Yasu

naka

Cho

Por

tfolio

Downtown Mahasarakham Future Development PlanMahasarakham, Thailand, June 2012

With Ico and Yuwadee

Large amount of green space

Several natural water bodies

Few factories

Few impervious surfaces

Existing biodiversity

Rich in minerals

A nearby national park

Endemic species

Good soil conditions

Convenient location to explore Southeast Asia

Constructed ponds and canals

Road communication

32#ssapyb・ 　

Educational institutions

Land use diversity

Cultural and religious sites

Relatively low built environment

Regular topography

Diverse development suitability

STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES

Socio-economics

Environmental

Physical Context

Few regulations on landuse

Centralized political power

Lack of civic discipline

Low income farmersLack of administrative collaboration

Few leisure attractions

Lack of interaction with nature

Lack of skilled workers

shift from production to service economy

Lack of regulation on commercial activities

Lack of solid waste management

Too many motorcycles

High fuel consumption

Lack of natural places

Pollution (air, water, solid waste)

Low land productivity

Lack of water management

Pesticides used in farming

River erosion for construction

Shortage of emergency organizationsLack of collaboration between political jurisdictions

Lack of crosswalks

Shortage of public transportation

Lack of parking spaces

Sprawing

Lack of respect for public realm

Lack of transit signals

Lack of public spaces

Road conditions

THREATS

Increase of informal development

Reduction of city beauty

Risk of political corruption

Inconsistent development

Decrease of the number of farmers

Less attractive places

Increase living cost

Risk of auto accidents

Lower growth rates

Monopoly

Lack of cohesions

Ecosystem degradation

Elevated CO2 emission

Increase in the number of mosquitoes

・health issues

・loss of soil quality

Limited food security

Lack of correlation in regional management

Increase in private transportation means

Creation of community malfunction

Increase of accidents rate

Emerge congestion

Possibility of transit chaos

Decrease of vehicle quality

CRITERIA/ELEMENTS OPPORTUNITIES

Increase of economic activities

Formalize existing commercial activities

Attract additional youth

Consume local food

Evolve into mature economy

Large working population

Social capital

Increase of learning community

Opportunity of new developing model

Possibility for diverse water management

Use of relative healthy soil

Chance of forest recovery

Improve local ecosystem

Create of new green public spaces

Attract nature-interested tourism

Develop regional strategy

Improve built landscape Develop alternative transportation

Improve production dynamics

Reduce city inner transit

Keep youth population

Attract new population

Increase knowledge production

Maximize tourism potential

Encourage smart growth

Take advantage of diverse development suitability

High economic dynamic

Young population

Medium to high income students

Many local private businesses

Education center of Isan

Agricultural activities

Strong service sector

People's welcoming attitude

Culinary culture

Strong existing social bonds

Cultural activities

ASEAN2015

23

2040

23

208

213

2367

4km0 2

Mueang Maha Sarakham

Kantarawichai

A.D.1057

A.D.1865

A.D.1912

A.D.1947

A.D.1968

A.D.1989

A.D.1999

A.D.2007

No Data

Legend

Mueang and Mahasarakham Districts have developed rapidly, especially with regard to the speed of economic and population growth. Due to the fast development speed, the region cannot deal with its environmental and transportation issues. Urban sprawl has generally been viewed as an undesirable pattern of growth, which results in longer commute times, higher cost of infrastructure to be built and paid by governments to support the new development of suburbs, increases in greenhouse gases due to the rising number of people driving cars back and forth between their homes and workplaces, underground and surface water degradation as runoff water passes through parking lots and roads, reduction of farmland and forest lands (Daniels, 2001).

Concentrating residences in the core of cities would bolster the city center’s economy as there would be more demand for commodities and more people would be employed. In turn, the crime rate would also decrease. As Henry (2011) writes, “A more efficient business climate can result from employment centers located in close proximity rather than in scattered sites. The health of central city downtowns is intertwined with that of the region as a whole.”(Hen-ry, 2011) The development would create more jobs in the city center, elevate the standard of living of people in the city, and provide more housing opportunities.

References

Daniels, Tom. Smart Growth: A New American Approach to Regional Planning. Planning Practice & Research, Vol. 16, Nos. 3/4, pp. 271–279, 2001.

Henry, Yahya Aribra. "5 Reasons Why Infill Development is needed Now." Last modified December 20, 2011. Accessed July 12, 2012. http://aribra.com/5-reasons-why-infill-development-is-needed-now.

