zigbee reminder system for mobile data transfer in airport

ZIGBEE REMINDER SYSTEM FOR MOBILE DATA TRANSFER IN AIRPORT

VIVA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY -1

Chapter 1 Introduction


VIVA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Page 1-2

1.1 IMPORTANCE OF PROJECT:-

Nowadays in airport use a fully wired system so here the cost of system is increased

due to using a wire or cable because of that the system complexity is also increased

and here have a fear of leaked a data which we have transmitted or received. The

security is not maintained here and this is the main purpose of our project, so that we

can overcome this drawback of current system using Zigbee wireless technology.

Our second main goal of the project is to decrease the processing time for passport

verification and increase the efficiency of airport management system and utilization

of time of passenger for better performance. Network in this paper the organization of

the paper is as follows. At first, the objectives, main concepts and the tools used are

mentioned. Then the system design is explained using flowcharts and later simulation

results are given along with the problems faced. Next, hardware implementation is

dealt with. Lastly, further developments are mentioned.

1.2 OBJECTIVES:-

1.2.1. Wireless

The wireless system refers to the communication which includes the data transmitter

and receiver by which we are sending information and receiving, the burden,

complexity and drawbacks of current wired system we are going to reduce

1.2.2. Security

We are designing the wireless system for maintaining security of prohibited areas

such as airports. Designing independent wireless system for the communication in

prohibited areas like airport by using the ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY to maintain

security and privacy in these areas,

1.2.3. Low Cost

By using zigbee transceivers for wireless communication in airports we reduce the

cost of wires and other related hardware used to connect these wires.

1.2.4. Reduce processing time

It reduces the time required to process or verification at every counter on the airport

there by increasing the efficiency.



1.3 MAIN CONCEPT:-

The objectives of the system will be achieved by employing the following concepts.

1.3.1. Data command center

The device basically a central server managed by the government which issues

the passport’s to the peoples having all the information of passports. This command

centre managed in airport by the official who verifies the passports and gives pass

codes to the passengers for verification purpose which is used at every counter for

verification. This have zigbee module for wireless communication.

1.3.2. Mobile verification device

The code for verification is input at this device by using the keyboard which is

transmitted through the zigbee to data command center which verifies the code and

displays verification status on LCD display.

1.3.3. Software program

The pass code received by the receiver is verified by this program using the central

data base. This program is written in the C language.

1.3.4. Buzzer

When passport is verified using the pass-code provided by the passenger and if that is

wrong then at mobile device side the buzzer buzzes to tell the security officer that

something is wrong happening at particular gate . This maintains the security of the

airport which is frequently under threat now a day.



1.4ORAGANIZATION OF DESSERTION OF REPORT:-

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION

It consists of the basic introduction about our deviceZigbee reminder system for mobile

data transfer in airport.

Chapter 2: LITERATURE SURVEY

It consists of Literature Survey of components and justify why we are choosing the selected

components.

Chapter 3: RELATED THEORY

It consists of Related Theory and basic description about the components we are using for

this device.

Chapter 4: DESIGN METHODOLOGY

In this chapter we are describing various software(Embedded C and BASCOM) and hardware

(components, circuit diagram and flowchart) methods and how we implemented the device.

Chapter 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The result obtained by implementing the device is mentioned in this chapter along with some

snapshots of our device.

Chapter 6: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

This chapter concludes our project and how the device is compatible with the existing

circuitry and what future implementations can be made in the device.

Chapter 7: REFERENCES

References from where we got the project ideas and the information about the components.



Chapter 2 Literature Survey



2.1 INTRODUCTION:-

ZigBee is a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols used to create

personal area networks built from small, low-power digital radios. ZigBee is based on an

IEEE 802.15 standard. Though low-powered, ZigBee devices can transmit data over long

distances by passing data through intermediate devices to reach more distant ones,

creating a mesh network; i.e., a network with no centralized control or high-power

transmitter/receiver able to reach all of the networked devices. The decentralized nature

of such wireless ad hoc networks makes them suitable for applications where a central

node can't be relied upon.

ZigBee is used in applications that require only a low data rate, long battery life, and

secure networking. ZigBee has a defined rate of 250 Kbit/s, best suited for periodic or

intermittent data or a single signal transmission from a sensor or input device.

Applications include wireless light switches, electrical meters with in-home-displays,

traffic management systems, and other consumer and industrial equipment that requires

short-range wireless transfer of data at relatively low rates. The technology defined by

the ZigBee specification is intended to be simpler and less expensive than other WPANs,

such as Bluetooth or Wi-Fi.

ZigBee networks are secured by 128 bit symmetric encryption keys. In home automation

applications, transmission distances range from 10 to 100 meters line-of-sight, depending

on power output and environmental characteristics.

2.2 OVERVIEW:-

ZigBee is a low-cost, low-power, wireless mesh network standard. The low cost allows

the technology to be widely deployed in wireless control and monitoring applications.

Low power usage allows longer life with smaller batteries. Mesh networking provides

high reliability and more extensive range. ZigBee chip vendors typically sell integrated

radios and microcontrollers with between 60 KB and 256 KB flash memory.

ZigBee operates in the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands: 868 MHz in

Europe, 915 MHz in the USA and Australia and 2.4 GHz in most jurisdictions

worldwide. Data transmission rates vary from 20 kilobits/second in the 868 MHz

frequency band to 250 kilobits/second in the 2.4 GHz frequency band.

The ZigBee network layer natively supports both star and tree typical networks, and

generic mesh networks. Every network must have one coordinator device, tasked with its

creation, the control of its parameters and basic maintenance. Within star networks, the

coordinator must be the central node. Both trees and meshes allow the use of

ZigBeerouters to extend communication at the network level.



ZigBee builds upon the physical layer and media access control defined in IEEE standard

802.15.4 (2003 version) for low-rate WPANs. The specification goes on to complete the

standard by adding four main components: network layer, application layer, ZigBee

device objects (ZDOs) and manufacturer-defined application objects which allow for

customization and favor total integration.

Besides adding two high-level network layers to the underlying structure, the most

significant improvement is the introduction of ZDOs. These are responsible for a number

of tasks, which include keeping of device roles, management of requests to join a

network, device discovery and security.

ZigBee is not intended to support powerline networking but to interface with it at least

for smart metering and smart appliance purposes. Because ZigBee nodes can go from

sleep to active mode in 30 ms or less, the latency can be low and devices can be

responsive, particularly compared to Bluetooth wake-up delays, which are typically

around three seconds. Because ZigBee nodes can sleep most of the time, average power

consumption can be low, resulting in long battery life.

The current list of application profiles either published, or in development are:

Released specifications

o ZigBee Home Automation 1.2

o ZigBee Smart Energy 1.1b

o ZigBee Telecommunication Services 1.0

o ZigBee Health Care 1.0

o ZigBee RF4CE – Remote Control 1.0

o ZigBee RF4CE – Input Device 1.0

o ZigBee Light Link 1.0

o ZigBee IP 1.0

o ZigBee Building Automation 1.0

o ZigBee Gateway 1.0

o ZigBee Green Power 1.0 as optional feature of ZigBee 2012

Specifications under development

o ZigBee Smart Energy 2.0

o ZigBee Retail Services

o ZigBee Smart Energy 1.2/1.3

o ZigBee Light Link 1.1

o ZigBee Home Automation 1.3

2.3 RADIO HARDWARE

The radio design used by ZigBee has been carefully optimized for low cost in large scale

production. It has few analog stages and uses digital circuits wherever possible.



Though the radios themselves are inexpensive, the ZigBee Qualification Process

involves a full validation of the requirements of the physical layer. All radios derived

from the same validated semiconductor mask set would enjoy the same RF

characteristics. An uncertified physical layer that malfunctions could cripple the battery

lifespan of other devices on a ZigBee network. ZigBee radios have very tight constraints

on power and bandwidth. Thus, radios are tested with guidance given by Clause 6 of the

802.15.4-2006 Standard. Most vendors plan to integrate the radio and microcontroller

onto a single chip getting smaller devices.

