbe pleasantly sur-prised to see mon-ey flowing into theengineering de-partment insteadof out.On the other

hand, a new station might find leasingspace on an existing tower to be preferableto a large capital expenditure. Lease re-newal options are important and long-term leases are essential for stability. If youhad difficulty finding a suitable site in thefirst place, it is not likely that any moresuitable sites will become available as timepasses. On the contrary, normal industrialand urban growth will continue to con-sume open areas, and FAA and zoningrestrictions are likely to become more dif-ficult as time passes. These factors can only

increase the value of a tower.A 20 -year lease with renewal options would be ideal, but

is not always possible. There is nothing worse for a licenseethan to have his antenna site taken from him. I recall thecase of a station with a four tower,widely-spaced rectangu-lar array on land that used to be a desert. The land suddenlybecame valuable as a potential mall.The original lease hadan option to renew but there was no price protection. Asa result the station went dark and the mall was built.

What can happen if an existing AM operator is preparingto rent space on his tower to an FM broadcaster? Thissituation is fraught with complications if the AM generalmanager and his chief engineer do not sit down andprepare a list of technical problems that must be solved andcompletely covered in the contract. The general managerand the station's attorney must also draft a satisfactory andcomprehensive lease. At this point, the chief engineershould be involved in all the technical requirements. If thisprocedure is followed there should be no difficulty inconsummating a satisfactory tenancy.

ResponsibilitiesResponsibility for tower lighting is often the cause of FCC

violations. Proper understanding of the new tower regis-tration requirements and the divisions of responsibilityfor lighting in the Commission' s new rules should elim-inate confusion.

A large amount of money will be spent adapting the AMtowerto carry the FM radiator. Isolating the towerand feedingthe new FM antenna can be accomplished by using anisolating coil or converting to a grounded folded unipoleradiator. The former method is less costly, but the latterprovides the possibility of added revenue without furtherexpense, if the tower can support additional radiators.

Provided that the tower can support the additional anten-na and the weight and wind loading of a folded unipole, thegrounded tower is optimal because lightning problemsshould be greatly reduced, signal improvement may benoticed and the potential exists for additional tenants with-out the need for any additional antenna changes.

Another important point that can be overlooked is"downtimer The FCC requires that non -ionizing radiation bereduced or eliminated during work on antennas andtowers. This means completely shutting down all transmit-ters or operating with reduced power.

The AM transmitter will have to be powered down whilethe AM tower changes are being made. Who will pay forthis lost time? Converting to a folded unipole will takelonger and require even more down time. Installing the FMantenna and transmission line can be performed whileadding the folded unipole.

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operation (i.e. diplexing), problems ofdown time should be fewer. No anten-na changes will be required, and newtransmitter and coupling equipmentconstruction can continue withoutinterruptions to the existing AM oper-ation until the time comes for theeventual connection and tuning. Suchdiplexing will result in additional costto the landlord in the provision offilters and system retuning. In addition,

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While AM km ers can be used foradditional tenants, additional costswill be incurred.

the cost of the landlord's lost air timewill have to be covered in the leasingagreement.

Adding an FM antenna to an exist-ing FM tower involves a tower studyto make sure it's safe. If using a wide -band common antenna and trans-mission line, be sure to spell out theindividual responsibilities and per-formance requirements in the eventof RF problems. Such a proposedinstallation requires thorough engi-neering examination prior to draw-ing up contracts.

It seems that the trend is towardmultiple tenants on towers. Certainlyin cases of antenna farms and specif-ic tall buildings, multiple tenants havea long history of successful opera-tion. Forsmaller stations in individualmarkets, multiple tenancy is becom-ing a viable solution to the lack ofopen space, FAA restrictions andshortsighted state, county and localzoning boards that bow only to thepublic utility denominator.E-mail Battison at [email protected].


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Networks

Switched networksBy Kevin McNamara, CNE

Packet sent from Node A to Node BPacket sent from Node B to Node CF ket sent from Node D to Node E

Whereas a hub sends data packets to everynode on a network, a switch sends the packet tojust the intended recipient.

ottray recall that Ethernet networks arebased on a protocol called Carrier SenseMultiple Access with Collision Detection,commonly known as CSMA/C D. This meansthat data packets from the various devicesconnected to the network are broadcastover a common network backbone. If twoor more devices send a packet at the sametime, a collision occurs and the packets arenot able to reach their destination.

lithe packetscollide,then each device willwait a random per-iod of time to resend.The device will con-tinue to resend thepacket until it reachesthe destination. WhileEthernet isan effectivemeans to transfer databetween devices, it isinefficient, particularlyas a network grows.Consider that a moder-ately loaded 100Mb/sEthernet network willonly provide about25Mb/s throughput,which will deteriorate

as traffic increases. Switched networks re-duce the potential collision of packets byestablishing a virtual connection betweentwo devices attached to the network.

How it worksNetwork switches replace the passive

hubs that were common to older tradi-tional Ethernet installations. Passive hubsare simply a signal splitter that distributesor repeats, packets to all ports simulta-neously. Network switches examine eachpacket and establish a dedicated connec-tion between the two devices, similar to thatof a traditional telephone connection-when you dial a number,you are routed toa specific destination based on the tele-phone number dialed; once the person onthe other end picks up the phone, a virtualconnection is established.

In many ways switches operate similar to

that of a bridge that is operating at OSI Layer Two, which isthe layer that deals with network addressing. When apacket arrives at a port of a network switch, the packets areexamined to determine their source and destination. Theswitch will handle the packet in one of three ways:

1) If the packet is local to the segment (i.e. connected tothe originating device before the switch), it will be filtered(or ignored) and not retransmitted through the switch.

2) If the destination address of the packet can be identi-fied within the switch's database of addresses, it will for-ward the data to the proper port.

3) If the destination address of the packet is unknown, itwill be transmitted on all ports.

Network switches are based on two possible architectures:store and forward and cut through. Switches based on thestore -and -forward method analyze the entire packet priorto sending them to a destination. This process takes moretime and, more importantly, requires a great deal of hard-ware memory to prevent a bottleneck of data. Switchesbased on the cut -through method only read the destina-tion address before forwarding to the proper port, makingit a far more efficient method. Improvements in technologyhave increased the throughput of the store and forward-

based switches to nearly that of cut through.

Switch speedSwitches are designed to handle a huge amount of data

throughput. To put this into perspective, consider a 10 -portswitch rated at 100Mb/s. Add the maximum speed of eachport: 100Mb/s x 2 (duplex operation) x 10 (ports) = 2Gb/s.Under fully loaded conditions, the theoretical bus speedmust be capable of operating at 2Gb/s minimum. In the realworld, the use of each port would not exceed 50 percent, andtherefore the bus speed can be reduced to about 1Gb/s.

If the bus speed of the switch is less than that required tosustain traffic at a 50 percent usage rate, then the switch isconsidered to be blocking, which means that the switchmay not be able to pass data under those conditions.

Some manufacturers combine the cut -through and store -and -forward technologies into a switch. These hybriddesigns incorporate features of both, permitting a higherlevel of traffic management.

New network switches are available that operate atLayer Two and Three, also called Layer Three switches.Layer Three switches add the benefit of operating at thenetwork layer, permitting traffic to be switched based onIP addresses. These switches also identify the flow oftraffic and are capable of switching those flows at thehardware level.All of the Networks articles have been approved by the SBECertification Committee as suitable study material that mat aciqyour preparation for the SBE CBNT exam.


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FCC Update

FCC clamps down on Longley-RiceBy Harry Martin

n a decision that has drawn relatively littleattention, the FCC imposed significant re-strictions on the use of the Longley-Ricemodel for predicting 70dBu city -gradecoverage for FM stations.

Longley-Rice is commonly used whenthe standard prediction method, using theFCC's F(50,50) curves referred to in Sec-tion 73.313(c) of the rules, shows a short-fall in city -grade coverage. In recent years,FM allotment rule makings, particularlythose involving multiple communities,have been predicated on the petitioner'splan to choose a site as close as possibleto a major population center based on theuse of Longley-Rice. For this reason, thestaff's decision has far- reaching implica-tions for move -ins, drop -ins and changesin the community of license. The rulingwill also restrict the ability of stations toreach larger communities through minorchange applications that do not require arule making. One-step upgrade applica-tions are similarly affected.

