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Chapter 13: Urban Patterns

The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

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Why Do Services Cluster Downtown?

• CBD land uses– Central business districts (CBDs)– Retail services in the CBD

• Retailers with a high threshold• Retailers with a high range• Retailers serving downtown workers

– Business services in the CBD

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CBD of Charlotte, NC

Figure 13-1

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Why Do Services Cluster Downtown?

• Competition for land in the CBD– High land costs

• Some of the most expensive real estate in the world = Tokyo

• Intensive land use– Underground areas

• Skyscrapers – “Vertical geography”

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Why Do Services Cluster Downtown?

• Activities excluded from the CBD– Lack of industry in the CBD

• Modern factories require large, one-story parcels of land

– Lack of residents in the CBD• Push and pull factors involved

• CBDs outside North America– Less dominated by commercial

considerations.

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Where Are People Distributed in Urban Areas?

• Models of urban structure– Are used to explain where people live in

cities– Three models, all developed in the city of

Chicago• Concentric zone model• Sector model• Multiple nuclei model

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The World in 1600 Major Kingdoms and Countries

Complete 47 a – 47 D

How can the world affect each other?

Relocation Diffusion Models of internal city structures, transportation

Population, pollution,

Trade, Tariffs

Site Factors: Labor, Land , Resources CBs

Make a T chart

Positive and Negative effects of World Trade

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Concentric Zone Model

Figure 13-4

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Sector Model

Figure 13-5

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Multiple Nuclei Model

Figure 13-6

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Where Are People Distributedin Urban Areas?

• Geographic application of the models– Models can be used to show where

different social groups live in the cities• Census tracts• Social area analysis

– Criticism of the models• Models may be too simple• Models may be outdated

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Where Are People Distributedin Urban Areas?

• Applying the models outside North America– European cities– Less developed countries

• Colonial cities• Cities since independence• Squatter settlements

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ModelsApplication

In groups of 5

Each person choose 5 Different Models

Give a summary and example

Of the model

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Income Distribution in the Paris Region

Figure 13-10

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Model of a Latin American City

Figure 13-14

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Why Do Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges?

• Inner-city physical issues– Most significant = deteriorating housing

• Filtering • Redlining

– Urban renewal– Public housing– Renovated housing

• Gentrification

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Racial Change in Chicago

Figure 13-16

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Why Do Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges?

• Inner-city social issues– The underclass

• An unending cycle of social and economic issues

• Homelessness

– Culture of poverty

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Why Do Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges?

• Inner-city economic issues– Eroding tax base

• Cities can either reduce services or raise taxes

– Impact of the recession• Housing market collapse

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Foreclosures in Baltimore

Figure 13-18

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Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges?

• Urban expansion– Annexation– Defining urban settlements

• The city• Urbanized areas• Metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs)

– Metropolitan divisions– Micropolitan statistical areas

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Annexation in Chicago

Figure 13-19

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City, Urbanized Area, and MSA of St. Louis

Figure 13-20

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Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges?

• Urban expansion– Local government fragmentation

• Council of government• Consolidations of city and county governments• Federations

– Overlapping metropolitan areas

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Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges?

• Peripheral model– Edge cities– Density gradient– Cost of suburban sprawl

• Suburban segregation– Residential segregation– Suburbanization of businesses

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Density Gradient

Figure 13-23

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Suburban Stress

Figure 13-25

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Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges?

• Transportation and suburbanization– Motor vehicles

• More than 95 percent of all trips = made by car

– Public transit• Advantages of public transit

– Transit travelers take up less space– Cheaper, less pollutant, and more energy efficient than an automobile– Suited to rapidly transport large number of people to small area

• Public transit in the United States– Used primarily for rush-hour community for workers into and out of CBD– Small cities-minimal use– Most Americans prefer to commute by automobile

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Subway and Tram Lines in Brussels, Belgium

Figure 13-28

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The End.

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