This standard specifies operation in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz (worldwide), 915 MHz

(Americas and Australia) and 868 MHz (Europe) ISM bands. Sixteen channels are

allocated in the 2.4 GHz band, with each channel requiring 5 MHz of bandwidth. The

radios use direct-sequence spread spectrum coding, which is managed by the digital

stream into the modulator. Binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) is used in the 868 and

915 MHz bands, and offset quadrature phase-shift keying (OQPSK) that transmits two

bits per symbol is used in the 2.4 GHz band.

The raw, over-the-air data rate is 250 Kbit/s per channel in the 2.4 GHz band, 40 Kbit/s

per channel in the 915 MHz band, and 20 Kbit/s in the 868 MHz band. The actual data

throughput will be less than the maximum specified bit rate due to the packet overhead

and processing delays. For indoor applications at 2.4 GHz transmission distance may be

10–20 m, depending on the construction materials, the number of walls to be penetrated

and the output power permitted in that geographical location.Outdoors with line-of-sight,

range may be up to 1500 m depending on power output and environmental

characteristics. The output power of the radios is generally 0-20 dBm (1-100 mW).

2.4 DEVICES TYPE AND OPERATING MODE

ZigBee devices are of three types:

ZigBee Coordinator (ZC): The most capable device, the Coordinator forms the root of

the network tree and might bridge to other networks. There is exactly one ZigBee

Coordinator in each network since it is the device that started the network originally

(the ZigBeeLight Link specification also allows operation without a ZigBee

Coordinator, making it more usable for over-the-shelf home products). It stores

information about the network, including acting as the Trust Center& repository for

security keys.

ZigBee Router (ZR): As well as running an application function, a Router can act as

an intermediate router, passing on data from other devices.

ZigBee End Device (ZED): Contains just enough functionality to talk to the parent

node (either the Coordinator or a Router); it cannot relay data from other devices.

This relationship allows the node to be asleep a significant amount of the time thereby

giving long battery life. A ZED requires the least amount of memory, and therefore

can be less expensive to manufacture than a ZR or ZC.



The current ZigBee protocols support beacon and non-beacon enabled networks. In non-

beacon-enabled networks, an unslotted CSMA/CA channel access mechanism is used. In

this type of network, ZigBee Routers typically have their receivers continuously active,

requiring a more robust power supply. However, this allows for heterogeneous networks

in which some devices receive continuously, while others only transmit when an external

stimulus is detected. The typical example of a heterogeneous network is a wireless light

switch: The ZigBee node at the lamp may receive constantly, since it is connected to the

mains supply, while a battery-powered light switch would remain asleep until the switch

is thrown. The switch then wakes up, sends a command to the lamp, receives an

acknowledgment, and returns to sleep. In such a network the lamp node will be at least a

ZigBee Router, if not the ZigBee Coordinator; the switch node is typically a ZigBee End

Device.

In beacon-enabled networks, the special network nodes called ZigBee Routers transmit

periodic beacons to confirm their presence to other network nodes. Nodes may sleep

between beacons, thus lowering their duty cycle and extending their battery life. Beacon

intervals depend on data rate; they may range from 15.36 milliseconds to 251.65824

seconds at 250 Kbit/s, from 24 milliseconds to 393.216 seconds at 40 Kbit/s and from 48

milliseconds to 786.432 seconds at 20 Kbit/s. However, low duty cycle operation with

long beacon intervals requires precise timing, which can conflict with the need for low

product cost.

In general, the ZigBee protocols minimize the time the radio is on, so as to reduce power

use. In beaconing networks, nodes only need to be active while a beacon is being

transmitted. In non-beacon-enabled networks, power consumption is decidedly

asymmetrical: some devices are always active, while others spend most of their time

sleeping.

Except for the Smart Energy Profile 2.0, ZigBee devices are required to conform to the

IEEE 802.15.4-2003 Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Network (LR-WPAN) standard.

The standard specifies the lower protocol layers—the physical layer (PHY), and the

media access control portion of the data link layer (DLL). The basic channel access

mode is "carrier sense, multiple access/collision avoidance" (CSMA/CA). That is, the

nodes talk in the same way that human’s converse; they briefly check to see that no one

is talking before they start, with three notable exceptions. Beacons are sent on a fixed

timing schedule and do not use CSMA. Message acknowledgments also do not use

CSMA. Finally, devices in beacon-enabled networks that have low latency real-time

requirements may also use Guaranteed Time Slots (GTS), which by definition do not use

CSMA.



2.5 SOFTWARE

2.5.1 Network layer

The main functions of the network layer are to enable the correct use of the MAC

sublayer and provide a suitable interface for use by the next upper layer, namely the

application layer. Its capabilities and structure are those typically associated to such

network layers, including routing.

On the one hand, the data entity creates and manages network layer data units from the

payload of the application layer and performs routing according to the current topology.

On the other hand, there is the layer control, which is used to handle configuration of

new devices and establish new networks: it can determine whether a neighboring device

belongs to the network and discovers new neighbors and routers. The control can also

detect the presence of a receiver, which allows direct communication and MAC

synchronization.

The routing protocol used by the network layer is AODV. In order to find the destination

device, it broadcasts out a route request to all of its neighbors. The neighbors then

broadcast the request to their neighbors, etc. until the destination is reached. Once the

destination is reached, it sends its route reply via unicast transmission following the

lowest cost path back to the source. Once the source receives the reply, it will update its

routing table for the destination address with the next hop in the path and the path cost.

2.5.2 Application layer

The application layer is the highest-level layer defined by the specification, and is the

effective interface of the ZigBee system to its end users. It comprises the majority of

components added by the ZigBee specification: both ZDO and its management

procedures, together with application objects defined by the manufacturer, are

considered part of this layer.

2.6 Main components

The ZDO,(ZigBee Device Object (ZDO), a protocol in the ZigBee protocol stack, is

responsible for overall device management, and security keys and policies), is

responsible for defining the role of a device as either coordinator or end device, as

mentioned above, but also for the discovery of new (one-hop) devices on the network

and the identification of their offered services. It may then go on to establish secure links

with external devices and reply to binding requests accordingly.

The application support sublayer (APS) is the other main standard component of the

layer, and as such it offers a well-defined interface and control services. It works as a

bridge between the network layer and the other components of the application layer: it

keeps up-to-date binding tables in the form of a database, which can be used to find



appropriate devices depending on the services that are needed and those the different

devices offer. As the union between both specified layers, it also routes messages across

the layers of the protocol stack..

An application may consist of communicating objects which cooperate to carry out

thedesired tasks. The focus of ZigBee is to distribute work among many different devices

which reside within individual ZigBee nodes which in turn form a network (said work

will typically be largely local to each device, for instance the control of each individual

household appliance).

The collection of objects that form the network communicate using the facilities

provided by APS, supervised by ZDO interfaces. The application layer data service

follows a typical request-confirm/indication-response structure. Within a single device,

up to 240 application objects can exist, numbered in the range 1-240. 0 is reserved for

the ZDO data interface and 255 for broadcast; the 241-254 range is not currently in use

but may be in the future.

Two services are available for application objects to use (in ZigBee 1.0):

The key-value pair service (KVP) is meant for configuration purposes. It enables

description, request and modification of object attributes through a simple interface

based on get/set and event primitives, some allowing a request for response.

Configuration uses compressed XML (full XML can be used) to provide an adaptable

and elegant solution.

The message service is designed to offer a general approach to information treatment,

avoiding the necessity to adapt application protocols and potential overhead incurred

on by KVP. It allows arbitrary payloads to be transmitted over APS frames.

Addressing is also part of the application layer. A network node consists of an 802.15.4-

conformant radio transceiver and one or more device descriptions (basically collections

of attributes which can be polled or set, or which can be monitored through events). The

transceiver is the base for addressing, and devices within a node are specified by an

endpoint identifier in the range 1-240.