To use the Longley-Rice predictionmethod, an applicant must show that theterrain being studied departs widely fromthe average terrain assumed for theF(50,50) propagation curves. In the past,the FCC had never defined the term "de-parts widely." This permitted use of thetechnically liberal Longley-Rice methodfor demonstrating city coverage in almostany terrain environment.

In a decision issued Aug. 9, the Commis-sion said that "departs widely" means ter-rain must vary by 20 meters or less, or 100meters or more from the 50-meter"delta h"standard (the average value for terrain inthe United States, according to the FCC) thatis used in determining terrain roughnessalong a radial. In the case before theCommission, the "delta h" terrain rough-ness values ranged from 39.7 to 45.0 meters.This was insufficient to warrant use of theLongley-Rice alternate prediction method,the agency said, and the applicant wasordered to amend or face dismissal.

While finally setting a clearstandard as towhen the Longley-Rice contour prediction

method will be acceptable, this decision is likely to beappealed given the disruption it will cause to the upgradeand move -in plans of many FM licensees.

Assignment and transfer standardsIn August, the FCC decided to relax itscontract disclosure

requirements for Forms 314,315 and 316 (assignments andtransfer applications) to permit applicants to exclude fromtheir applications contract attachments that are not mate-rial to the FCC's analysis of the transaction, such as equip-ment inventories, lists of station contracts, descriptions ofstation real estate and copies of FCC licenses. Importantancillary agreements such as LMAs, options, notes andsecurity agreements must still be submitted, however.

While the FCC is drafting new instructions and certifica-tions for FCC Forms 314,315 and 316, the agency is givingbuyers and sellers discretion in terms of what is relevant.Nevertheless, anything that is omitted from a sale contractmust be described in an exhibit to the application and anexplanation as to why it is not relevant must be provided.

Pending adoption of new forms: Applicants who submit a complete and final copy of a

sales contract, including all exhibits and attachments, mayrespond "yes" to the relevant certification question.

Applicants who choose to omit certain transactiondocuments that they believe are not material for Commis-sion processing purposes must respond "no" to the rele-vant question on the FCC form. These applicants must alsosubmit an exhibit describing each of the omitted docu-ments, stating the specific reason for the omission and thebasis for the determination that the omitted documenta-tion is not material to the Commission's consideration ofthe application.

Political advertising disclosureThe Commission's political broadcasting rules require

that stations supply candidates with all pertinent informa-tion about discount privileges available to commercialadvertisers, including the lowest unit charges for thedifferent classes of time sold by the station. This can beaccomplished by providing the candidates with a writtendisclosure statement.

Martin is an attorney with Fletcher, Heald & Hildreth, PLC.,Arlington, VA. E-mail [email protected].

On Oct. 10, radio stations must place in theirpublic files quarterly lists of community issues andthe programs broadcast in response during thequarter ending Sept. 30.

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Jay Brentlinger, mand CEO ofOrban/CRI. acc eInnovator awardfrom Radio magazine editor Chriss Scherenat the NAB Radio Show.

22 Octolipr 2002

Bob Orban, stathe Orban Retdisplays his Inn

Congratulations to Bob Orban forreceiving the 2002 Innovator Award.

The Innovator award was created to honor individuals who havedemonstrated exceptional creativity and inventiveness in theradio industry. Radio magazine readers were asked to cast their

votes online on the Radio website through an online ballot. Radiomagazine announced the winner at the NAB Radio Show in Seattleon Sept. 13.

Radio magazine would like to thank everyone who participatedin the voting as well as the other nominees, who through theircontributions to radio industry are all worthy of receiving theInnovator award.

Graciously acceptingUpon liontication that lie had received the 2002 Innovator Award,

Bob Orban prepared the following remarks."I'm pleased to accept this award today,and regret that I had to be

back in the office instead of here accepting it here in person. But1BOC waits for no man, and I want to be sure that our 1BOCprocessing is ready for on -air tests scheduled to begin shortly.

"Looking back, it has been an interesting and challenging 27 yearssince we delivered the first Optimod 8000 in 1975. Orban was still adivision of my father's company back then. But it wasn't long before

'1"---- my late business partnerJohn Delantoni and I incorporated.That year, Orban had $300,000 per year in sales. Two years

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of doing FM processing. I'm grateful to the industry that supportedus and helped us grow,and to the people behind the scenes at Orbanwho played a crucial part in making it happen.

"Since then, our processing technology has completely evolvedfrom analog to DSP And Orban has changed ownership severaltimes. However, many of our core engineering people have stuckwith us through all of the transition and change,and I'd like to thinkI'm supported bysome of the best technical talent in the processingindustry. Now,more than ever,processing design is a team effort,andI feel confident in our future engineering because I have anoutstanding group of people backing me up.

"So, thank you, Radio magazine, and thank you, all of theRadio magazine readers who voted for me. It's an honor toaccept this award."

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Aarobust transmission system isone that provides superior signal

nd audio quality, and providesthis superior product even in adverseconditions. The system should also befault -tolerant, and easy and inexpensive tomaintain. Furthermore, remotely located sys-tems should provide accurate and timely infor-mation about site conditions to remote users andmaintenance personnel so that decisions can bemade quickly in emergency situations.

All of these concerns must be addressed in each phaseof a project-design, construction and maintenance.

The design phaseBecause engineers are usually asked for their input, it is

incumbent on the engineer to make his client or employ-er aware of the relevant issues and their relative weight,so that the client can make good decisions. There aretimes when the engineer may feel as though he is savinghis clients from themselves-and there are times whenthat is true-but remember that management counts onthe engineer to know the issues. Pounding the table oncein a while to get a point across is OK; after all, a few bruisedegos are better than being stuck with a bad site-but becareful not to sneer at non -technical types. Don't let anego get in the way,either. I've been too pushy on projectsbefore,and I have gotten myself fired more than once,too.In the end, the client got a bad facility because he hiredan easy -to -get -along -with engineer, and I lost the moneyand the satisfaction of finishing the job after I had laid allthe groundwork. This was a lose -lose situation for sure.

The chosen site should provide good coverage of thedesired area,which is not always the city of license. Thecharacter of the land should be considered with heightof terrain being of the greatest interest for an FM stationand low, flat land with good conductivity being para-mount for an AM station. Use the station's consultant ifpossible. A good consultant is well acquainted with site

24 OctOher 2002

ByMichael

selectioncriteria, and he

may have a few tricks,too. He can earn his pay in

avoided pitfalls due to hisadvice.Remote land is often chosen for

transmitter sites due to low acquisitioncosts, but keep in mind that access roads

:o remote sites are expensive to clear and-maintain, and management may balk at the

cir uing costs. Another potential problemw t -1 remote sites is the qual ity and availabilitycf commercial ac power. In rural areas, the

pc-wer company may be unwilling to providethree-phase power (or any power) without high

up-froi: casts, and the station may find itself onthe end of L long and unreliable power line with

poor regu tion, large numbers of surges and poorpower -failure response times. Any assessment of a

potential site should include input from the localpower compel- y and also from other stations in the area

or other nearby cistomers-even residential ones. Thisis also true for te ephone and any other utilities that maybe desired at tf.e site. Projects can be delayed at the lastminute because management foolishly assumed that any-thing they needec could be provided in short order by theutility companies_ Sometimes utility or access road issues

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Simple solutionscan swing the tide in favor of a more expensive butmore accessible site. Because this is one of the firstdecisions made for any facilitybe sure to obtain thepertinent facts early in the proiect.

The chosen transmitter site should provide adequate coverage of the desired signal area,which may not necessarily be the city of license.

Make sure that your client or employer knows the issues regard-ing tower height vs. coverage area vs. price, and number of FM baysvs. coax cable and transmitter size. If an ill-advised decision ismadespeak up. I recently had a client decide to diplex a low -band

AM station at a higher -frequency AM sitewith a short tower-too short for that low -band signal. I advised him so, but the clientwent ahead anyway. The FCC refused theapplication, citing the short tower height.Now the station owner is building a tallertower, and I believe that this will serve thelow -band station better.

Simple but true: Buy good equipment. Ofcourse, it gets complicated in a huny whenfaced with choosing between a majormanufacturer or a less expensive manu-facturer,installing an auxiliary transmitter,STL, antenna, processing, dial -up or dedi-cated remote control, a coax switch or adummy load. It's better to have one set offirst-class equipment than two sets of sub-standard equipment.

