© 2005 pearson education inc., publishing as longman publishers chapter 4: organizational patterns...

© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

Chapter 4: Organizational Patterns

Only those who dare to fail miserably can achieve greatly.

(R. Kennedy)

© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman

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In this chapter you will learn how to:

Identify patterns of organization: Definition Classification Order or Sequence Cause and Effect Comparison and Contrast Listing/Enumeration


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Patterns

Patterns help you anticipate the author’s thought development and thus focus your reading.

Patterns help you remember and recall what you read.

Patterns are useful in your writing; they help you organize and express your ideas in a more coherent, comprehensible form.


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Definition

Explains the meaning of a word or phrase.Transitions:Deficit is another term that…Genetics is…Aggression can be defined as…Balance of power also means...


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Classification

Divides a topic into parts based on shared characteristics.

Transitions:There are several kinds of chemical

bonding... There are numerous types of…Reproduction can be classified as…The human skeleton is composed of...


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Order or Sequence

Describes events, processes, and procedures.– Chronology– Process– Order of Importance– Spatial Order


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Chronological Order

Refers to the sequence in which events occur in time.

Transitions:In ancient times…At the start of the battle…On September 12…The first primate species…Later efforts...


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Process

Focuses on procedures, steps, or stages by which actions are accomplished.

Transition words are similar to those used for chronological order.


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Order of Importance

Expresses order of priority or preference.

Ideas are arranged from most to least important or from least to most important.

Transitions: Is less essential than… More revealing is… Of primary interest is…

Order of Importance Example

The Supreme Court is the highest court in both the federal and state system. The Supreme Court hears a limited number of cases, which generally involve important questions about the Constitution or federal law.

The next level down from the Supreme Court is the 12 Regional Circuits (and 1 for the federal Circuit) in the U.S. Massachusetts is


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p. 2

in the First Circuit, along with Rhode Island, Maine, New Hampshire and Puerto Rico.

Below the Regional Circuit are the magistrate judges, who are appointed by the district court for eight-year terms. Their role is to conduct most of the initial proceedings in criminal cases; conduct some trials; and prepare the district court judges' cases for trials.

© 2005 Pearson Education Inc.,

publishing as Longman Publishers


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Spatial Order

Information is organized according to its physical location, or position or order in space.

Transitions:the left side of the brain…the lower portion…the outer covering…beneath the surface…

U-Review

1. Definition

2. Classification

3. Time Order (chronological order)

4. Process

5. Order of Importance

6. Space Order (spatial)


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Cause and Effect

Describes how one or more things cause or are related to another.

Transitions:Stress causes…Aggression creates…Depression leads to…Avoidance results in…Life changes produce...


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Comparison and Contrast

Discusses similarities and/or differences among ideas, theories, concepts, objects, or persons.

Transitions: Frost differs from… Unlike Whitman, Frost… Frost is as powerful as… Both Frost and Whitman...


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Listing/Enumeration

Organized lists of information, parts, characteristics, features, or categories.

Transitions:One aspect of relativity…A second feature of relativity…There are several characteristics of

relativity: (1)…(2)…, and (3)…


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Mixed Patterns

Organizational patterns are often combined.

Example: Psychogenic amnesia—a severe and often permanent memory loss—results in disorientation and the inability to draw on past experiences. (cause and effect/definition)


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Statement & Clarification

Indicates that information explaining an idea or concept will follow.

Transitions:

in fact, in other words, clearly, evidently, obviously


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Summary

Indicates that a condensed review of an idea or piece of writing is to follow.

Transitions:

in summary, in conclusion, in brief, to summarize, to sum up, in short, on the whole


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Generalization and Example

Provides examples that clarify a broad, general statement.

Transitions:

for example, for instance, that is,

to illustrate, thus


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Addition

Indicates that additional information will follow.

Transitions:

furthermore, additionally, also, besides, further, in addition, moreover, again

Illustration (Example

Gives specific examples of a term or concept.

Groupthink has occurred in military decisions; for example, during the Cuban Missile Crisis, no one on the President’s council expressed an attitude that Cuba should not be invaded.


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Illustration/ Example

Transitions:To illustrateFor exampleSuch asincluding


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U-Review

Cause & EffectCompare & ContrastListingStatement & ClarificationSummaryGeneralization & ExampleAddition


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© 2005 pearson education inc., publishing as longman publishers chapter 4: organizational patterns...

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federal circuit

important questions

patterns of organization

sequencedescribes events