2.7 Communication and device discovery

In order for applications to communicate, their comprising devices must use a common

application protocol (types of messages, formats and so on); these sets of conventions are

grouped in profiles. Furthermore, binding is decided upon by matching input and output

cluster identifiers, unique within the context of a given profile and associated to an

incoming or outgoing data flow in a device. Binding tables contain source and

destination pairs.

Depending on the available information, device discovery may follow different methods.

When the network address is known, the IEEE address can be requested using unicast



communication. When it is not, petitions are broadcast (the IEEE address being part of

the response payload). End devices will simply respond with the requested address,

while a network coordinator or a router will also send the addresses of all the devices

associated with it.

This extended discovery protocol permits external devices to find out about devices in a

network and the services that they offer, which endpoints can report when queried by the

discovering device (which has previously obtained their addresses). Matching services

can also be used.

The use of cluster identifiers enforces the binding of complementary entities by means of

the binding tables, which are maintained by ZigBee coordinators, as the table must be

always available within a network and coordinators are most likely to have a permanent

power supply. Backups, managed by higher-level layers, may be needed by some

applications. Binding requires an established communication link; after it exists, whether

to add a new node to the network is decided, according to the application and security

policies.

Communication can happen right after the association. Direct addressing uses both radio

address and endpoint identifier, whereas indirect addressing uses every relevant field

(address, endpoint, cluster and attribute) and requires that they be sent to the network

coordinator, which maintains associations and translates requests for communication.

Indirect addresing is particularly useful to keep some devices very simple and minimize

their need for storage. Besides these two methods, broadcast to all endpoints in a device

is available, and group addressing is used to communicate with groups of endpoints

belonging to a set of devices.

2.8 Security services

As one of its defining features, ZigBee provides facilities for carrying out secure

communications, protecting establishment and transport of cryptographic keys,

cyphering frames and controlling devices. It builds on the basic security framework

defined in IEEE 802.15.4. This part of the architecture relies on the correct management

of symmetric keys and the correct implementation of methods and security policies.

2.8.1 Basic security model

The basic mechanism to ensure confidentiality is the adequate protection of all keying

material. Trust must be assumed in the initial installation of the keys, as well as in the

processing of security information. In order for an implementation to globally work, its

general conformance to specified behaviors is assumed.

Keys are the cornerstone of the security architecture; as such their protection is of

paramount importance, and keys are never supposed to be transported through an

insecure channel. A momentary exception to this rule occurs during the initial phase of



the addition to the network of a previously unconfigured device. The ZigBee network

model must take particular care of security considerations, as ad hoc networks may be

physically accessible to external devices and the particular working environment cannot

be foretold; likewise, different applications running concurrently and using the same

transceiver to communicate are supposed to be mutually trustworthy: for cost reasons the

model does not assume a firewall exists between application-level entities.

Within the protocol stack, different network layers are not cryptographically separated,

so access policies are needed and correct design assumed. The open trust model within a

device allows for key sharing, which notably decreases potential cost. Nevertheless, the

layer which creates a frame is responsible for its security. If malicious devices may exist,

every network layer payload must be ciphered, so unauthorized traffic can be

immediately cut off. The exception, again, is the transmission of the network key, which

confers a unified security layer to the network, to a new connecting device.

2.8.2 Security architecture

ZigBee uses 128-bit keys to implement its security mechanisms. A key can be associated

either to a network, being usable by both ZigBee layers and the MAC sublayer, or to a

link, acquired through pre-installation, agreement or transport. Establishment of link

keys is based on a master key which controls link key correspondence. Ultimately, at

least the initial master key must be obtained through a secure medium (transport or pre-

installation), as the security of the whole network depends on it. Link and master keys

are only visible to the application layer. Different services use different one-way

variations of the link key in order to avoid leaks and security risks.

Key distribution is one of the most important security functions of the network. A secure

network will designate one special device which other devices trust for the distribution of

security keys: the trust center. Ideally, devices will have the trust center address and

initial master key preloaded; if a momentary vulnerability is allowed, it will be sent as

described above. Typical applications without special security needs will use a network

key provided by the trust center (through the initially insecure channel) to communicate.

Thus, the trust center maintains both the network key and provides point-to-point

security. Devices will only accept communications originating from a key provided by

the trust center, except for the initial master key. The security architecture is distributed

among the network layers as follows:

The MAC sublayer is capable of single-hop reliable communications. As a rule, the

security level it is to use is specified by the upper layers.

The network layer manages routing, processing received messages and being capable

of broadcasting requests. Outgoing frames will use the adequate link key according to

the routing, if it is available; otherwise, the network key will be used to protect the

payload from external devices.



The application layer offers key establishment and transport services to both ZDO and

applications. It is also responsible for the propagation across the network of changes

in devices within it, which may originate in the devices themselves (for instance, a

simple status change) or in the trust manager (which may inform the network that a

certain device is to be eliminated from it). It also routes requests from devices to the

trust center and network key renewals from the trust center to all devices. Besides

this, the ZDO maintains the security policies of the device.

The security levels infrastructure is based on CCM*, which adds encryption- and

integrity-only features to CCM.

2.9 Simulation of ZigBee networks

Network simulators, like NS2, OPNET, and NetSim can be used to simulate IEEE

802.15.4 ZigBee networks.

These simulators come with open source C or C++ libraries for users to modify. These

way users can check out the validity of new algorithms prior to hardware

implementation.



Chapter 3 Related Theory



3.1 ZIGBEE:-

ZigBee is a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols using

small, low-power digital radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4-2003 standard for Low-

Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs), such as wireless light switches

with lamps, electrical meters with in-home-displays, consumer electronics equipment

via short-range radio. The technology defined by the ZigBee specification is intended

to be simpler and less expensive than other WPANs, such as Bluetooth. ZigBee is

targeted at radio-frequency (RF) applications that require a low data rate, long battery

life, and secure networking

3.1.1 ZIGBEE 2.4 GHz kit:-

.

In order for applications to communicate, their comprising devices must use a

common application protocol (types of messages, formats and so on); these sets of

conventions are grouped in profiles. Furthermore, binding is decided upon by

matching input and output cluster identifiers, unique within the context of a given

profile and associated to an incoming or outgoing data flow in a device. Binding

tables contain source and destination pairs.

Depending on the available information, device discovery may follow different

methods. When the network address is known, the IEEE address can be requested

using unicast communication. When it is not, petitions are broadcast (the IEEE

address being part of the response payload). End devices will simply respond with the

requested address, while a network coordinator or a router will also send the addresses

of all the devices associated with it.

This extended discovery protocol permits external devices to find out about devices in

a network and the services that they offer, which endpoints can report when queried

by the discovering device (which has previously obtained their addresses). Matching

services can also be used.

3.1 ZigBee 2.4Ghz kit

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specification_(technical_standard)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_radio

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4-2003

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Low-Rate_Wireless_Personal_Area_Network&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Low-Rate_Wireless_Personal_Area_Network&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZigBee_specification

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_area_network#Wireless_PAN

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequency

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast



The use of cluster identifiers enforces the binding of complementary entities by means

of the binding tables, which are maintained by ZigBee coordinators, as the table must

be always available within a network and coordinators are most likely to have a

permanent power supply. Backups, managed by higher-level layers, may be needed

by some applications. Binding requires an established communication link; after it

exists, whether to add a new node to the network is decided, according to the

application and security policies.

Communication can happen right after the association. Direct addressing uses both

radio address and endpoint identifier, whereas indirect addressing uses every relevant

field (address, endpoint, cluster and attribute) and requires that they be sent to the

network coordinator, which maintains associations and translates requests for

communication. Indirect addressing is particularly useful to keep some devices very

simple and minimize their need for storage. Besides these two methods, broadcast to

all endpoints in a device is available, and group addressing is used to communicate

with groups of endpoints belonging to a set of devices.