Budget the essential items first, such assurge protectors, proper tower and build-ing ground systems, generators and radomes.All too often stations try to cut budgetcorners by forgoing these infrastructureitems because they are all but invisible; they

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Amplified coverage through our website.Visit www.beradio.com where you'll find awealth of information to help you do your jobbetter, including: Daily news updates in Cu'rents Online The Studio Spotlight The Engineer's Notebook Industry event calendar Up-to-date EAS manufacturer info Links to important FCC actions

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Simple solutionsto put a value on it.

A site should always be thought of as dynamic,never as fixed. This year management may onlyreplace a few parts, but next year the station mayneed a new audio processor,a new remote control

A clean and organized transmitter site makes a more efficient work envisolment, particularly during emergency maintenance.

or even a new transmitter or tower. The budgetsshould reflect this. Don't let management get the ideathat the entire equipment set at a site is set and neednot be looked at until it comes time to completelyrebuild that site. Even worse, don't provide the

feeling that the site will last forever. The"state-of-the-art" changes all the time. Look

at the number of generations of audioprocessors developed recently. Budgetin such a way that the site is not fallinghopelessly behind. Get management toreplace something every year at everysite, even if it's only to upgrade the firmware in theremote control, so they don't get the impression thatthey can write off upgrades.

The equipment that can't be replaced must be main-tained. Get in there and clean. Even at sites withoutwater, it's easy to bring containers of water, alcohol orother solvent or surfactant, large enough to clean anyequipment or mop the floor.

Pay attention to how a transmitter is vented and whateffects that has had on its level of cleanliness. In termsof transmitter cleanliness, it pays not to use an extern-ally -vented air system, but instead to install a sufficientair conditioner to handle the heat load of the transmit-ter, keeping the transmitter in a closed system. This re-duces the dirt in the transmitter-dirt that ends up inthe tube socket and on the HV supply wiring or gets

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Transmitter site maintenance goesbeyond the transmission equipment.Vegetation, like this section of tree thatgrew into a guy wire, must be clearedfrom the site regularly.

sucked into blower bearings and deposit-ed onto heat -sink fins.

The older the equipment, the more ag-gressively it needs to be maintained. Don'tforget to change old electrolytic capaci-tors, old relay contacts or old bleederresistors. Keep all the indicator lightsworking. Sometimes this requires comingup with innovative ways of doing that,such as using solid-state light bulbs, re-duced voltages or shutting off the voltageto the indicators when no one is there tosee them.

Site and buildingmaintenance

Be proactive. Look for things like peel-ing paint and rotting boards before thewhole TX building wall is sagging. Don'tlet weeds become overgrown. Keep theroad passable. Don't let locks get rustyor else they will break a key at 3 a.m. inthe rain.

Spending time at transmitter sites isusually not fun, and all too often manage-ment's attitude seems to be that if theengineer isn't at the studio, he isn't work-ing. But it pays to stay ahead of the curve.An engineer who only visits his transmit-ter sites when there is an emergency isjust asking for trouble.

Any budget worth the paper it's printedon should take into account buildingmaintenance, tower painting and otherinfrequent occurrences. If managementis reminded that these items are on thehorizon, even if it's not this year or next,they'll be much more willing to budgetthe money when the time comes than ifit's sprung on them.

A robust transmission system is notjust within the reach of big -city engi-neers. I have seen nicely equipped sitesin small towns, and I have seen some

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Patton is president of Michael Patton and Associates,Baton Rouge, IA

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TECHNOLOGYThe

he basic functions of radio broadcasting can be dividedinto two areas: creation and distribution. The creationprocess covers the production and on -air elements up to

the final audio output. The input to a station's STL or Web serverbegins the distribution process. While a station's operation waslong considered to be a singular function, dividing the process intothese two areas has become an operational focal point.

There are several factors to keep in mind when it's time to selecta new transmitter. These factors vary by power level,type of serviceand a station's individual needs.

Tubes or solid-state?At one time, high -power applications were limited to tube ampli-

fiers. While solid-state designs are increasing in popularity (and maybe the only choice in some cases), tube designs are still functional

h//Jec:in transmitters

By Chriss Scherer, editor

Weigh the options to make the

right transmitter decision.

and reliable. One advantage is that tube designs can be moreforgiving with changes in the antenna load from weather or damage.

In the case of an AM transmitter,the only choices from the majorU.S. manufacturers are solid-state amplifiers. For FM,there is still aprice point that divides the arena. lithe designs can be lessexpensive at power levels over 5kW, while solid-state designs tendto be cheaper.

The person charged with maintaining a transmitter may have apersonal preference for tubes or solid -states based on his experi-ence. Solid-state designs operate at lower voltages than tubes.Younger technicians who are not comfortable with tube designswill likely find greater comfort with transistors than tuned cavities.

Fora 10kW solid-state FM transmitter,the added premium over thecost of a tube transmitter is small enough to justify the purchaseunless the transmitter is intended for backup use.

In most cases, the additional capital expense for a solid-statedesign can be offset by the electricity savings and the ongoingmaintenance costs. Not only are the transmitters more efficient, theyproduce less heat, which results in a reduced load to a building'sHVAC system.

A better mouse trapWhile the underlying principles of RF transmission have not

changed, the methods of creating and controlling a modulatedsignal have improved. The advances for the AM band haveprovided cleaner, more reliable transmission methods. About 10years ago, digital techniques were applied to amplitude modula-tion when pulse -duration modulation and pulse -width modula-tion became standard practice.

The latest advance in AM generation is direct digital synthesis,which harnesses the power of digital signal processing to providebetter performance and improved distortion specifications.

The most recent improvement for FM exciters came nearly 10years ago when the first digital exciters were introduced. Onceagain, digital technology provided a more stable and reliablefoundation for generating the RF signal. While the exciter andpower amplifier structure of an FM transmitter was always lookedat as separate systems working together, the improvements inexciter design extended this view. Stations would take advantageof the incremental upgrade of replacing one of the two parts at a time.


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The Nautel Q20/20 comprises two

20 kW stand-alone FM transmitters

fully integrated to operate as a 40 kW

active reserve transmitter system.

For more than 30 years Nautel has

built the best radio transmitters by

blending solid state technology and

innovative engineering design.

The Q20/20 provides reliability and

peace of mind through built-inredundancies - in all the world you

won't find its equal.

Each Q20 features: redundant Power Amplifiers redundant Power Supplies dual Digital Exciters dual IPA & Power Supply dual Low Voltage Power Supplies 68% overall efficiency

Contact Nautel for more information about the benefits of our full range of solid state FM and AM transmitters.

tr, Hackett's Cove, RR #1 Tantallon, Nova Scotia Canada BOJ 3J0 Phone: (902) 823 2233 Fax: (902) 823 3183 Certified ISO 9001\, tut," \ L i a: 201 Target Industrial Circle, Bangor, Maine USA 04401 Phone: (207) 947 8200 Fax: (207) 947 3693 Certified ISO 9002

E-mail: [email protected] or visit us on the Web at www.nautel.com

Buying an FM transmitteras a system offersthe advantages of integrated features andcontrol. There will most likely be a costsavings as well.

While digital exciters offer several advan-tages, analog designs are still capable ofproviding reliable service and a qualitysignal. They also tend to cost less than theirdigital counterparts. Regardless of the pathchosen, provide power to the exciter througha direct ac feed and not a feed from the

transmitter. The ac from the transmitter cansuffer from line losses. Additionally, powerthe exciter through a UPS if possible, partic-ularly if it is a digital exciterThis control canbe tied to the interlock string to preventexciter damage during antenna switchingor when the transmitter is turned off.

Size mattersAs with any technology, as it advances it

tends to decrease in size. The high-powered

Model RFC -1/f ' Remote Facilities Controllert's the most affordable, fully- featured transmitter remote control system available. it's flexible. it's expandable. it has awell -deserved reputation for being very reliable and it's not difficult on the eyes what other reasons do you need'?

FEATUREStransmitter control from any telephone

8-64 channels of telemetry and control

programmable control by time and date

automatic adjustments based on telemetry

optional printer and modem adapters

programmable telemetry alarms

full -featured, affordable, reliable

integrated rack panel

4 Sine Systems visit our web site for more information on our productsnashville. tennessee 615.228 3500 voice 615.227 2393 fax -on -demand www sinesystems com

Ex]erience Exceptional Quality, Reliability and Service!Experience Armstrong Transmitter!

