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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Instructor nameClass Title, Term/Semester, YearInstitution
Introductory Psychology Concepts
Perception
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PerceptionSensation
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
1. Stimulus isreceived bysensory receptors.
PerceptionGiving Meaning to Sensation. The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli by the sense organs and brain.
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.3
PerceptionSensation
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
1. Stimulus isreceived bysensory receptors.
2. Receptors translate stimulus properties into nerve impulses (transduction).
PerceptionGiving Meaning to Sensation. The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli by the sense organs and brain.
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.4
PerceptionSensation
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
2. Receptors translate stimulus properties into nerve impulses (transduction).
3. Feature detectors analyze stimulus features.
1. Stimulus isreceived bysensory receptors.
PerceptionGiving Meaning to Sensation. The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli by the sense organs and brain.
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.5
PerceptionSensation
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
2. Receptors translate stimulus properties into nerve impulses (transduction).
3. Feature detectors analyze stimulus features.
4. Stimulus features are reconstructed into neural representation.
1. Stimulus isreceived bysensory receptors.
PerceptionGiving Meaning to Sensation. The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli by the sense organs and brain.
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.6
PerceptionSensation
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
2. Receptors translate stimulus properties into nerve impulses (transduction).
3. Feature detectors analyze stimulus features.
4. Stimulus features are reconstructed into neural representation.
1. Stimulus isreceived bysensory receptors.
5. Neural representationis compared with previously stored information in brain.
PerceptionGiving Meaning to Sensation. The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli by the sense organs and brain.
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.7
PerceptionSensation
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
PerceptionGiving Meaning to Sensation. The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli by the sense organs and brain.
2. Receptors translate stimulus properties into nerve impulses (transduction).
3. Feature detectors analyze stimulus features.
4. Stimulus features are reconstructed into neural representation.
1. Stimulus isreceived bysensory receptors.
5. Neural representationis compared with previously stored information in brain.
6. Matching process results in recognition and interpretation of stimulus.
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One stimulus, two perceptions
This reversible figure illustrates alternating figure-ground relations. It can be seen as a vase,or as two people facing one another.
Whichever percept exists at the moment is seen as figure against background.
PerceptionGestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization: organizing the separate parts of our perceptual field into a unified and meaningful whole
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
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Each principle causes us to organize stimuli into wholes that are greater than the sums of their parts.
PerceptionGestalt Principles of Perceptual OrganizationOrganizing the separate parts of our perceptual field into a unified and meaningful whole.
Figure-ground relationshipsTendency to organize stimuli into a central or foreground figure and a background.
Gestalt perceptual lawsA series of principles that describe how we organize bits and pieces of information into meaningful wholes.Gestalt is the German term for “pattern”, “whole”, or “form”.
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
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PerceptionPerceptual Constancies: allowing us to recognize familiar stimuli under varying conditionsShape constancyAllows us to recognize people and other objects from many different angles.
Brightness constancyThe relative brightness of objects remains the same under different conditions of illumination (full sunlight and shade).
Size constancy Perception that the size of objects remains relatively constant even though images on our retina change in size with variations in distance.
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
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Patterns of light and shadow can serve as monocular depth cues.Drawing Hands, by M.C. Escher
Monocular depth cues (requiring only one eye):
Patterns of light and shadowTypically used by artists to create perceptions of depth in their pictures.
Linear perspective The perception that parallel lines converge as they recede into the distance.
InterpositionObjects closer to us may cut off part of our view of more distant objects.
PerceptionDepth Perception: translating two-dimensional information (length and width) into three-dimensional perceptions.
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
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Texture gradient The texture or grain of an object appears finer as distance increases.
ClarityWe can see nearby hills more clearly than ones that are far away.
Relative size Looking at two objects of similar size, the one that looks smaller will be judged to be farther away.
Height in the horizontal plane A ship 5 miles offshore appears to be in a higher plane and closer to the horizon than does one that is only 1 mile from shore.
PerceptionDepth Perception: Monocular depth clues (continued)
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
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Motion parallax Tells us that if we are moving, nearby objects appear to move faster in the opposite direction than do far-away ones.
Like other monocular cues, motion provides us with information we can use to make judgments about distance and therefore about depth.
PerceptionDepth Perception: Monocular depth clues (continued)
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
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7 monocular depth cues are used in this mural to create a 3-dimensional depth effect.
1 : Linear perspective
2 : Relative size
3 : Height in the horizontal plane
4, 5 : Texture and clarity
6 : Interposition
7 : Light and shadow
Mississippi River flood wall, Cape Girardeau, Missouri
PerceptionDepth Perception: Monocular depth clues (continued)
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
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View-Master slides use the principle of binocular disparity to create the perception of depth.
Binocular disparity Each eye sees a slightly different image.
Convergence Produced by feedback from the muscles that turn your eyes inward to view a close object.
PerceptionDepth Perception: Binocular depth cues (require both eyes):
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
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The power of context is shown in this figure. Note how the B and the 13 are identical.
(Source: Coren & Ward, 1989.)
PerceptionFactors Affecting Perception:Top-down processingPerception that is guided by higher-level knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations.
Top-down processing is illustrated by the importance of context in determining how we perceive objects.
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
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Concept, Expectation
Guides, analysis
Interpretation of incoming stimuli
Combination and interpretation of “whole”
Breakdown/analysis of stimuli
Detection of individual stimulus elements
BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING TOP-DOWN PROCESSING
PerceptionFactors Affecting Perception: Bottom-up processingPerception that consists of the progression of recognizing and processing information from individual components of a stimuli and moving to the perception of the whole.
Top-down and bottom-up processing occur simultaneously and interact with each other in our perception of the world around us.
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
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PerceptionVisual Illusions: compelling but incorrect perceptions.Physical stimuli that consistently produce errors in perception.
The Parthenon looks perfectly straight, with right angles at every corner.
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
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b.
PerceptionVisual Illusions: compelling but incorrect perceptions.Physical stimuli that consistently produce errors in perception.
The Parthenon looks perfectly straight, with right angles at every corner.
However, if had been built with true right angles, it would have looked as it does in figure (b).
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception
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The Parthenon looks perfectly straight, with right angles at every corner.
However, if had been built with true right angles, it would have looked as it does in figure (b).
To compensate for this illusion, the Parthenon was designed to have a slight upward curvature as shown in (c).
(Source: Coren & Ward, 1989, p.5.)
b.
PerceptionVisual Illusions: compelling but incorrect perceptions.Physical stimuli that consistently produce errors in perception.
c.
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Perception