3.1.2 MAX 232:

Figure 3.2 max232

Since the RS232 is not compatible with today’s microprocessors and

microcontrollers, we need a line drive (voltage convertor) to convert the RS232’s

signals to the TTL voltage levels that will be acceptable to the 8051’s TxD and RxD

pins. The MAX232 converts from RS232 voltage levels to TTL voltage levels, and

vice versa. One advantage of the MAX232 chip is that it uses a +5 V power source

which is the same as the source voltage for the 8051. In other words, with a single +5

V power supply we can power both the 8051 and MAX232, with no need for the dual

power supplies that are common in many older systems.

RS-232 is simple, universal, well understood and supportive. The serial port

transmits a '1' as -3 to -25 volts and a '0' as +3 to +25 volts. Devices which use serial

cables for their communication are split into two categories. These are DCE (Data

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Direct_addressing&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_addressing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicast



Communications Equipment) and DTE (Data Terminal Equipment.) Data

Communications Equipment is devices such as the modem, TA adapter, plotter etc

while Data Terminal Equipment is your Computer or Terminal.

Advantages:

Serial Cables can be longer than Parallel cables. The serial port transmits a '1' as -3 to

-25 volts and a '0' as +3 to +25 volts where as a parallel port transmits a '0' as 0v and a

'1' as 5v. Therefore the serial port can have a maximum swing of 50V compared to the

parallel port which has a maximum swing of 5 Volts. Therefore cable loss is not going

to be as much of a problem for serial cables as they are for parallel.

Wires are less than parallel transmission.

Serial transmission is used where one bit is sent at a time.

Microcontrollers have also proven to be quite popular recently. Many of these have in

built SCI (Serial Communications Interfaces) which can be used to talk to the outside world.

Serial Communication reduces the pin count of these MPU's.

3.1.3 BUZZER:-

Figure 3.3 buzzer

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device, which may be mechanical, electro-

mechanical or piezoelectric .typical uses of buzzers and beeper’s include alarm

devices, timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.

Mechanical: a buzzer is an example of purely mechanical buzzer

Electro-mechanical: early devices were based on an electromechanical system

identical to an electric bell without the metal gong. Similarly, a relay may be

connected to interrupt its own actuating current, causing the contacts to buzz. Often

these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling to use it as a sounding board. The word

“buzzer” comes from the rasping noise that electromechanical buzzers made.

Piezoelectric: piezoelectric element may be driven by an oscillating electronic

circuit or other audio signal source. Driven with a piezoelectric audio amplifier.



Sounds commonly used to indicate that a button has been pressed are a click, a ring or

abeep.

3.1.4 MATRIX KEY -BOARD:-

Figure 3.4 matrix keyboard

Many applications require large number of keys connected to a computing system.

Example includes a PC keyboard, Cell Phone keypad and Calculators. If we connect a

single key to MCU, we just connect it directly to I/O line. But we cannot connect, say 10

or 100 keys directly MCUs I/O. Because:-

It will eat up precious I/O line.

MCU to Keypad interface will contain lots of wires.

We want to avoid all these troubles so we use some clever technique. The technique is

called multiplexed matrix keypad. In this technique keys are connected in a matrix

(row/column) style as shown below.

The rows R0 to R3 are connected to Input lines of Microcontroller. The i/o pins where

they are connected are made Input. This is done by setting the proper DDR Register in

AVR and TRIS Register in PIC. The columns C0 to C3 are also connected to MCUs i/o

line. These are kept at High Impedance State (AKA input), in high z state (z=

impedance) state these pins are neither HIGH nor LOW they are in TRISTATE. And in

their PORT value we set them all as low, so as soon as we change their DDR bit to 1

they become output with value LOW.

One by One we make each Column LOW (from high Z state) and read state of R0 to R3.



As you can see in the image above C0 is made LOW while all other Columns are in

HIGH Z State. We can read the Value of R0 to R3 to get their pressed status. If they are

high the button is NOT pressed. As we have enabled internal pullups on them, these

pullups keep their value high when they are floating (that means NOT connected to

anything). But when a key is pressed it is connected to LOW line from the column thus

making it LOW.

After that we make the C0 High Z again and make C1 LOW. And read R0 to R3 again.

This gives us status of the second column of keys. Similarly we scan all columns.

.

3.1.5MICROCONTROLLER PIC16F887:-

Figure 3.5 PIC16F887



Introduction:-

This is powerful yet easy-to-program CMOS FLASH based microcontroller packs

architecture into an 40 or 44-pin package. The PIC16F887 features 256 bytes of

EEPROM data memory, self programming, an ICD, 2-comparator’s, 14 channels of

10-bit analog-to-digital converter, 1 capture/compare/PWM and one enhanced

capture/compare/PWM functions, a synchronous serial port that can be configured as

either 3-wire serial peripheral interface or the 2-wire inter-integrated circuit bus and

an enhanced universal asynchronous receiver transmitter. All of these features make it

ideal for more advanced level A/D applications in automotive, industrial, appliances

or consumer applications.

Features of PIC16F887:-

Following is the features of PIC18F887 microcontroller as per the datasheet:-

Precision inter oscillator

Factory calibrated to +/- 1%

Software selectable frequency range of 8Mhz to 32Khz

Software tuneable

Two speed start-up mode

Fail safe clock monitoring for critical applications

Clock mode switching during operation for lower power operation

Power saving sleep mode

Power-on reset

Selectable brown out reset voltage

Extended watchdog timer with its on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation

In-circuit serial programming via two pins

In circuit debug via two pins

Self-programmable under software 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler

Programmable code protection

1 input only pin

36 I/O

High sink/source current 25mA

8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler

Auto-baud detect

Auto-wake on start bit

10-bit 14 channel A/D converter

Comparator input and outputs externally accessible

SR latch mode



3.2BLOCK DIAGRAM:-

Figure 3.6 BLOCK DIAGRAM Explanation: -

According to block Diagram in this Project is divided in two different parts.

These parts are placed one as a data command centre which provides necessary data

base for verification and other is mobile data device which provides necessary

information for verification.

To work microcontroller needs-

1. Power supply +5V

2. Clock

Microcontroller takes the data and check the status according to the program

(Program in Embedded C language).

Microcontroller gives the first out put on LCD display (16×2 +5V). On LCD display

it shows the status.

Thus system verifies the passport and monitors the security of airport.



BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION:-

3.2.1 INPUT SECTION:-

The Input section consists of threepart’s. Mainly the input section consist of followingpart’s ,

PC s/w

RS232

ZigBee transmitter

PC S/W

The program which required to verify the passport is written in C language and

run in VISUAL BASIC 6 with the help of vb forms.

We used VB forms in our program for simplicity and convenience.

RS 232:

This zigbee kit is uses rs232 for serial communication to connect with the

personal computer

Zigbee transceiver:

It is used to communicate with the wireless mobile device for communication..

Step down Transformer:-

Step down transformer is the first part of regulated power supply. To step down the

mains 230V A.C. we require step down transformer. Following are the main

characteristic of electronic transformer.

1) Power transformers are usually designed to operate from source of low impedance

at a single freq.

2) It is required to construct with sufficient insulation of necessary dielectric

strength.

3) Transformer ratings are expressed in volt–amp. The volt-amp of each secondary

winding or windings are added for the total secondary VA. To this are added the

load losses.

4) Temperature rise of a transformer is decided on two well-known factors i.e. losses

on transformer and heat dissipating or cooling facility provided unit.



3.2.2OUTPUT SECTION:-

Output section consists of

Zigbee transceiver

RS232 & MAX232

PIC16F887

(16×2 +5V) LCD display

Buzzer

• ZigBee transceiver receives status about verified passport or sends the initial

information for passport verification.

• RS232 &. MAX232 are used to connect the zigbee kit and microcontroller.

Buzzer used to buzz for reminding purpose when pass-code is wrong.

3.3LCD USER INTERFACE:-

LCD User Interface shows the status of the passport verification.

It also shows the number’s when passenger is entering the number

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat panel used for electronically displaying

information such as text, images, and moving pictures.