Our single tube high power FM transmitters offeryou exceptional quality and affordable prices.

Built for the "real world" environment, these RFworkhorses offer long term reliability and featuresnot found in any other single tube transmitteravailable.

Features include:

1/4 Wave Grounded Grid PA.

Fiber Optic PA Arc Detection.

PA Temperature Protection.

Advanced Control System with remotecomputer interface and auto log.

More internal status sensors than any oche,transmitter.

CD Quality Audio. (AES/EBU optional)

Available from 15KW to 35KW. Combinedsystems to 60KW.

FM 30000 TX

Armstrong Transmitter ... the best RF products, the best around -the -clock support,and the best prices ... because you deserve nothing less!

A ARMSTRONGAi& TRANSMITTER CORPORATION4330 Yorth Street, Mar:allus, NY 13108 Web Site: armstrongta.comPlion 315-673-1269 lac 315-673-9972 email: [email protected]

Resource GuideAEV SRL

+39 051 950 [email protected]

Armstrong Transmitter315-671-1269

sales@ armgtrongtx.cornwww.armslongtx.com

Aztec Radiomedia713-875-9100

contact Paztec-rodiomedia.cornwww.aztec-radiomedia.com

Bext619-239-8462

[email protected]

Broadcast Electronics217-224-9600

[email protected] astcom

Commercial CommunicationAssociates (CCA)

[email protected]

Continental Electronics800-73]-5011

[email protected] con relec .com

Crown Broadcast800-294-8050

broadcast@ reel .comwww.crownb-oadcast.com

DB ElettronicaTelecomunicazioni SpA

[email protected]

Ecreso - RFTS Broadcast S.A.+33 556E 75 454

[email protected]

Energy-Onix888-324-6649

energy-onir @erergy-onix cornwww.emergw-onix.com

Goodrich Enterprises402-493-1886

cgoodr [email protected]

Harris800-622-0022

broadcast @ -arris.comwww.hanris.com

ltelco USA30346L-8000

tvsales@ itelco-usa.conswww.i el cc-usa .com

38 October 2002 vi,vvw.beragio.com

Kenneke Communications541-S28-4552

kennekePlkenneke.:omwww.kenneke.com

Larcan905-5E4-9222

srichmonift larcan. :omwww.lar=an.com

LPB610-.525-4100

www 3binc.com

Marti Electronics817-6/-5-9163marfimPlash.ret

www.mart electror ics.com

Mantel207-347-8200

info@ lautel.axnvoNve nautel .ccm

Nicom619-477-6298

info@r c DMUSZ .COM

WWW. . COM usa.=om

OMB America30E 477-0974

[email protected]/On-.13RadioTV

PTEK408-448-3342

[email protected] kpow?-.com

QEI8()-334-9"54

qeisalesErqei-broadcast.comwww.qei-jroadcast.com

Ramsey Electronics8(0446-2295

salesEt -amseyneail.comwww.h*hpowern.com

SBS332-622-7700

sal [email protected] .com

Silicon ValleyPower Amplifiers

800-986-9;00saiesqsvpz..comwww.svpa.com

SuperiorBroadcast Products

800-279-3326jjoynt@superiorbo cadcast.comwww.suaeriorbroadcast.com

TranscomS00-441-8454

[email protected],ww.trcorr .com

behemoth transmitters of yesterday arenow replaced with one or two racks ofequipment. A smaller footprint meansmore space around the transmitter towork (when it replaces an older transmit-ter) or perhaps a reduced rate on floor -space rental.

With the reduction in size also comes areduction in operating costs. Current de-signs are usually less complex than oldermodels, thus requiring fewer c ustom parts.

Also, the move to modular design, presentin solid-state designs, helps reduce a spareparts count.

This modularity also provides additionalbackup. Most modular transmitters willoperate at reduced power levels with lessthan their full compliment of RF modules.Most solid-state transmitters are also de-signed to have their modules removedand inserted with power applied. This canfuttherreduceanydowntime.

111=MIT.

Mir 41.11111--MU

109 W. Klapp Ave, Edgewater, FL 32132

Phone 1-E88-RADI095 in the US

Glotally, rhonK386 426 2521Online go to www.radiosoft.com

When

Search for FCC license data online Locate potential frequencies Automatic interference calculations Accepted and used by the FCC Real time 3D displays

Fast, accurate, cost effective mapping

Considered by man,/ to oe the industry leader.Broadcast Professionals can count on RadioSoft for fast,

accurate radio mapping.

Ivww.beradic.com Hr 21)01 39

'FACILITYWCASE

UNNEkS111. SENDSORLANDO

A PLAYGROUN

THIS FACILITY ISBUILT ON A CAMPUSUNLIKE ANY OTHER.TALK ABOUT A FUN

PLACE TO WORK.

When designing or renovating afacility,attention is primarily paid

to the facility's function. Generally, the de-sire to create a visually appealing space isa secondary priority. When a company'sprime business is the visual attraction, formimnd function share equal importance. Suchs the case with Universal Studios Orlando,..vhich recently rebuilt the radio studios inis central Florida theme park.


Model flo. Bays Max. Input Power Price

11P-1 I 500 W S250

11P-2 2 800 W 5650

RIP -3 3 800 W 5950

I1P-4 4 800 W 51,250

MP -411 4 2000 W 51,750

11P-5 5 3000 W 52,250

11P-6 6 3000 W S2,700

III low Pater

Model no. Bays Max. Input Power Price

6P-1 1 1500 W 5350

6P-2 2 3000 W 51,350

GP -3 3 4500 W 51,800

GP -4 4 6000 W 52.500

GP -5 5 6000 W 52,900

GP -6 6 8000 W 53,500

in Medlum Power Circular Pola

model Do. Bags Wax. Input Power Price

SGP-1 1 3000 W 5650

SGP-2 2 6000 W 52,450

SGP-3 3 8000 W 53,500

S6P-4 4 8000 W 54,300

SGP-5 5 8000 W 55,100

SGP-6 6 8000 W 55,90(

S6P-611 6 15000 W 56,50(

Please Contact the OMB IlmericaSales Department, for other

antenna systems configurations

EUROPE

Commercial 8 T.V. Factory:Avda. Son Antonio, 41Was.: 976.50. 46.96 (6 lines)Fax 976.46.31.7050410 CUARTE DE HUERVA

(Zaragoza)

Antenna 8 Radio Factory:Camino de los Albares, 14, halosIdes.: 976.50. 35. 80 (6 lines)Fax 976.50. 38. 5550410 CUARTE DE HUERVA (Zaragoza)Internet. http://www.omb.ese-mail: ombcom@infonegocio camVideoConference(RDSI) 976 46 32 01

INTERNATIONAL DIVISION

3100 NW 72nd.Avenue Unit 112

MIAMI, Florida 33122

Ph 305 477-0973 - 305 477.097416 line.)

Fox: 305 477-0611

Internet. http://www.omb.com

e-mail: ombusa©bellsouth.net

Videoconference. I 305 5940991/92

The b ction

TU 5 Radio antenna systems

UNIURSLALSTIJOIOSOR

The radio studios occupy a small spacenext to the Brown Derby Hat Shop onRodeo Drive, not far from the entrance tothe Universal Studios theme park. At firstglance, the building facade blends withthe surrounding decor and could beeasily overlooked as you walk down thestreet. Once inside, however, the decorspeaks for itself.

There are five rooms for the studios.Vis-itors are first welcomed into a green roomwith couches and a kitchenette.This areahelps visiting stations feel at home duringtheir visit. It also allows the station to handlelarge groups of people that visit the studio.From the green room,a short hallway leadsvisitors to the remaining four rooms: twoon -air studios, a rack room and an office.

It's not the most expansive space, but itoffers plenty of room for this operation.

The two studios have been given themesfrom famous Universal movies. The smallerstudio pays tribute to one of Universal'sbiggest stars, the shark from the movie Jaws.The largerstudio is a tribute to the futuristicmovie villain from the movie Terminator 2. Thriccrin decor already carried irkwitt c, high-tech oak. -he new!tudioWhilenotcriticaltothen-Tillarf oration, equipment complement this existing desgn.

3.8 rri Antennas

c-Band TI Filters

Don't be left in the dark....Patriot antennas are 2' compliantand will not warp :ike most meshand fiberglass artv.nryas.