4km0 2

23

2040

23

208

213

2367

4km0 2

pathsPrimary

Secondary

Terciary

landmarks

temples

nodes

edges

districts

Legend

Mueang Maha Sarakham

Kantarawichai

23

2040

23

208

213

2367

4km0 2

pathsPrimary

Secondary

Terciary

landmarks

temples

nodes

edges

districts

Legend

Mueang Maha Sarakham

Kantarawichai

4km0 2

pathsPrimary

Secondary

Terciary

landmarks

temples

nodes

edges

districts

Legend

Mueang Maha Sarakham

Kantarawichai

23

2040

23

208

213

2367

4km0 2

pathsPrimary

Secondary

Terciary

landmarks

temples

nodes

edges

districts

Legend

Mueang Maha Sarakham

Kantarawichai

Paths

Temples, Landmarks, and Nodes

Districts

Edges

THE IMAGE OF THE CITY ANALYSIS

1993 2003 201193,3

12

96,4

08

153,

274

2021Mueang Maha Sarakham Population

228,

378 MORE personal vehicles

MORE traffic jamsMORE sprawls

Scenario 1:

Existing Direction Pattern

heavy tra�clight tra�c

MSU

Image of existing direction pattern

Scenario 2: Alternative Direction Pattern

60% of MSU studentscommute in motorcycles:

about 25,267 units

Image of alternative direction pattern

heavy tra�clight tra�c

BRT lane

BRT stops

MSU

BRT capacity, which can range

from 50 up to 200

GIS Analysis for Community RevitalizationCincinnati, USA, April 2012

This project aims to find the five most appropriate vacant

buildings for artist communities. They are required to be within 5

-10 minutes walk-distance from dense residential areas.

First of all, I used the clip tool to create maps of vacant buildings

and their surrounding residential areas (Figure1). Then, I created

the Kernel density by including all residences in all Cincinnati

neighborhoods (Figure2). Next, among a couple of places that

are much denser than other areas, I intentionally chose Clifton

Heights, University Heights, and Fairview (CUF), the nearest

neighborhoods to downtown Cincinnati (Figure3). After this

operation, I used the median center tool to figure out what is the

center of the CUF residences (Figure4). Finally, I used the

Kernel density and the buffer and buffer to find the closest

cluster from the median center in CUF (Figure5 and 6).

The analysis shows the best 13 vacant buildings in CUF for the

new art communities. Source: CAGIS and OKI

01GIS ANALYSIS

Figure 1. Residential Areas in Cincinnati

Figure 2. Kernel Density of Residential Areas

PROJECT01

ANALYSIS02

RESULT03

02GIS ANALYSIS

Figure 3. CUF Neighborhood

Figure 4. Median Center in CUF

Figure 5. 1 to 10 Minutes-walk Distances

Figure 6. 13 Best Places for the Project

Housing Project in the Yokohama ChinatownYokohama, Japan, March 2011

THEME01Background

After a series of wars in the 20th century, people might have seen a hope towards peace in the new era. However, we have still met a lot of con�icts while trying to achieve peace in the 21th century. The con�icts can be a result of the di�-culties of understanding other groups with di�erent nationalities, ethnicities, and languages.

How can architecture be a device to change this condition?

Proposal

This proposal is a cooperative housing project in the Yokohama Chinatown. Even though Japanese and Chinese occupy the same neighborhood, there is not a strong sense of community. A path penetrates from the basement to the top �oor of the building and connects each room. By walking through the path, people can feel its community, and understand each other better. If this housing can provide di�erent perspectives to the way people view reality, architecture has the potential to change society.

01DIPLOMA PROJECT

SITE02The target site is in Yokohama, Japan, where the port plays a key role to connect Japanese and Chinese through trade for more than 150 years. The Yokohama Chinatown, the largest Chinatown in Japan, is one of the most popular sightseeing places. Because of its unique history, the urban tissue of the area is special in terms of its buildings, infrastructure, and density.

buildings

base map

infrastructure

streets

02DIPLOMA PROJECT

CONCEPT0301.　Underground Path 02.　Large Windows 03.　Aerial Path

a'

a

b'

b

c'

c

B1F Plan　　1:600

ARCHITECTURE04

COMMON PLACE

INSTRUMENT STORERESTAURANT

PLAYROOM

SHOP

COMMON PLACE

PLAYROOM

PLAYROOM

SHOPSHOP

SHOP

SHOP

SHOP

SHOP

N

Site Plan & 1F Plan　　1:60015m 90m60m30m0m

a'

a

b'

b

c'

c

03DIPLOMA PROJECT

N

15m 90m60m30m0m

2F Plan　　1:600

5F Plan　　1:600

3F Plan　　1:600

4F Plan　　1:600

a' a

b' b

c

c'

4,80

03,

600

6,30

06,

200

7,50

0

39,0

00

6,100 5,100 6,900 11,300

34,200

RESIDENTIAL

HOUSE

HOUSE

HOUSE

HOUSE

HOUSE

HOUSE

HOUSE

FASHION SCHOOL

COOKING SCHOOL

SHOP

　 HOUSE

FREE SPACE

b' b

c

c'

a' a

HOUSE

HOUSE

HOUSEHOUSE

SHOP

MUSIC STUDIO

SHOP

FLOWER SHOP

FREE SPACE

INTERIOR SHOP

FLOWER SHOP

b' b

c

c'

HOUSESHOPSHOP

STOREHOUSE

STOREHOUSE CAFE RESTAURANT

OPEN CAFE

b' b

c

c'