Its uses include monitors for computers, televisions, instrument panels, and other

devices ranging from aircraft cockpit displays, to every-day consumer devices such as

video players, gaming

devices, clocks,

watches, calculators,

and telephones. Among its major features are its lightweight construction, its

portability, and its ability to be produced in much larger screen sizes than are practical

for the construction of cathode ray tube (CRT) display technology.

Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered

electronic equipment.

It is an electronically-modulated optical device made up of any number of pixels

filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector

to produce images in color or monochrome.

Figure 3.7 LCD DISPLAY



The earliest discovery leading to the development of LCD technology, the discovery

of liquid crystals, dates from 1888.[1] By 2008, worldwide sales of televisions with

LCD screens had surpassed the sale of CRT units.

GENERAL SPECIFICATION:-

Drive method: 1/16 duty cycle

Display size: 16 character * 2 lines

Character structure: 5*8 dots.

Display data RAM: 80 characters (80*8 bits)

Character generate ROM: 192 characters

Character generate RAM: 8 characters (64*8 bits)

Both display data and character generator RAMs can be read from MPU.

Internal automatic reset circuit at power ON.

Built in oscillator circuit.



Chapter 4 Design Methodology



4.1 Introduction:- In our project, we are using both the software & hardware tools. Software is based on the

Embedded C with compiler BASCOM.In hardware we are using microcontroller, microchips,

transformer, wireless zigbee kit, display etc

4.2 SOFTWARE USED:-

Embedded C:

As time progressed, use of microprocessor-specific assembly-only as the

programming language reduced and embedded systems moved onto C as

the embedded programming language of choice.

C is the most widely used programming language for embedded

processors/controllers. Assembly is also used but mainly to implement those portions

of the code where very high timing accuracy, code size efficiency, etc. are prime

requirements.

As assembly language programs are specific to a processor, assembly language didn’t

offer portability across systems. To overcome this disadvantage, several high level

languages, including C, came up. Some other languages like PLM, Modula-2, Pascal,

etc. also came but couldn’t find wide acceptance.

Amongst those, C got wide acceptance for not only embedded systems, but also for

desktop applications. Even though C might have lost its sheen as mainstream

language for general purpose applications, it still is having a strong-hold in embedded

programming. Due to the wide acceptance of C in the embedded systems, various

kinds of support tools like compilers & cross-compilers, ICE, etc. came up and all this

facilitated development of embedded systems using C.

Advantages:-

It is small and reasonably simpler to learn, understand, program and debug.

Compared to assembly language, C Code written is more reliable and scalable, more

portable between different platform.

C Compilers are available for almost all embedded devices in use today, and there is a

large pool of experienced C programmers.

Unlike assembly, C has advantage of processor-independence and is not specific to

any particular microprocessor/ microcontroller or any system. This makes it

convenient for a user to develop programs that can run on most of the systems.

As C combines functionality of assembly language and features of high level

languages, C is treated as a ‘middle-level computer language’ or ‘high level assembly

language’

It is fairly efficient

It supports access to I/O and provides ease of management of large embedded

projects.



4.2.1Compiler:-

VISUAL BASIC 6.0

VIAUAL BASIC 6.0© is the Windows software. It is designed to run on

W95/W98/NT/W2000 and XP.

VISUAL BASIC is a high level programming language which evolved from the earlier DOS

version called BASIC.BASIC means Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. It is

a very easy programming language to learn. The code looks a lot like English Language.

people prefer to use Microsoft Visual Basic today, as it is a well developed programming

language and supporting resources are available everywhere.VISUAL BASIC is a VISUAL

and events driven Programming Language.In VB, programming is done in a graphical

environment. In the old BASIC, you have to write program code for each graphical object

you wish to display it on screen, including its position and its color. However, In VB, you

just need to drag and drop any graphical object anywhere on the form, and you can change its

color any time using the properties windows.

4.2.2KEY FEATURES:-

Visual Basic was designed to be easily learned and used by beginner programmers. The

language not only allows programmers to create simple GUI applications, but can also

develop complex applications. Programming in VB is a combination of visually arranging

components or controls on a form, specifying attributes and actions of those components, and

writing additional lines of code for more functionality. Since default attributes and actions are

defined for the components, a simple program can be created without the programmer having

to write many lines of code. Performance problems were experienced by earlier versions, but

with faster computers and native code compilation this has become less of an issue.

Forms are created using drag-and-drop techniques. A tool is used to place controls (e.g., text

boxes, buttons, etc.) on the form (window). Controls have attributes and event handlers

associated with them. Default values are provided when the control is created, but may be

changed by the programmer. Many attribute values can be modified during run time based on

user actions or changes in the environment, providing a dynamic application The Visual

Basic compiler is shared with other Visual Studio languages (C, C++), but restrictions in the

IDE do not allow the creation of some targets (Windows model DLLs) and threading models.

VISUAL BASIC6:

With VB 6, you can create any program depending on your objective. For example, if you are

a college or university lecturer, you can create educational programs to teach business,

economics, engineering, computer science, accountancy, financial management, information

system and more to make teaching more effective and interesting. If you are in business, you

can also create business programs such as inventory management system,point-of-sale

system, payroll system, financial program as well as accounting program to help manage

your business and increase productivity. For those of you who like games and working as



games programmer, you can create those programs as well. Indeed, there is no limit to what

program you can create! There are many such programs in this tutorial, so you must spend

more time on the tutorial in order to learn how to create those programs.

START PAGE:

Before you can program in VB 6, you need to install Visual Basic 6 in your computer.

On start up, Visual Basic 6.0 will display the following dialog box as shown in figure 1.1.

You can choose to start a new project, open an existing project or select a list of recently

opened programs. A project is a collection of files that make up your application. There are

various types of applications that we could create; however, we shall concentrate on creating

Standard EXE programs (EXE means executable program). Now, click on the Standard EXE

icon to go into the actual Visual Basic 6 programming environment.

The Development Environment or Form Window :Learning the ins and outs of the

Development Environment before you learn visual basic is somewhat like learning for

a test you must know where all the functions belong and what their purpose is. First we

will start with labeling the development environment.



The above diagram shows the development environment with all the important points

labeled. Many of Visual basic functions work similar to Microsoft word e.g. the Tool

Barand the tool box is similar to other products on the market which work off a single

click then drag the width of the object required. The Tool Boxcontains the control you

placed on the form window. All of the controls that appear on the Tool Boxcontrols on

the above picture never runs out of controls as soon as you place one on the form another

awaits you on the Tool Boxready to be placed as needed.



4.3 FLOWCHART:-

Main Flowchart:-

Figure 4.1 MAIN FLOWCHART

Start the program and mobile data executer device.

Passenger will enter the pass-code using the key-board.

This data is transmitting to data command centre for verification using the ZigBee

transceiver.

Here using program decision is taken about the pass-code,

a. If pass-code is correct, then the status is displayed on the monitor and

counter device.

b. If pass-code is wrong then the status is displayed on the screen and buzzes

the alarm for reminding purpose.

START

ENTER THE PASS-CODE

Tx TO DATA COMMAND CENTRE FOR

VERIFICATION

CORRECT

OR

WRONG?

WRONG

PASS-CODE CORRECT

PASS-CODE

BUZZER



Data command centre:-

Figure 4.2 DATA COMMAND CENTRE

Receive the entered pass-code through ZigBee from the mobile data command centre.

Verify using the program.

Display the verified result as a status on the monitor.

Send back this verified result back to the mobile data command centre for the the

display purpose using ZigBee transceiver.

START

RECEIVE PASS-CODE

VERIFY PASS-CODE

DISPLAY VERIFIED STATUS

SEND BACK THE RESULT

ZigBee TRANSEIVER



Mobile Device :-

Figure 4.3 MOBILE DATA COMMAND EXECUTER

Switch on the kit by using the on-off switch

Enter the pass-code by using the key board provided on the counter

Programmed microcontroller convert it into the digital binary form

Sent to the data command centre for verification using the data base

The verified status received from data command centre will display on the device on

LCD screen.