800A70.3510Cir,d/ Ruff criff©-;etins..-iet

Dominic Andreczzi dominica@sepatriovccm

42 October 2002 www.teradio.com

the treatment from the ceiling in both rooms is unlike anyother interior decoration.

In the T2 studio,a long metallic shaft curves downwardwith the head of the T-1000 Terminator at the end. Thiscan be positioned to face anywhere in the room sothat operators can have a captive audience or a sentinel.On the walls are back -lit schematics of the 800 seriesTerminator.

The Jaws studio has a recreated scene of a femaleswimmer about to be attacked by the great white shark.What's unique is that the swimmer and shark are aboveyou,as if you were underwater.The detail of the frothing andbubbling saltwater around theaquatic, life-size figures is inter-esting.The only thing missing isthe Florida license plate in the

shark's mouth.The studios were built in 1993 by Pacif-

ic Recorders and Engineering.While onlysmall changes have been made through-out the nine years of faithful service,Universal felt that the time was right toperform a complete upgrade. Now thatthe renovation is complete, the overallform of the studios has not changedmuch from the original design, but thetechnology behind the equipment cer-tainly has.The radio studio engineers were

pleased with the work that PR&E didoriginally. Over the years, Universalworked with Harris on equipment up-grades as well.When Universal decidedto renovate the studios, the radio staffturned to the same people for help.Nowthat PR&E is a part of Harris, the decisionwas simplified.

Replace or retain?Hie new laulitik s are combination of existing

and new equipment. Most of the regularly usedequipment has been replaced with digital coun-terparts to provide a digital foundation. Still, someanalog sources exist.

The new equipment selections were based onfeedback from Harris' sntems division. Universaldictated the function and specified operationwhile Harris developed the form. The studiosthemes did not c iange. but Universal did update

your voice is your life.spend it wisely.

www neumar nusa.com/103

NeumannIUSA le rji lo;Telephon. 860 434 5220 FAX: 860.434.3148

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the room decor. The result is a mix of technology and theme park.One major design goal was to reduce visual clutter in the studios.

The previous layout had a cart machine overbridge.This placedthe cart machines in a convenient location for the operator, butsometimes it got in the way of looking at guests. In addition, cartshave lost their dominant position as an audio source. A video

The laws studio sees more use as a production studio than an airstudio. Despite this fundamental shift in focus, it is well -suited foruse oil air and for interviews.

44 Octoher 2002 'Aiww.beradio.com

vs*.

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Intiodor ng the EX -.110 digital FMexciter Mem Broadcast Electronics.

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BE Radio's ability to help you solve business problemsextends beyond the great editorial in this publication.

Visit www.beradio.com where you'llfind a wealth of information to help you doyour job better, including: Daily sews updates in Currents Online The Studio Spotlight The Engineer's Notebook Industry event calendar Up-to-date EAS manufacturer info Links to important FCC actions

Tap into the power beyond the printed word.

RatifyTHE RADIO TECHNOLOGY LEADER

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UNIURS5NSE-20105

screen can display most of what an oper-ator would need to see in significantlyless space.

Equipment removed from the studios isstill in working order. One possible plan isto build satellite studios in the Islands ofAdventure park using the extra equipment.

Design strategyThe entire facility is designed for digital

audio. The trunk cables between roomsare CAT -5 cable.

Gepco supplied a cable made to CAT -5specs in a traditional mic-cable configu-ration.This provides flexibility and dura-bility for any exposed cable runs.

One unique element is the guest head-phone controls.The guest panels have alinear fader next to the mic cough button.This is a level control, but not for the mic.It is the headphone level control for theheadphones. Using the same materials asthe console, custom fabrication of partswas eliminated.The panels also naturallymatch the console.

A CAT -5 cable connects the panels tothe console and headphone distribution

lWelk manyca d1.111(1 i-lw,:,E seeking attention in at,Isr

the radio stu'ark,can be easily overlooked among the buildings of the street.

/ j 0 Ap ONE Or me MOST POPULAI?coNsot.es eyelet!

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r

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system. This new system does not rely on the headphone levelcontrol to dissipate excess power as heat. Instead, the level controlvaries the signal at the headphone distribution box, minimizingwasted power.

The monitors in the T-2 studio are hung from the ceiling.As partof the attention to clearer sight lines,these monitors, HaflerTRM-6 active monitors, are considerably smaller than the monitorsthey replaced. To enhance the sound from their diminutiveappearance, a subwoofer was placed on the floor under thestudio furniture.

The monitors in the Jaws studio are not placed on either side ofthe console.This room is used for production more than for on -air use, so the monitors were placed on either side of the OrbanAudicy. This placement is not a problem duringon -air use because the monitors are not used forcritical listening at that time.

While studio furniture is not usually consid-ered a high-tech element of a new studio, thefurniture Universal chose includes several newdesign elements. First, the laminate material onthe surfaces is something that is not common-ly found on furniture, but it may sometimes befound under it. The surfaces are covered witha material called Marmoleum, manufacturedby the Dutch linoleum manufacturer Forbo.Because of its design for use as a floor cover-ing, it is durable and can withstand the use andabuse of serving as a cabinet fish. It comes inrolls measuring 12' wide, so it is possible tocreate seamless surfaces while using materialsthat are less expensive than some solid -sur-face designs.

Once cut and covered, the surface edge is fittedwith a flexible T -molding to withstand bumpsand provide a smooth edge.

While the furniture in the Jaws studio is func-tional, the furniture in the T-2 studio offers aunique characteristic. Using the same construc-tion materials, this furniture implements Harris'Hydraflex feature, which debuted at NAB2002.This allows the furniture height to be adjustedfrom 30" to 38" at the push of a button with ahydraulic lift system fitted into the legs. Thisallows the operators the flexibility to adjust thefurniture height to their liking. At the 30" height,the furniture is also ADA compliant.

To maintain the open feel of the T-2 studio,the furniture support has open spaces withcable raceways instead of having a solid -block construction. Although subtle, the roomdoes have a more open feel and the designhelps with ventilation.

Behind the scenesIn the rack room, the biggest change was the

removal of all the patch bays and the installa-tion of an SAS 32KD router. Because of thedemand for flexibility in 1993, the patch bayswere a natural and safe choice. While the de-mand for flexibility has not changed, the digitalrouter handles this need with less effort. The

www.beradio.com

router is also integrated into the Harris consolesso input scenes can be recalled and input sourcelabels can be changed.

The original installation also used PR&E Molexblocks fortermination. A fewstill remain foranalogsources, but several rows of Krone blocks havebeen installed for digital audio and data uses.

The fourth room is used as an office tor the radiostudio staff. Affectionately called the dungeon,this room can be used as a studio if needed. It hasthe necessary cabling to make it an active spacewith the addition of the required audio equip-ment that can be rolled in as needed.

Do you StudiJfriub? It's the perfect liaison between analog and digital. If you'rebuilding a new facility or just rewiring a single studio, consider asing StudioHub -the fast and flexible new universal connection standard.

Radio Systems, Inc. 6oi Heron Drive, Bridgeport, New Jersey ofloui(856) 467.8000 voice (856) 467-3o44 fax www.radiosystems.com EY

StUd104::Radio Systems

October 2002 49


I IOWA! TIlh10(

New ProductsBy Kari Taylor, associate editor

Spot distribution systemSlingspot.com

111111:116. -- J.3. a,-, ar. f ..AW J

SlIngsplot.Com

oackso Into. mabonOa.. PIM MA%ow FN. l raycm. *am 011.% Me MAMMA

Sir -emaca.shorra

Audio Delivery Network: A method omoving radio commercials and audioclips, this service brings recording studios,advertising agencies, radio stations andclients together to reduce the workload ofspot distribution and trafficing. This sys-tem allows recording studios, duplicationfacilities and advertising agencies to sendradio spots quickly to hundreds of radiostations across North America.This prod-uct was developed to accommodate allaspects of spot distribution including in-tegrated scheduling, dual notification,proof of delivery and archiving. Userscreate a package, choose the recipients,traffic and then pass the package toSlingspot.com for delivery.

877 -708 -SPOT: fax 416-778-9799

vivekslingspotcom; ado@shngspotcom

Rack -mount preamp/mixerATI Group (Audio Toys)

Audio moduleHarrisIntraplex PT/PR-353: For use in the Intraplex STL Plus,thePT/PR-353 IBOC audio module provides digital transportof as much as 22.5kHz bandwidth, CD -quality stereo anduncompressed audiowith sampling rates of 32kHz,44.1kHzand 48kHz. The STL Plus combines audio signals withother audio,voice and data traffic for transport over TEE]and other high-speed digital lines.With no data compres-sion used in the process, the effects of encoding anddecoding algorithms are reduced.

