yuh-jzer joungprocessors processors hardware for power & portability

ProcessorsYuh-Jzer Joung

ProcessorsHardware for Power & Portability

Yuh-Jzer Joung Processors

Form Vacuum Tubes to transistors to microchips

Vacuum tube

Transistor

Transistor

Transistor


• Vacuum tubes

• Transistors

• Integrated Circuit (IC)

• Large-Scale Integrated Circuit (LSI)

• Vary-Large-Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSI)

Technology Development


• A chip, or microchip is a tiny piece of silicon that contains millions of microminiature electronic circuit components, mainly transistors.

• A microprocessor is the miniaturized circuitry of a computer processor---the part that processes, or manipulates, data into information.

• Experts predict that small, powerful, wireless electronic devices will transform our lives more than the personal computer has done so far.

Miniaturization Miracle & Mobility

Wafer imprinted with many microprocessors.


Five Types of Computer System

• Microcontrollers: tiny, specialized microprocessors installed in “smart” appliances and automobiles.

• Microcomputers: • Minicomputers• Mainframes• Supercomputers


Microcomputers: personal computers and workstations

• Microcomputers are small computers that can fit on or beside a desk or or portable.

• Personal computers (PCs) are desktop, tower, or portable computers such as pocket PCs, sub-notebook, notebook, laptops, desktop, tower units and workstations.

• Workstations are usually more sophisticated than PCs. But the decline in workstation prices and the increase in PC power have blurred the difference.


Minicomputers

Minicomputers are machines midway in cost and capability between microcomputer and mainframes.


Mainframes

Mainframes are the oldest category of computer system, which usually occupy specially wired, air-conditioned rooms and capable of great processing speeds and data storage.

Three trends:

• Old mainframes will be kept for some purposes.

• Networks of smaller computers will grow.

• Mainframes will be reinvented.IBM ES/9000


Supercomputers

Supercomputers are designed in two ways:

• Vector processors• Massively parallel processors


Powerful supercomputer network

A server, or network server, is a central computer that holds databases and programs for many PCs,workstations, or terminals,which are called clients.These clients are linked by a wired or wireless network.The entire network is called a client/server network


The CPU (central processing unit)

• The control unit: The control unit tells the rest of the computer system how to carry out a program’s instructions.

• The arithmetic/logic unit: The arithmetic/logic unit, or ALU, performs arithmetic operations and logical operations and controls the speed of those operations.


Main memory (RAM)

Expansionslots

Expansionslots

Bus

Controlunit ALU

Registers

Bus

CPU

Local busExpansion bus


Main Memory & Registers• Main memory, also known as primary storage, internal memory, or

RAM (random access memory), is a working storage to (1) hold data for processing, (2) hold instructions to process the data, and/or (3) to hold processed data waiting to be sent to an output or secondary-storage device.

• Registers are high-speed storage areas that temporarily data during processing.

• Main memory and registers are examples of volatile storage --- whose contents are lost during the power is turned-off.


Machine Cycle

The machine cycle is a series of operations performed to execute a single program instruction.The machine cycle consists of two parts:

• The instruction cycle: in the instruction cycle, or I-cycle, the control unit (1) fetches (gets) an instruction from main memory and (2) decodes that instruction (determines what it means).

• The execution cycle: During the execution cycle, or E-cycle, the arithmetic/logic unit (3) executes the instruction and (4) stores the processed results in main memory or a register.


The machine cycle

Fetch Decode

Store Execute

Instruction cycle

Execution cycle


Processing Speeds

• Time to complete one machine cycle, in fractions of a second• Time in millions of machine cycles per second (MHz)• Time to complete instructions, in millions of instructions per

second (MIPS)• Time in floating-point operations per second (flops) ：


The Microcomputer System Unit Power supply Motherboard CPU Specialized processor chips System clock RAM (Random Access Memory) ROM (Read Only Memory) Other form of memory ---- cache, VRAM, flash Expansion slots and boards Bus lines Ports PC slots and card


Power Supply• The power supply is a device that converts AC to DC to run the computer.

• A surge protector,or surge suppressor, is a device that protects a computer from being damaged by surges (spikes) of high voltage .

• A UPS, for uninterruptible power supply, is a battery-operated device that

provides a computer with electricity if there is a power failure.


CPU chips• Intel 86 series (and their variations made by AMD, Cyrix).