START

SWITCH ON THE KIT

ENTER THE PASS-CODE

CONVERT TO SERIAL DIGITAL BEAT FORM. .

SEND TO DATA COMMAND CENTRE

ZigBee

TRANSCIVER



4.4 HARDWARE:-

1. ZigBee 2.4Ghz kit

2. Microcontroller PIC16F887

3. Matrix keyboard

4. Buzzer

5. 2- 6V batteries.

6. 16*2 LCD display

7. MAX 232 Chip

8. Transformer



4.4.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND DESCRIPTION:-

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

Figure 4.4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

4.4.2 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:-

The main components of the circuit diagram shown above are Microcontroller

PIC16F887, ZigBee kit, MAX232 chip, 4*4 matrix keyboard and 2*16 LCD display.

The numerical values entered at the keyboard are in analog form, they are given as an

input to the microcontroller which converts’s it into equivalent digital form.

The microcontrollers basically need clock, power supply to function properly ,

pic16f887 is a 40 pin microcontroller in which pin no 11,32 are connected to power

supply and pin no 1is connected to +5v power supply by 10k resistor.

Pin no 12 & 31 both are ground pins connected to the ground. Pin no 13 and 14 are

clock i/p pins, which are connected to 4 MHz crystal oscillator and through 22pf

capacitor to ground.

We connect 16*2 LCD display ports 4, 5, 6, 11,12and 13 are connected to port B of

microcontroller pic16f887 at port 34 to 40.

Port 1 and 16 of LCD display are connected to ground and at port 3, there is a 1k

variable resistor and port 2 is connected to +5v power supply.



The buzzer is connected to port 15 of microcontroller.

MAX232 ic which is used for RS232 serial communication port’s 9 and 10 are

connected to 25 and 26 port’s , which are RX and TX port’s of pic16 and ZigBee is

connected to 7,8 pin of the MAX232.

Working:

Objective:-

The main objective of the device is to simplify and reduce the time required

for passport verification with additional security features provided in it with

power consumption using 2.4 GHz wireless ZigBee kit.

Basic idea behind the project:

The basic idea behind the project is that we are removes wires in the airport

and we use ZigBee for wireless implementation.

At the various counter’s, we provided the wireless kits at which passenger

have to input the pass-code which is verified by using the data base and status

is displayed.

If the pass-code or passport is wrong then automatically buzzes the buzzer for

reminding about the security threat.

The device basically works on 2 modes:

1. Correct pass-code mode.

2. Wrong pass-code mode.

1. Correct pass-code mode:-

In this mode when the passenger enters the pass-code provided by the passport

verification official’s by using the keyboard provided at the wireless kit.

This code is verified by the data command centre by using its database.

At this mode the code is correct and status is displayed at the both side as a

“verified passport”

2. Wrong pass-code mode:

In this mode when the passenger enters the pass-code provided by the passport

verification official’s by using the keyboard provided at the wireless kit.



Pass-code is verified and that is wrong then status displayed on both side as a

“wrong passport”

Then automatically buzzes the buzzer for reminding the security officer’s.

PCB Layouts:-

1. Circuit Layout:-

2. Power Supply:-



Chapter 5 Results and Discussions



This ZBRS system provides efficient wireless system for passport verification on

airport’s,

This system has top priority for security.

On the various counters on airport passenger’s just have to enter the pass code

provided by the official which reduces the considerable time for verification , which is

very important issue for airport neat functioning and for passenger’s.

The two modes that are:

i. On mobile device which is placed at the gate assume and has the keyboard,

passenger enters the code which verified by data command centre and

status displayed on the command centre and mobile device for further

action.

ii. ii. when passenger enter the code and that is unauthorized then status

displayed on the mobile that is passenger is unauthorized and buzzes alarm

at mobile device for further action by security authorities.

ADVANTAGES:

1. Simple and user-friendly interface.

2. Reduces processing time for passenger and airport authorities.

3. displays status.

4. Alarm when status is not verified.

5. Secure.

6. Longer battery life.

OBSTACLES FOR THE SYSTEM:-

1. This system can communicate in the range of zigbee transceiver only.

2. pass-code can be stolen by others.

3. One person has to look-out data command centre for possible errors.

4. Batteries will have to change after discharging.



DISCUSSION:

Passport verified :

As we see in this figure the pass code entered by the passenger is accepted by the

system and shown status as “ACCEPTED”

Status Display at mobile device :



FAKE PASSPORT :

As we see in this figure the pass code entered by the passenger is not accepted by

the system and shown status as “ NOT ACCEPTED”

Status Display at mobile device :



Chapter 6 Conclusion and Future Scope



CONCLUSION:-

This focuses on ways to designing the wireless and secure system for passport

verification.

Thus, it may replace the existing electrical wired system in the airports for

considerable reduction in the time for verification.

The time saved by this system passengers can use for shopping at the airport’s which

increases the revenue of the airport.

Secure transmission through encryption by using the using zigbee wireless system.

Reduction in power requirements.

FUTURE SCOPE:-

This system can be integrated with the face detection technology and finger prints

scanning for further secure the airport.

We can also use this system for other purposes also in the airport which further

improves the airport functioning.

For the battery charging purpose we can use solar power, it reduces the global

warming.

In future when the zigbee available in the mobiles we can give updates to the

passenger’s outside the airport premises about the current status of the flight.



Chapter 7 References



Reference :

1) IEEE Std 802.15.14: MAC and PHY Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal

Area Networks (LR-WPANs), 2003

2) ZigBee Alliance, ZigBee Specification v1.0, 2004

3) Hong Kong International Airport, http://www.hongkongairport.com/

4) Department of census & statistics of Hong Kong Government, SAR,

http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/FileManager/EN/Content_807/transport.pdf

1) www.wikepedia.com\zigbee



Chapter 8 Appendix A



8.1 Cost Analysis of Components:-

product Image Item Name- Price

Microcontroller PIC16F877 Rs.200.00

MAX232 ic

Rs.22.00

1R to 1M Resistor 1/4 W

(10Pcs)

Rs.10.00

1N4007

1.0A general purpose rectifier diode.

Rs.2.00

22pf ceramic disk capacitor

Rs.1.00

100 to 1000 uf electrolytic capacitor

Rs.8.00

7805 - 5V voltage regulator

This is an positive 5V - 500mA to

1.5A regulator

Rs.15.00

http://www.ventor.co.in/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=30&page=1&sort=2a

http://www.ventor.co.in/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=30&page=1&sort=3a

http://www.ventor.co.in/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=30&products_id=150












LED Red 5mm

Rs.2.00

16x2 LCD with green Backlight

Rs.240.00

40 Pin IC Base

Rs.20.00

RS232 cable

Rs.400.00

BUZZER

Rs.25

push to on switch

Rs.20.00

http://www.ventor.co.in/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=20_21&products_id=111







http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:On-Off_Switch.jpg



6V battery

Rs.180.00

230v/6v Transformer

Rs.120.00

230v 2 pin power cord

Rs.20.00

8.2 Program:-

#include<pic.h>

#define _XTAL_FREQ 4000000

__CONFIG(0x2034);

__CONFIG(0x3fff);

#include<delay1.h>

#include<hextobcd.h>

#define rs RB0

#define rw RB1

#define en RB2

#define lcdport PORTB

#include<lcd4bit.h>

#define row1 RD0

#define row2 RD1

#define row3 RD2

#define row4 RD3

#define col1 RD4

#define col2 RD5



#define col3 RD6

#define col4 RD7

#define alarm RC0

const char convert[16]='0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9','A','B','C','D','E','F';

unsignedinttemp,keyvalue,try;

void key();

void check();

void main()

{

ANSEL=0X00;

ANSELH=0X00;

TRISA=0xFF; // PORTA is input

TRISD=0xF0; // PORTD is input

TRISC=0xF0; // PORTC is output

TRISB=0x00; // PORTB is output

PORTC=0x00; // PORTC is output

alarm=0;