800-622-0022; fax 513-459-3890

vAwi.hanis.com; [email protected]

MicrophonesOKM

SoundmanPX and PXS: The Pop(PX) microphones andthe Pop Studio (PXS)microphones are de-signed for above -aver-age SPL. The Pop Stu-dio mic offers a chan-nel difference of lessthan 0.5dB. This rangeof stereo headset mi-crophones, which is useful for mini recording systems(DAT and mini-disk),provides a quality stereo image.Thesemics plug into any computer sound card, mini recorder orcamcorder.

207-773-2424; fax 207-773-2422

wwwindependentadocom; info@independentadioxam

8MX2: The 8MX2 is a companion for digital multitracksystems. It offers eight high -voltage mic preampsin a rack space, and a stereo mix bus with fullmonitoring capabilities. Each channel also of-fers a variable threshold limiter as well as full

cueing capabilities with metering of level and limiter attenuation.Each of the mic preamps features a 41 -position detented trim control, a 41 -position detented

adjustable limiter and a 41 -position mix level pot. Other features include 48V phantom power switching,a phase -inverting switch, a ground lift switch and a mix assign and mute switch.

301-776-7879; fax 301-776-8117; bwnv.audiobris.com; [email protected]

Vent panelsHolland Shielding SystemsModular EMI' vents: This range of vent panels offer not only EMI shielding, but also protection againstelectromagnetic pulses (EMP). The modular system can be assembled into frames as long as six meters.The material is zinc -plated steel, stainless steel or aluminum. These panels are also available in ahoneycomb structure for smaller sizes in enclosures and cabinets.

+31-0-78-6131366; fax +31-0-78-6149585

www.hollandslieing.com; [email protected]


Sure, it's the best looking broadcast console you've ever seen. But, beneath the sleek, elegant exterior

beats the heart of a true warrior! Hams' BMXcligital by Pacific nas everything you need to win the digital

revolution. Whether it's the number of output buses, mix-m,nuses, off-line mixes, stereo sends, direct

IFB's, monitor inputs and outputs, inter -communication paths o- logic interface, BMXdigiral offers more.

Incredible Flexibility lucling all input modules accommodate analog and digital signals without reconfiguring.

swapping. or even removal from the mainframe.

Amazing Adaptability ,th easy storage, recall and reconfiguration of set-ups for various day part>, and built in

connectivity to routing swit:hers, digital storage systems and other networked sources.

Low Cost of Ownership by design, Harris' BMXcligitors true cost of installation, operation and maintenance is markedly

lower than other consoles.

Legendary BMX Reliability ,s what you expect in a Hams console by Pacific.The table pounding of your resident

shOCk JOCK won t laze this Leauty.

Harris' BMXcligitol by Pacific. Beauty that's a lot more than skin deep.


SERVICE

SYSTEMS

AUTOMATION

TRANSMISSION

www.broadcast.harris corn 1.800.622.0022

New Products

E

eo

-=

So check this out -c Instant Replay® puts 1,000 of your favorite noises right in front of you,

ready for instant playback. No

2other audio player makes itso easy to be spontaneous

and creative. It's fast, it'sS easy, and it's fun. Here's

the deal. One InstantO Replay can store over

24 hours of stereo sound.

fa That's 24 hours of soundce effects, spots, promos, even

entire songs - anything - and'4C you can play any of them back

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Site softwareSoftwrightOversite: lids software consists of two independent modules that operateunder Windows 95/98/NT 4/W2K/XPThe Asset Manager module documentsthe details of how equipment is cataloged, installed and maintained at fixedradio sites, as well as similar information about mobile units that are beingmaintained.The Intermodulation Products Module predicts and helps resolveundesired intermodulation products at a radio site. These modules share acommon database with the Softwright Terrain Analysis Package software,

eliminating the need to rekey information required to dofuture radio coverage studies.

303-344-5486; fax 303-344-2811

[email protected]

Telco interfacePulsecomProgram Channel Access Unit: The Apt -X algorithm used by the Pulsecom/APTPCAU provides encoding and decoding,and supports multiple tandem connec-tions without degradation. The Pulsec-om/APT PCAU is useful for Secure Linkapplications. Its Apt -X compression tech-nology delivers secure, encoded audiocommunication links that make thePulsecom/APT PCAU useful for protec-tion against Internet hacking, publicswitched network access and signal pi-rating. In standalone mode, this PCAU

can providebroadbandaudioover asmuch as

three milesof stan-dard twist-

... in ed-pair-telephone

es` qrue.sawrAmes. Technology wire, making

it useful for acampus,

. high-rise build-ing or intra-stu-

dio applications.Optimized for disaster

sTe.a,,, recovery situations, theunit's clear, crisp audiotransport avoids jumbled

emergency communications. It with-stands Seismic Zone 4 events, is resistantto airborne contaminants and immuneto external EMI interference per Telcor-dia GR-CORE-1089 and GR-CORE-64.

800-381-1991; fax 703-471-2951

www.pulse.com

NevesAccess

h NM 101

Coming in December:The Radio magazine Buyers Guide


Supglicnawaclealt PwcluctlFM Transmitters

All Power levels 20 watts to 30,000 watts100% Solid State or Grounded Grid

Grounded GridModels Feature Solid State High

Performance Exciter Solid State Driver Ease of Installation Fast Delivery Motor Driven Tuning Complete Front Panel

Metering Low Pass Filter Soft Start Up Cost Effective Pricing Financing Available LED Read out on front

panel shows operatingparameters

Solid State FM TransmittersFeaturing the latest Cold Mos fett Design

Models range from 20 watts to 10,000 watts

20 watt Exciter 850.00100 watt Transmitter 2,000.00250 watt Transmitter 3,000.00350 watt Stereo Transmitter 3,500.00500 watt Transmitter 4,000.00

1,000 watt Transmitter 7,C00.00Many other models to choose from

Transmissions LineSuperior Broadcast Products offers a widerange of transmission line and accessories

1/2 inch Foam Coax as low as7/8 inch Foam Coax as low as

1 5/8 inch Foam Coax as low as2 1/4 inch Foam Coax as low as

$1.40 oer foot$3.50 per foot$8.50 per foot

$12.00 per footCall for prices on other sizes

High Performance Digitally Synthesized FM Exciter

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Studio to Transmitter LinkFrequency Agile CompositeTransmitter and Receiver

O

Both Transmitter and Receiver $3,500.00Transmitter Receiver10 watt output Active band pass filterStereo or Mono Full MeteringFull Metering Fast DeliveryTwo SCA inputs Two SCA outputs

One year limited warranty

FM AntennasPower Levels from 500 to 20,000 watts per bay

One bayTwo bayFour baySix bay

5C0 watt input500 watt input2,300 watt input3,000 watt input

495.001,200.001,990.003,500.00

Broadband Medium PowerTwo bay 3,000 watt input 2,400.00Three bay 3.000 watt input 3,400.00Three bay 10,000 watt input 4,000.00Four bay 3,000 watt input 4,400.00Fcur bay 10,000 watt input 4,800.00Six bay 3,000 watt input 6,250.00Six bay 10,000 watt input 7,000.00Eight bay '0,000 watt input 9,500.00

Contact Jimmie Joynt 17194 Preston

Many other models and power levels

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Telephone Solutions by CircuitWerkesThe HC -3 Hybrid Telephone Autocoupler

Auto -connect and disconnect.LED Indicators for incoming rings lon-line status & power.Answers on user selectable number of rings.Momentary or latching dry contacts at pickup.Simple. active hybrid with active, balanced, In/Out forsimukaneous send & recieve communications.Remote connections include: aux. relay closure, pickup -enable,remote pick up trigger. call end sink. & Ring / Online s'nk.Optional ComboLok provides password security.

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October 2002 59

How It Works

The folded unipoleBy Ron Nott

olded unipole has been in use in AMbroadcasting for more than four decades,providing adequate time to view it in retro-spect. Perhaps the earliest instance that itappeared in print was in Radio AntennaEngineering by E. A. Laport in 1952. Thefundamentals have not changed muchsince then, but experience has providedseveral improvements as well as someweaknesses. There is more to unipoles

than just suspend-ing some wiresalongside a tower.