• Motorola 68000 series, primary for Apple Macintosh computers.

• In 1994, Motorola joined forces with IBM and Apple to produce the PowerPC chip.

• RISC architecture (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) developed by Sun Microsystems, HP, and Digital.

• Specialized Processor Chips: A motherboard usually has slots for plugging in specialized processor chips. Specialized chips significantly increase the speed of a computer system

• A word is the number of bits manipulated at one time by the CPU.


Manufacturer and Chip DateIntroduced

Systems Chip SystemClock

BusWidth

Intel 8088 1979 IBM PC, XT 4-8 8Motorola 68000 1979 Macintosh Plus, SE;

Commodore Amiga8-16 16

Intel 80286 1981 IBM PC/AT, PS/2 Model50/60; Compaq Deskpro 286

8-28 16

Motorola 68020 1984 Macintosh II 16-33 32Sun MicrosystemsRISC

1985 Sun Sparcstation I, 300 20-25 32

Intel 80386DX 1985 IBM PS/2; IBM-compatibles 16-33 32Motorola 68030 1987 Macintosh IIx series, SE/30 16-50 32Intel 80486DX 1989 IBM PS/2; IBM-compatibles 25-66 32Motorola 68040 1989 Macintosh Quadras 25-40 32IBM RISC 6000 1990 IBM RISC/6000 workstation 20-50 32Sun MicrosystemsMicroSpot

1992 Sun Sparcstation LX 50 32

Intel Pentium 1993 Compaq Deskpro;IBM-Compatibles

60-166 64

IBM/Motorola/ApplePowerPC RISC

1994 Power Macintoshes; PowerComputing PowerWave

60-150 64

Intel Pentium Pro 1995 Compaq Proliant;Data General server

150-200 64

Intel Pentium II 1997 Desktops; server 233-450 64


Machine Language Machine language is a binary-type programming language that

the computer can run directly. A language compiler translates high-level human-readable

programming languages into machine languages.


Memory chips• RAM temporarily holds data and instructions that

will be will be needed shortly by the CPU. RAM chips are usually assembled into a SIMM (single inline memory module).

• ROM, which stands for read-only memory and is also known as firmware, cannot be written on or erased by the computer user.

Other Form of Memory• Cache memory is a special high-speed memory

area that the CPU can access quickly.• Video memory is used to store display images for

the monitor.• Flash memory is used primarily in notebook

computers.


Types of Memory

• DRAM: Dynamic Random Access memory.• SRAM: Static Random Access memory.• ROM: Read-Only Memory.• PROM: Programmable Read-Only Memory.• EPROM: Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory.• EEPROM: Electronically erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory.


Expansion Slots & BoardsExpansion slots are sockets on the motherboard into which you can

plug expansion cards. Expansion cards,or add-on boards,are circuit boards that provide more memory or control peripheral devices.

Among the types of expansion cards are:• Expanded memory• Display adapter or graphics adapter cards• Network interface card• Controller cards (e.g., disk controller card)• Other add-ons


Bus Lines

• A bus line, or simply bus, is an electrical pathway through which bits are transmitted within the CPU and between the CPU and other devices in the system unit.

• A bus carries data between RAM and the expansion slots . A bus that connects expansion slots directly to the CPU is called a local bus.


PortsA port is a socket on the outside of the system unit that is connected to

an expansion board on the inside of the system unit. • Parallel ports: allow lines to be transmitted simultaneously.• Serial ports: enables a line to be connected that will send bits one

after the other on a single line.• Video adapter ports: connect the video display monitor.• SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) ports: provides an interface

for transferring data at high speeds• Game ports: allow you to attach a joystick or similar game-playing

device to the system unit.


PC(PCMCIA) Slot & Cards• Short for Personal Computer Memory Card International

Association, PCMCIA is a completely open, relatively new bus standard for portable computers.

• Joke: People Can’t Memorize Computer Industry Acronyms• Now usually called PC cards.


Computers & Environmental Questions

• Energy Consumption & “Green PCs”• Environmental Pollution


Future Developments:Near Horizons

Ultra-tiny multimedia superchips

Billion-bit memory chips

Teraflop supercomputers

Stripped-down Internet PCs

Intercast TV/Internet PC


Future Developments:Far horizons

Gallium arsenide

Superconductors

Opto-electronic processing

Nanotechnology

Biotechnology-using DNA molecules

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