chapter 2 © 2004 pearson education, inc. patterns of crime © 2004 pearson education, inc
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 2
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Patterns of Crime
© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
History of Crime Statistics
published first official crime statistics © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
France (1825) & England (1828)
André Michel Guerry calculated per capita crime rates throughout various French provinces
History of Crime Statistics
Early 1800sEarly 1800s
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Adolphe Quételet assessed the degree to which crime rates vary with climate, sex, and age
History of Crime Statistics
18351835
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Crime Statistics Today
United StatesUnited States
• Bureau of Justice Statistics
• Federal Bureau of Investigation
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Federal Bureau of InvestigationFederal Bureau of Investigation
• UCR
• NIBRS
Crime Statistics Today
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Uniform Crime Reports
• Begun in 1929
• 1930 – FBI authorized to serve as a national clearinghouse on crime statistics
• Part I and Part II offenses© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Part I offense categoriesPart I offense categories
•Violent personal crimes
•Property crimes
Uniform Crime Reports
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UCR – Violent Crimes
• Murder
• Forcible rape
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• Aggravated
assault
UCR – Violent Crimes
• Robbery
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UCR – Property Crimes
• Burglary
• Motor vehicle theft
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UCR – Property Crimes
• Larceny
• Arson*
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* May be a violent crime if it causes a death
ProblemsProblems
• A reporting program
• Unreported and Underreported crimes
• True rates of crime are Underestimated
Uniform Crime Reports
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NIBRS
• Incident driven
• Gathers detailed information from a single incident
Report
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Group A – 46 specific crimes
Group B – 11 crimes (arrest only)
NIBRS
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• 1997 – Hate crime data reports added
Hate crimesHate crimes
• Also called bias crimes
Uniform Crime Reports
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Bureau of Justice StatisticsBureau of Justice Statistics
National
Crime
Victimization
Survey
Crime Statistics Today
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National Crime Victimization Survey
• Data collection began in 1972
• Information elicited through interviews of randomly selected U.S. households
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Patterns of Change
Since initiation of crime data collection (about 1930) three major shifts in crime rates have occurred
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• 1940s – Crime rates decreased as the crime-prone age group left to fight World War II.
• 1960s – Crime rates increasedas “baby boomers” entered the crime-prone age group.
Patterns of Change
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Patterns of Change
1960s-1980s – Crime rates increased due to “normless” quality of American society.
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• 1990s – Crime rates decreased as baby boomer generation aged-out of the crime-prone age group.
Patterns of Change
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Unreported Crime
Crimes that are not discovered (sometimes known as “the dark figure of crime”)
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Unreported Crime
Data are gathered on this aspect of crime by self-report studies
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Social Dimensions of Crime
• Age and Crime
• Gender and Crime
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Social Dimensions of Crime
• Ethnicity and Crime
• Social Class and Crime
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Costs of Crime
Victimizations generate $105 billion annually in property and productivity losses…
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Costs of Crime
…and outlays for medical expenses
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Costs of Crime In dollar terms, pain, long- term emotional trauma, disability, and risk of death increase annual costs to
$450 billion © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.