If the skirt wiresare placed tooclose to the tower,the shunt capacitybetween them candefeat the advan-tages. The wiresmust be placed atleast 18" from theface, and preferably30" except in spe-cial cases. Early un-ipoles were builtusing guy wire inthe skirts, but thesteel wire wouldcause a 20 percentor more loss in effi-ciency. For goodefficiency, the skirtwire must be cop-per or aluminumclad. The wireshould also bestranded to preventwind vortexing,which causes vi-bration.

Installing a foldedunipole does notguarantee broad

bandwidth. In general, retrofitting a thin,series -fed tower will result in an improve-ment, but if the antenna is significantlyshorter than a quarterwave, bandwidthmay be limited. If top loading can beincorporated on a short tower, the unipole

Upper brackets

Skirt wire - three or more

Tuning stubheight determinesantenna input impedance

Tower

Common ringdrive point

..__Insulator andtensioning deviceLower brackets

The components of a folded unipole antenna. Theseare typically sold as a kit and installed by aqualified tower climber.

can be designed to provide support brackets for the toploading as well as the skirt wires. An advantage of the foldedunipole on a short tower is that it normally transforms a lowdrive point resistance upward, which can improve efficien-cy and provide easier impedance matching.

Years ago, it was believed that the unipole providedantenna gain and circular polarization. Neither of theseis true. In some instances, the folded unipole may providea small gain, perhaps a fraction of 1dB, because of thedecrease in the length -to -diameter ratio. This causes aslight reduction in the velocity of propagation within theantenna, which may make the tower appear to be slightlytaller than it actually is. In any case, there is no dramaticimprovement. In instances where the bandwidth hasbeen improved, there have been apparent improvementsin the effective range of the station due to improvedsideband VSWR.

The folded unipole can be modeled using NEC pro-grams, but this can be time consuming. The late JohnMullaney had a program written specifically for designingthis antenna that was fast and usually accurate. Twointeresting phenomena have been discovered whileusing this program:

Bandwidth may be optimized. While other factors arealso involved, an antenna height between 105 and 115electrical degrees may be found to have extremely broadbandwidth. This has been confirmed in practice.

Impedance of short towers may be transformed up-ward. When a short tower is retrofitted with a foldedunipole, an inductor may be placed across the baseinsulator that will increase the drive point resistance. Insome cases this can improve the antenna efficiency. It

must be pointed out that for short antennas with substan-tial transmitter power, RF current through the inductormay be high.

Another advantage of the folded unipole is that it isinstalled on a grounded tower, which allows installationof UHF and VHF antennas for rental income on the tower.The grounded structure also eliminates lighting chokesand provides a more direct path to ground for lightning.The unipole performs well in directional antenna serviceif it is properly incorporated into the design. Wheninstalled in an area prone to flooding, it can be designedto continue functioning when series -fed antennas fail.

In some instances, the unipole can allow an FM orcommunications tower to serve as its supporting struc-ture. If the structure is too tall, the upper portion can bedetuned, but bear in mind that the guy wires must besegmented, which maybe the most expensive part.

Nott is president of Nott Ltd., Farmington, NA.1

f

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IM

REMEMBER THECORTANA FOLDEDUNIPOLE ANTENNA?WE STILL MAKE ITWITH THE SAMEHIGH QUALITYMATERIALS ANDWORKMANSHIP.IT FEATURES...

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AFFILIATE ENGINEERWaitt Radio Networks, an equal opportunitemployer, seeks talented Affiliate Engineerbased in new state-of-the-art facility inOmaha, Nebraska. Support the technicaloperation of the Network Uplink facility.including satellite equipment, computerbroadcast automation systems, local areanetworks, and studio facilities. 3 yearsbroadcast engineering experience.Electrical Engineering or Computer Sciencedegree desired, SBE certification andSatellite uplink experience desired, strongcomputer and internet skills, effectivecommunication skills, ability to work variedhours and provide on -call support.Competitive salary and excellent benefits.For more details or to apply, see

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New & Used EquipmentEngineering & Web LinksPublications & Catalogs

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Sales OfficesNATIONAL SALES DIRECTORSteven Bell9800 Metcalf AvenueOverland Park, KS 66212-2215Telephone: (913) 967-1848Fax: (913) 967-7249

[email protected]

EUROPE/UKRichard WoolleyP.O. Box 250Banbury, Oxon 0X16 5YJTelephone: +44 1295 278 407Fax: 4-44 1295 278 408E-mail: [email protected]

CLASSIFIED ADVERTISINGJennifer ShaferTelephone: (800) 896-9939(913)967-1732Fax: (913) 967-1735E-mail: jshafer(a)primediabusiness.com

LIST RENTAL SERVICESMarie Briganti, StatlisdosTelephone: (203) 778-8700 x146Fax: (203) 778-4839E-mail: [email protected]

EDITORIAL REPRINTSWright's Reprintskleplione: (877) 652-5295, ext. 106E-mail: [email protected]

Contributor Pro -fileMeet the professionals who write for Radio.This month: Stress -tree systems, page 24.

Michael PattonOwnerMichael Patton &AssociatesBaton Rouge, LA

Patton has built morethan 125 studios duringhis career, and he enjoysworking on AM direct-ional antennas, rebuild-

ing transmitters and troubleshooting RF and audioequipment. He has built a 50kW AM (a two -towerDA) in Honduras, is building an island -wide chainof transmitter sites in Jamaica, is writing customsoftware for AM broadband tuning network designand is building the NPR affiliate stations' studiofacilities in Houston and Louisville, KY.

Raft.1,1F PA010 CHNOI 00V 1 SOF Pi

Written by radio professionalsWritten for radio professionals

A PRIMEDIAPublication

THE RADIO TECHNOLOGY LEADER

beratio

Editor - Chriss Scherer. CSRE, cschererCtrimediabusinesscomTechnical Editor, RF-John Battison, P.E, batcom@brightnetAssociate Editor - Karl Taylor, [email protected]. Art Director - Michael J. Knust,[email protected]. Art Director - Robin Morsbach, rinorsbachWrimediabusiness.com

Technical Consultants - Harry C. Martin, LegalKevin McNamara, CNE. Computers and NetworksMark Krieger, CBT, Contract EngineeringRuss Berger, Broadcast AcousticsDonald L Markley, P.E. Transmission Facihhe,Yasmin Hashmi, International CorespondentStella Plumbridge. European Corespondent

Vice President - Peter May. [email protected] - Dennis Triola, [email protected] Director - Christina Heil. [email protected] President, Production -Thomas Fogarty, tfogany@primediabusinesscomSr. Director of Production - Curt Prodes. cpordesCdprimediabusiness.comGroup Production Manager - Charlie Rosenthal, [email protected] Production Coordinator - Natasha Franz, [email protected] Ad Coordinator - Mary Mitchell, mmitchell@primediabusinesscomVP, Audience Marketing Development - Christine Oldenbrook.

[email protected] Marketing Director - Wendy Liskey, wliskey@primediabusiness. cornSr Audience Marketing Manager - Gayle Grooms, ggrooms@t .-tness.com

MEMBER ORGANIZATIONSSustaining Member of: Acoustical Society of America ARMA Audio Engineering Society Society of Broadcast EngireersMember, American Business Media - Member, BPA Intemation,

PRIMEDIABusiness Marnines & Medn

Chief Executive Officer -Timothy M. Andrews, tandrews@printediabusiness., ornPresident - Ronald Wall, [email protected] Operating Officer- Jack Condon, jcondonimediabusiness.romSr. Vice President, Business Development - Eric Jacobson,

ejarobsonPprimediabusiness.comSr. Vice President, Integrated Sales- Dan Lovinger, [email protected] President, Content Licensing & Development -Andrew Elston.

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Radio, Volume 8, Number 10, ISSN 1081-3357 is published monthly and mailed free toqualified recipients by PRIMEDIA Business Magazines & Media Inc, 9800 Metcalf, OverlandPark, KS 66212-2215 (primediabusiness.com). Periodicals postage paid at Shawnee Mission,KS, and additional mailing offices. Canadian Post Publications Mail Agreement No. 40597023.Current and back issues are and additional resources, including subscription request formsand an editorial calendar are available online at beradio.com.

