social perception and attributions. © 2007 the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. all rights reserved. 7-2...
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Social Perception and
Attributions
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
7-2
Perception: An Information Processing Model
Competing environmental
stimuli People Events Objects
Interpretation and
categorization
Stage 1
Selective Attention/Comprehensi
on
Stage 2
Encoding and Simplification
Stage 3
Storage and
Retention
Stage 4
Retrieval and Response
MemoryJudgments
and decisions
A
B
C
D
E
F
A
C
F
C
Figure 7.1
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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StereotypesStereotype is anindividual’s set of beliefsabout the characteristics of a group of people
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Characteristics of Stereotypes• They are not always
negative • Men are ambitious• Asians are smart
• May or may not be accurate• Older workers are more
accident prone• Disabled workers cost a
lot of money to accommodate
• Women are more emotional
• Can lead to poor decisions and discrimination
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Commonly Found Perceptual Errors
HaloLeniencyCentral TendencyRecency EffectContrast Effect
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© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Pygmalion Effect• Someone’s high expectations
for another person result in high performance
Galatea Effect• An individual’s high self-
expectations lead to high performance
Golem Effect • Loss in performance due to low
leader expectations
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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A Model of the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Supervisorexpectancy
6
3Motivation
4
Performance
5 1
Leadership
Subordinateself-
expectancy
2
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Causes of Behavior
Internal factors – Personal characteristics that cause behavior (e.g., ability, effort)External factors – Environmental characteristics that cause behavior (e.g., task difficulty, good/bad luck)
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Kelley’s Attribution Model
Consensus – Involves the comparison of an individual’s behavior with that of his or her peers
Indiv
idual Perf
orm
ance
People
A B C D E
People
Indiv
idual
Perf
orm
ance
A B C D E
Low High
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Distinctiveness is determined by comparing a person’s behavior on one task with his or her behavior on other tasks.
Kelley’s Theory of Attribution
Tasks
Indiv
idual Perf
orm
ance
A B C D ETasks
Indiv
idual Perf
orm
ance
A B C D E
Low High
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Consistency is determined by judging if the individual’s performance on a given task is consistent over time.
Kelley’s Theory of Attribution
Time
Indiv
idual
Perf
orm
ance
Time
Indiv
idual
Perf
orm
ance
Low High
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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How Kelley’s Model Works
External Attribution•High consensus•High
distinctiveness•Low consistency
Internal Attribution•Low consensus•Low distinctiveness•High consistency
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Attributional Tendencies
Fundamental Attribution Bias ignoring environmental factors that affect behaviorYour poor behavior is caused by you
Self-Serving Bias taking more personal responsibility for success than failureMy poor behavior is caused by something else.