BAUDCTL=0x00;

TXSTA=0b00100100; // Configure serialport

RCSTA=0b10010000; // Configure serialport

SPBRG=25; // Configure serialport

SPBRGH=0;

delay(50);

initialise_lcd();

initialise_lcd();

initialise_lcd();

delay(50);

command(0x01);

lcddisp(0x80,"ZIGBEE REMAINDER");

lcddisp(0xC0," FOR AIRPORTS ");

delay(3000);

while(1)



{

alarm=0;

command(0x01);

lcddisp(0x80,"ENTER NUMBER ");

command(0xc0);

key();

digit1=keyvalue;

display(convert[keyvalue]);

key();

digit2=keyvalue;


key();

digit3=keyvalue;


key();

digit4=keyvalue;


key();

if(keyvalue==0x0b)

{

TXREG='F';

delay(50);

TXREG=(convert[digit1]);

delay(50);


delay(50);


delay(50);


delay(50);

}

}

}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

void key()

{ //clear row1 and set row2,3&4



while(1)

{

row1=0;

row2=1;

row3=1;

row4=1;

delay(50);

if(col1==0)

{

keyvalue=0x00;

goto exit;

}

else if(col2==0)

{

keyvalue=0x01;

goto exit;

}

else if(col3==0)

{

keyvalue=0x02;

goto exit;

}

else if(col4==0)

{

keyvalue=0x03;

goto exit;

}

else

{

} //clear row2 and set row1,3&4

row1=1;

row2=0;

row3=1;

row4=1;

delay(50);

if(col1==0)

{

keyvalue=0x04;

goto exit;

}

else if(col2==0)

{



keyvalue=0x05;

goto exit;

}

else if(col3==0)

{

keyvalue=0x06;

goto exit;

}

else if(col4==0)

{

keyvalue=0x07;

goto exit;

}

else

{

}

//clear row3 and set row1,2&4

row1=1;

row2=1;

row3=0;

row4=1;

delay(50);

if(col1==0)

{

keyvalue=0x08;

goto exit;

}

else if(col2==0)

{

keyvalue=0x09;

goto exit;

}

else if(col3==0)

{

keyvalue=0x0a;

goto exit;

}

else if(col4==0)

{

keyvalue=0x0b;

goto exit;

}

else



{

}

//clear row4 and set row1,2&3

row1=1;

row2=1;

row3=1;

row4=0;

delay(50);

if(col1==0)

{

keyvalue=0x0c;

goto exit;

}

else if(col2==0)

{

keyvalue=0x0d;

goto exit;

}

else if(col3==0)

{

keyvalue=0x0e;

goto exit;

}

else if(col4==0)

{

keyvalue=0x0f;

goto exit;

}

else

{

}

if(RCIF==1)

{

check();

}

}

exit:

while((col1==0)||(col2==0)||(col3==0)||(col4==0))

{



row1=0;

row2=0;

row3=0;

row4=0;

delay(50);

}

}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

void check()

{

if(OERR==1)

{

SREN=0;

temp=RCREG;

temp=RCREG;

CREN=0;

CREN=1;

SREN=1;

}

temp=RCREG;

if(temp=='1')

{

alarm=0;

command(0x01);

lcddisp(0x80," PASSPORT ");

lcddisp(0xC0," VERIFIED ");

}

else if(temp=='0')

{

alarm=1;

command(0x01);

lcddisp(0x80," FAKE PASSPORT ");

lcddisp(0xC0," ");

}

else

{

}

delay(2000);

alarm=0;

command(0x01);

lcddisp(0x80,"ENTER NUMBER ");

command(0xc0);

}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////



Chapter 8 Appendix B



DATASHEET OF PIC16F887 :

Block diagram :



Pin description :



Program Memory Organization :

The PIC16F882/883/884/886/887 has a 13-bit program counter capable of addressing

a 2K x 14 (0000h-07FFh) for the PIC16F882, 4K x 14 (0000h-0FFFh) for the

PIC16F883/PIC16F884, and 8K x 14 (0000h-1FFFh) for the PIC16F886/PIC16F887

program memory space. Accessing a location above these boundaries will cause a

wraparound within the first 8K x 14 space. The Reset vector is at 0000h and the

interrupt vector is at 0004h

Data Memory Organization :

The data memory is partitioned into four banks which contain the General Purpose

Registers (GPR) and the Special Function Registers (SFR). The Special Function

Registers are located in the first 32 locations of each bank. The General Purpose

Registers, implemented as static RAM, are located in the last 96 locations of each

Bank. Register locations F0h-FFh in Bank 1, 170h-17Fh in Bank 2 and 1F0h-1FFh in

Bank 3, point to addresses

70h-7Fh in Bank 0. The actual number of General Purpose Resisters (GPR)

implemented in each Bank

depends on the device. All other RAM is unimplemented and returns ‘0’ when read.

RP<1:0> of the STATUS

register are the bank select bits:

RP1 RP0

0 0 →Bank 0 is selected




I/O PORTS :

There are as many as thirty-five general purpose I/O pins available. Depending on

which peripherals are enabled, some or all of the pins may not be available as general

purpose I/O. In general, when a peripheral is enabled, the associated pin may not be

used as a general purpose I/O pin.



PORTA and the TRISA Registers :

PORTA is a 8-bit wide, bidirectional port. The corresponding data direction register is

TRISA. Setting a TRISA bit (= 1) will make the corresponding PORTA pin an input

(i.e., disable the output driver). Clearing a TRISA bit (= 0) will make the

corresponding PORTA pin an output (i.e., enables output driver and puts the contents

of the output latch on the selected pin). Reading the PORTA register (Register 3-1)

reads the status of the pins, whereas writing to it will write to the PORT latch. All

write operations are read-modify-write operations. Therefore, a write to a port implies

that the port pins are read; this value is modified and then written to the PORT data

latchThe TRISA register controls the PORTA pin output drivers, even when they are

being used as analog inputs. The user should ensure the bits in the TRISA register are

maintained set when using them as Analog inputs. I/O pins configured as analog input

always read ‘0’.

PORTB and TRISB Registers :

PORTB is an 8-bit wide, bidirectional port. The corresponding data direction register

is TRISB Setting a TRISB bit (= 1) will make the corresponding PORTB pin an

input (i.e., put the corresponding output driver in a High-Impedance mode). Clearing

a TRISB bit (= 0) will make the corresponding PORTB pin an output (i.e., enable the

output driver and put the contents of the output latch on the selected pin). Reading the

PORTB register reads the status of the pins, whereas writing to it will write to the

PORT latch. All write operations are read-modify-write operations. Therefore, a write

to a port implies that the port pins are read, this value is modified and then written to

the PORT data latch. The TRISB register controls the PORTB pin output drivers,

even when they are being used as analog inputs. The user should ensure the bits in the

TRISB register are maintained set when using them as analog inputs. I/O pins

configured as analog input always read ‘0’. Example 3-3 shows how to initialize

PORTB.

PORTC and TRISC Registers :

PORTC is a 8-bit wide, bidirectional port. The corresponding data direction register is

TRISC Setting a TRISC bit (= 1) will make the bcorresponding PORTC pin an input

(i.e., put the corresponding output driver in a High-Impedance mode). Clearing a



TRISC bit (= 0) will make the corresponding PORTC pin an output (i.e., enable the

output driver and n put the contents of the output latch on the selected pin). shows

how to initialize PORTC.Reading the PORTC register reads the status of the pins,

whereas writing to it will write to the PORT latch. All write operations are read-

modify-write operations. Therefore, a write to a port implies that the port pins are

read, this value is modified and then written to the PORT data latch.