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DPAMicrophones 1 519145-1158

ElectronicAssociates 9] 9155653103

ERI-Elecironicsliesearch 64 811-915M00

ESE 16 310-322.2136

f anl are f M 62 800-26-1UNER

full Compass 1 801356-5844

Gorman -Redlich Mfg Co 61 140-593-3150

Harris Corp Broadcast Div. ..... .3, 21, 53 80162213022

Henry Engineering . 59 626-353656

lanolin 12 831-458-0552

KaganWorld Media 61.___.8316241536

Advertiser IndexPage Advertiser

Number HotlineAdvertise

Website

360 Systems 51 818-691-0360 www.360systems.cu

AED 19 954-5811019 www aepbroadcast co

Anionic Besearcn 51 :114816813 ......................... www.altronic.cm

Aohex Systems 15 13161611919 www. Wu ram

Armstrong transmitters ...........................39 315-6131169 www armstrongtx corn

kakis Systems . 11, 34, 48 910-7741746 www arrakis systems corn

All Audio technologies_._........_....._65 l I I -959-0301 www atiguys eorx

Autogram.....62 800-321 N I1 www autogramcorp.com

Bay Country 63 410-3363136 www.baycounr coin

Broadcastlools . 11 360-854-9559 mvw broadcasttools.corn

BISG Systems . . Ei5 3163956410 www brig corn

Burk technology 5/ 808255-8090 www MG k.corn

CCAElecoonics .9 110-964-3530 www Eca ws

Circuitwerkes 9 351-335-6555 www circuitwerkes corn

Clear Channel Satellite Services 91 8083456/28 . my. clearchannelsateihte corn

Convex . 9 9181841111 www cormercom

Continental Electronics 33 808133-5011.._....__._...._ .._ www con:elec corn

Cortana 64 -325-5336 www cortanacorporation corn

Creative Studio Solutions 44 303-0285014......www creativestudiosolotions com

DanaggerAurhoWorks 61 2-8346 mwy dahagger.com

Dielectric......................................31 DIELECTRIC .. www.doecmc.corn

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www.elccassoc.com

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yam kagan corn, conferences/kis

Page AdvertiserNumher Hotline

Kintronic Labs 16 .... 423-8/8-3141

Klotz Digital America . 5 6/8-966-9903

Eogitek 51 ..... ..800-231-58/0

Mager Systems 30 623-/800015

Medratouch 13 8E65-0501

Mediation 44 800-1/9-1515

MIJO Corporation 6 811-108-7768

Mooretronix 62 8011300-0/33

Mouser Electronics 61 ....._...808346.6813

Nautel Electronics 31...._....901823-1233

Neumann Microphones 43 860-434 5226 ...

Hon Ltd. 65 505-3215648

OMB America 41 3954119913 ......

Otari Corporation 000-811-0511

PatriotAntennaSymears ..... .....42 8)O-410-3510

Primedia Business New Media 19,41 212-294-2612

Radio Soft ........... 688-6801095

Radio Systems 49 8564611it

HAM Broadcast Systems

flf Parts

19, 50, 63 94148115/5 .

61 9111311/81 .

il Software, Inc. 58 352-3361223

Sierra Automated Sgstems 1/ 819-848-6149

SineSystems .. 39 6152281500 .

Spacewise 65 8181153660

Stardraw 32 +44-10/2 14'44

Superior BroadcastProducts 5 818219-3326 .

Syntrillium Software ..15 941 1100

Tierine Technology . 26 11 11; 4

franscom Corp 62 800441-B454

V-SoftCommunrcations 61 900-143-3684

Wheatstone . 2, 11, 12 252-638-1000

/ero Manufacturing 59 800-541-3960

AdvertiserWebsite

........... www kintronic com

www.klotyrlignal.com

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www magersystems com

www omt net

www medianon corn

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www neumannusa corn/1030E11

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NNW ournediabusiness cam

www radiosoff.corn

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www.faMSySCOM.COrn

wbvw. ripans.corn

www r1 software corn

www.sasaudio corn

www.sinesystems.corn

www spacewise corn

mom statdraw corn/beradio

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www v-solt corn

www wheatstone corn

www ter oases COM

Direct links to the advertisers' websites are available at www.heradio.com October 2002 69

Sinn MI

CZ By Kari Taylor, associate editorCOfy Do you remember?

Did you know that the PC turns 21 thisyear? IBM launched the personal com-puter, the IBM 5150, in1981. But even beforethe PC, IBM introduceda variety of small com-puters forindividual us-ers.The IBM 5100 Porta-ble Computer is one ofthe PC's ancestors.

Weighing about 50pounds and slightlylarger in size than anIBM typewriter,the 5100Portable Computermade its debut in thecompany's GeneralSystems Division (GSD) in September 1975.This portable computer was intended toput computer capabilities at the fingertipsof engineers, analysts, statisticians and

Sample and HoldA look at the technology shaping radio

Number of radio stations thatwebcast

6000

4000

2000

0Apr -96 Mar -97 Feb -98 Jan -99 Dec -99 Nov -00 Oct -01 Sep -01

A steady decrease since May 2000

Source: MS Media Inc.

Shaping radio today and tomorrow

other problem solvers. Available in 12 models and provid-ing 16K, 32K, 48K or 64K of main storage, the 5100 costbetween $8,975 and $19,975. It was available with APL or

BASIC program-ming languages.

Three Problem -Solver Libraries,contained in mag-netic tape cart-ridges, were offeredwith the IBM 5100 toprovide more than100 interactive rou-tines applicable tomathematical prob-lems, statistical tech-niques and finan-cial analysis. The

cartridge had a 204,000 -character capacity on 300 feet ofV4 inch tape.

Information provided by IBM.

That was thenIntended to solve phase stability and noise problems, the

1982 Phasemaster by Ramko, Rancho Cordova, CA, was aproduction system that used variable delays in each of the

output channels. A sample of the left program channel wasencoded on the cue track, and decoding in the playbackcycle was compared to its upper track mate.The signal-to-noise ratio for the Phasemaster was -68dB and it offereda 0.25dB frequency response. The distortion level amount-ed to 0.3 percent max.

The system offered compatability with all present andpreviously recorded carts. The transition could be madeat the users own pace without having to immediatelyrerecord the station's entire library. The cost of a Phasemas-ter started at $1,091 and went up to $1,399, depending onthe model chosen.


Introducing our NEW flagship radio console:the D-8000 Digital On -Air Board

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When it comes to digital, EXPERIENCE COUNTSWHEATSTONE'S TRADITIONAL CONTROL INTERFACE gets youroperators up and running in minutes-not days.

THE D-8000 HAS IT ALL: UNIVERSAL PAPUT MODULES accept analog or

digital signa _s - ro upgrades required WHEATSTONE'S EXCLUSIVE BUS -MINUS® gives you

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ONE INTERCONNECT DOES IT ALL!THAT'S RIGHT- ONE DUPLEX FIBEROPTIC LINK OR A SINGLE CAT -5 WIRE = 64 channels

of simultaneous bi-directional digital audio, intercage communication, logic signals, X -Ycontroller commands, plus auxiliary RS -232 data streams. This single interconnectbetweenour studio and central rackroom can save you thousands - if not TENS ofthousandsy-of feet of wire in a typical installation!

THE WHEATSTONE BRIDGE DIGITAL AUDIO NETWORK ROUTER can start small with asingle cage and only a few cards, or fully populated units can be stacked to formlarger systems. Wheatstone's STAR TOPOLOGY ARCHITECTURE lets you connect multiplelocations to your central rack room, providing shared resources for all yet still permittingindependently functioning studios, each with its own combination of plug-in modulesspecifically suited for a select set of gear.

SIGNALS ARE ROUTED entirely in the digital domain. 0%. All AES cards havesample rate converters on each input, freeing you from worry about varyingsample rates throughout your facility. A family of plug-in -AAA connec-or modulesmakes installation easy, letting you mix varied signcl technologies andstandards all within the same ca. WHEATSTONE'S intuitive 1011"- graphic basedsetup software handles system co, -figuration, matrix selection --.0!0 and salvo pre-sets. All systems interface directly with Wheatstone consoles for seamlesssource selection and display.

THE BRIDGEDIGITAL AUDIO

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-of oyr,,,p1 2002 Lv When!stc',n,T, (:oroorclt,on tech,cInr, r,G1

- americanradiohistory.com · attendance was higher than it was last year. in reality, the show...

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