© 2011 pearson education, inc. chapter 13 urban patterns

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 13Chapter 13Urban PatternsUrban Patterns


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Where Are People Where Are People Distributed Within Distributed Within Urban Areas?Urban Areas?

Key Issue #2Key Issue #2


Where Are People Distributed Where Are People Distributed in Urban Areas?in Urban Areas?

Models of urban structureModels of urban structure Are used to explain where people live in citiesAre used to explain where people live in cities Three models, all developed in the city of ChicagoThree models, all developed in the city of Chicago

Concentric zone modelConcentric zone model Sector modelSector model Multiple nuclei modelMultiple nuclei model


Concentric Zone ModelConcentric Zone ModelConcentric zone model

Created in 1923 by E.W. Burgess; a city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings


Sector ModelSector ModelSector model

Created in 1939 by Homer Hoyt; a city develops in a series of sectors, not rings


Multiple Nuclei ModelMultiple Nuclei ModelMultiple nuclei model

Created in 1945 by C.D. Harris and E.L. Ullman; a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve.


Where Are People DistributedWhere Are People Distributedin Urban Areas?in Urban Areas?

Applying the models outside North AmericaApplying the models outside North America European cities-wealthier people cluster along a European cities-wealthier people cluster along a

sector extending out from the CBD and in the sector extending out from the CBD and in the inner rings for the city’s amenitiesinner rings for the city’s amenities

Less developed countriesLess developed countries Colonial cities-followed standardized plansColonial cities-followed standardized plans Cities since independence-focal points of Cities since independence-focal points of

change in LDCs, millions moving for workchange in LDCs, millions moving for work Squatter settlements-due to rapid # of poor Squatter settlements-due to rapid # of poor

moving to cities; temporary housing with few moving to cities; temporary housing with few servicesservices Also known as Also known as barrios, barriadas, favelasbarrios, barriadas, favelas


Income Distribution in the Paris Income Distribution in the Paris RegionRegion

Figure 13-10


Model of a Latin Model of a Latin American CityAmerican City

Figure 13-14


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Why Do Inner Why Do Inner Cities Have Cities Have Distinctive Distinctive Problems?Problems?



Why Do Inner Cities Face Why Do Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges?Distinctive Challenges? Inner-city physical issuesInner-city physical issues

Most significant = deteriorating housingMost significant = deteriorating housing Filtering-subdivision of housing for low income rentals Filtering-subdivision of housing for low income rentals Redlining-banks literally draw lines on a map to identify areas in Redlining-banks literally draw lines on a map to identify areas in

which they refuse to loan moneywhich they refuse to loan money Urban renewal-cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, Urban renewal-cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods,

acquire properties, relocate the resident or business, clear the acquire properties, relocate the resident or business, clear the site, build roads, utilities, etc., and sell the land to private or site, build roads, utilities, etc., and sell the land to private or public developers/agenciespublic developers/agencies

Public housing-for low income households, accounts for a high Public housing-for low income households, accounts for a high percentage of housing in inner cities, but not in the US as a percentage of housing in inner cities, but not in the US as a wholewhole

Renovated housingRenovated housing Gentrification-middle-class people move into deteriorated inner city Gentrification-middle-class people move into deteriorated inner city

neighborhoods and renovate the housingneighborhoods and renovate the housing


Racial Change in ChicagoRacial Change in Chicago

Figure 13-16


Why Do Inner Cities Face Why Do Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges?Distinctive Challenges?

Inner-city social issuesInner-city social issues The underclassThe underclass

An unending cycle of social and economic issuesAn unending cycle of social and economic issues HomelessnessHomelessness

Culture of povertyCulture of poverty CrimeCrime Ethnic and racial segregationEthnic and racial segregation

De jureDe jure segregation-based on law (ex. Apartheid, Jim Crow segregation-based on law (ex. Apartheid, Jim Crow laws)laws)

De factoDe facto segregation-based on custom (ex. Little Italy, segregation-based on custom (ex. Little Italy, Chinatown)Chinatown)


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Why Do Suburbs Why Do Suburbs Have Distinctive Have Distinctive Problems?Problems?



Why Do Suburbs Face Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges?Distinctive Challenges?

Peripheral model-developed by Chauncey Harris Peripheral model-developed by Chauncey Harris (creator of the multiple nuclei model)(creator of the multiple nuclei model) An urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by a An urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by a

large suburban and business areas tied together by a large suburban and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring roadbeltway or ring road

Edge citiesEdge cities -nodes of consumer and business -nodes of consumer and business services around the beltwayservices around the beltway

Density gradient-the number of houses per unit of land Density gradient-the number of houses per unit of land decreases as distance from the city center increasesdecreases as distance from the city center increases

Cost of suburban sprawl-progressive spread of Cost of suburban sprawl-progressive spread of development over the landscapedevelopment over the landscape


Peripheral Model of Peripheral Model of Urban AreasUrban Areas

Fig. 13-19: The central city is surrounded by a ring road, around which are suburban areas and edge cities, shopping malls, office parks, industrial areas, and service complexes.


Density GradientDensity Gradient

© 2011 pearson education, inc. chapter 13 urban patterns

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