PORTD and TRISD Registers:

PORTD(1) is a 8-bit wide, bidirectional port. The corresponding data direction

register is TRISD

Setting a TRISD bit (= 1) will make the corresponding PORTD pin an input (i.e., put

the corresponding output driver in a High-Impedance mode). Clearing a TRISD bit (=

0) will make the corresponding PORTD pin an output (i.e., enable the output driver

and put the contents of the output latch on the selected pin). Example 3-5 shows how

to initialize PORTD. Reading the PORTD register reads the status of the pins,

whereas writing to it will write to the PORT latch. All write operations are read-

modify-write operations. Therefore, a write to a port implies that the port pins are

read, this value is modified and then written to the PORT data latch.

PORTE and TRISE Registers :

PORTE(1) is a 4-bit wide, bidirectional port. The corresponding data direction register is

TRISE. Setting a

TRISE bit (= 1) will make the corresponding PORTE pin an input (i.e., put the corresponding

output driver in a High-Impedance mode). Clearing a TRISE bit (= 0) will make the

corresponding PORTE pin an output (i.e., enable the output driver and put the contents of the

output latch on the selected pin). The exception is RE3,



which is input only and its TRIS bit will always read as ‘1’. Reading the PORTE register

reads the status of the pins, whereas writing to it will write to the PORT latch. All write

operations are read-modify-write

operations. Therefore, a write to a port implies that the port pins are read, this value is

modified and then written

to the PORT data latch. RE3 reads ‘0’ when MCLRE = 1. The TRISE register controls the

PORTE pin output drivers, even when they are being used as analog inputs. The user should

ensure the bits in the TRISE register are maintained set when using them as analog inputs.

I/O pins configured as analog input always read ‘0’.

OSCILLATOR MODULE (WITH FAIL-SAFE CLOCK MONITOR) :

The Oscillator module has a wide variety of clock sources and selection features that

allow it to be used in a wide range of applications while maximizing performance and

minimizing power consumption. Figure 4-1 illustrates a block diagram of the

Oscillator module. Clock sources can be configured from external oscillators, quartz

crystal resonators, ceramic resonators and Resistor-Capacitor (RC) circuits. In

addition, the system clock source can be configured from one of two internal

oscillators, with a choice of speeds selectable via software. Additional clock features

include:

Selectable system clock source between external or internal via software.

Two-Speed Start-up mode, which minimizes latency between external oscillator start-

up and code execution.

Fail-Safe Clock Monitor (FSCM) designed to detect a failure of the external clock

source (LP, XT, HS, EC or RC modes) and switch automatically to the internal

oscillator

The Oscillator module can be configured in one of eight clock modes.

1. EC – External clock with I/O on OSC2/CLKOUT.

2. LP – 32 kHz Low-Power Crystal mode.

3. XT – Medium Gain Crystal or Ceramic Resonator Oscillator mode.

4. HS – High Gain Crystal or Ceramic Resonator mode.

5. RC – External Resistor-Capacitor (RC) with FOSC/4 output on OSC2/CLKOUT.

6. RCIO – External Resistor-Capacitor (RC) with I/O on OSC2/CLKOUT.



7. INTOSC – Internal oscillator with FOSC/4 output on OSC2 and I/O on

OSC1/CLKIN.

8. INTOSCIO – Internal oscillator with I/O on OSC1/CLKIN and OSC2/CLKOUT.

Clock Source modes are configured by the FOSC<2:0> bits in the Configuration

Word Register 1 (CONFIG1).

The internal clock can be generated from two internal oscillators. The HFINTOSC is

a calibrated high-frequency oscillator. The LFINTOSC is an uncalibrated low-

frequency oscillator

Oscillator Control :

The Oscillator Control (OSCCON) register controls the system clock and

frequency selection options. The OSCCON register contains the following

bits:

• Frequency selection bits (IRCF)

• Frequency Status bits (HTS, LTS)

• System clock control bits (OSTS, SCS)



TIMER0 MODULE :

The Timer0 module is an 8-bit timer/counter with the following features:

• 8-bit timer/counter register (TMR0)

• 8-bit prescaler (shared with Watchdog Timer)

• Programmable internal or external clock source

• Programmable external clock edge selection

• Interrupt on overflow Figure 5-1 is a block diagram of the Timer0 module

Timer0 Operation

When used as a timer, the Timer0 module can be used as either an 8-bit timer or an 8-

bit counter

8-BIT TIMER MODE :

When used as a timer, the Timer0 module will increment every instruction

cycle (without prescaler). Timer mode is selected by clearing the T0CS bit of

the OPTION register to ‘0’. When TMR0 is written, the increment is inhibited

for two instruction cycles immediately following the write.

8-BIT COUNTER MODE :

When used as a counter, the Timer0 module will increment on every rising or

falling edge of the T0CKI pin. The incrementing edge is determined by the

T0SE bit of the OPTION register. Counter mode is selected by setting the

T0CS bit of the OPTION register to ‘1’.

TIMER1 MODULE WITH GATE CONTROL: The Timer1 module is a 16-bit timer/counter with the following features:

• 16-bit timer/counter register pair (TMR1H:TMR1L)

• Programmable internal or external clock source



• 3-bit prescaler

• Optional LP oscillator

• Synchronous or asynchronous operation

• Timer1 gate (count enable) via comparator or T1G pin

• Interrupt on overflow

• Wake-up on overflow (external clock, Asynchronous mode only)

• Time base for the Capture/Compare function

• Special Event Trigger (with ECCP)

• Comparator output synchronization to Timer1 clock

TIMER2 MODULE :

The Timer2 module is an eight-bit timer with the following features:

• 8-bit timer register (TMR2)

• 8-bit period register (PR2)

• Interrupt on TMR2 match with PR2

• Software programmable prescaler (1:1, 1:4, 1:16)

• Software programmable postscaler (1:1 to 1:16)

Timer2 Operation:

The clock input to the Timer2 module is the system

instruction clock (FOSC/4). The clock is fed into the Timer2 prescaler, which has

prescale options of 1:1, 1:4 or 1:16. The output of the prescaler is then used to

increment the TMR2 register. The values of TMR2 and PR2 are constantly compared

to determine when they match. TMR2 will increment from 00h until it matches the

value in PR2. When a match occurs, two things happen:

• TMR2 is reset to 00h on the next increment cycle

• The Timer2 postscaler is incremented

The match output of the Timer2/PR2 comparator is then fed into the Timer2

postscaler. The postscaler has postscale options of 1:1 to 1:16 inclusive. The output of

the Timer2 postscaler is used to set the TMR2IF interrupt flag bit in the PIR1 register.

The TMR2 and PR2 registers are both fully readable and writable. On any Reset, the

TMR2 register is set to 00h and the PR2 register is set to FFh. Timer2 is turned on by

setting the TMR2ON bit in the T2CON register to a ‘1’. Timer2 is turned off by

clearing the TMR2ON bit to a ‘0’. The Timer2 prescaler is controlled by the T2CKPS

bits in the T2CON register. The Timer2 postscaler is controlled by the TOUTPS bits

in the T2CON register. The prescaler and postscaler counters are cleared when:

• A write to TMR2 occurs.

• A write to T2CON occurs.

• Any device Reset occurs (Power-on Reset, MCLR Reset, Watchdog Timer Reset, or

Brown-out Reset).



COMPARATOR MODULE :

Comparators are used to interface analog circuits to a digital circuit by

comparing two analog voltages and providing a digital indication of their

relative magnitudes. The comparators are very useful mixed signal building

blocks because they provide analog functionality independent of the program

execution. The analog Comparator module includes the following features:

• Independent comparator control

• Programmable input selection

• Comparator output is available internally/externally

• Programmable output polarity

• Interrupt-on-change

• Wake-up from Sleep

• PWM shutdown

• Timer1 gate (count enable)

• Output synchronization to Timer1 clock input

• SR Latch

• Programmable and fixed voltage reference



MAX232: description/ordering information

The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage

generator to supply TIA/EIA-232-F

voltage levels from a single 5-V supply. Each receiver converts TIA/EIA-232-

F inputs to 5-V TTL/CMOS levels.

These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V, a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V,

and can accept ±30-V inputs.

Each driver converts TTL/CMOS input levels into TIA/EIA-232-F levels. The

driver, receiver, and

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