OBSERVATION DECK

04DIPLOMA PROJECT

HOUSEHOUSE

HOUSEHOUSEHOUSE

SHOP

OBSERVATION DECK

RESTAURANT SHOP

COOKING SCHOOL

RESTAURANTCOMMON PLACESHOP COMMON PLACE

COOKING SCHOOL HOUSE

MUSIC STUDIOHOUSE

RESTAURANT INSTRUMENT STORE

HOUSE

HOUSE

HOUSE

HOUSE

SHOP

SHOPSHOP

SHOPSHOP

SHOP

OBSERVATION DECK

SHOP

HOUSE

15m 90m60m30m0m

b-b’ Section　　1:600

c-c’ Section　　1:600a-a’ Section　　1:600

05DIPLOMA PROJECT

Evaluation of the Baan Mankong Program Bangkok, Thailand, 2012-2013

01THESIS

1. Globalization

Globalization has taken place since the 1970s, at first gradually and now at a quickened pace. As capitalism grew and counties or nation-states were established, these sovereign or independent political units engaged in economic relations with one another. “Global-ization reflects (1) the geographic reorganization of industrial production and service provision; (2) the interpenetration of corpora-tions across national boundaries; (3) the worldwide diffusion and deliberate creation of markets being offered identical or nearly identical consumer goods; (4) the internal movement of populations within developing countries to large cities, and the immigration of people from developing countries to the United States, Canada, and Western Europe” (Kaplan, Wheeler & Holloway, 2008). Global-ization increases the speed and global scale of economic interactions, as well as increases the mobility of goods and people. The profound economic changes that characterize globalization have deepened economic and social polarization in both country and city levels. The emergence of so-called world cities, such as New York, London, and Tokyo, play key roles in the new concentrated finan-cial system.

CH

ICAG

OCH

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60

PARIS

PA_6

8.28

DU

BAI

DU

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36

SH

AN

GAI

SH

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70

HO

NG

KO

NG

HK_7

2,96 TO

KIO

TK_6

3.75

SIN

GAPO

RE

SG

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46

SYD

NEY

SY_

61,0

6

NEW

YO

RK

NY_

94.3

5

LON

DO

NLN

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HO

USTO

NH

S_3

7.17

BO

GO

TABG

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62

RO

ME

RM

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VAN

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BU

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HB_3

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BER

LIN

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PR_3

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CH

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CALG

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MY_

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BLA

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CS_2

7.44

LAG

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7.55

GEN

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BRIS

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GLOBAL CITIES

Global developments have had an increasing impact on contemporary cities, regions and territories from the societal, economical and geographical points of view. Since 1998 the impact of word cities into globalization has been extensively studied by the Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Research

GaWC provides a geographic and economic-based overview

relevant in this discourse is its categorization of world tiers2, based upon their international

If the world is observed from the point of view of the connectivity of the world cities, a new image emerges, where each city is virtually oriented to other cities of the same level of inter-connectivity. National or continental maps give way to

each city appears utterly separated from its geographical surrounding and closer to other cities of same level. The

mutual connections, primarily in the global economic system.

The atlas shows the world cities according to the GaWC

emerges, where expected national and local boundaries are presented in their real disposition based upon their international connectedness.

α++ cities α+ cities β+ cities β cities β- cities

α++ city

α+ city

α city

α- city

connection with α group city

β+ city

β city

β- cityconnection with β group cityγ+ city

γ city

γ- city

Shape of connectivity amongst world cities of same tier and Proportional Global Network Connectivity (GNC) Scores 2010, according to GaWC

Map of Global Cities 2010. The map clearly shows areas of the world rather dense and others almost irrelevant in terms of world city connectivity

IN HARMONIOUS DEVELOPMENT

accordingto GaWC

©

2012

Figure1. Connectedness of Global Cities

Source: http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/visual/globalcities2010.pdf

THESIS

02THESIS

2. Urbanization

The United Nations (UN) has projected that 70% of all populations in the world will live in urban areas by 2050. This is a result of changing demographic, technological, and international relationships. The main reasons for urbanization are the rapid decline in death rates, rise in birth rates, and rural to urban migration. Rural to urban migration is a common trend a in many countries as impoverished rural residents migrate to the larger towns and cities in search of a more prosperous life. They are driven by the desire for employment and the prospect of access to public facilities and services that are often unavailable in rural regions (Knox & McCarthy, 2005). However, they have poured into cities out of desperation and hope, rather than being drawn by actual jobs and opportunities. Urbanization has the potential to be positive in terms of economic develop-ment, easier access to health centers, and educational facilities. However, rural immigrants typically cannot afford to live in the formal sector of urban areas due to land price. Typically, they end up living in the slums.

US246.2

Urban population in millions

81%Urban percentage

Mexico84.392

77%

Colombia34.373%

Brazil162.685%

Argentina35.690%

Ukraine30.968%

Russia103.673%

China559.2

Urban population in millions

42%Urban percentage

Turkey51.168%

India329.329%

Bangladesh38.226%

Philippines55.064%

Indonesia114.150%

S Korea39.081%

Japan84.766%

Egypt33.143%

S Africa28.660%

Canada26.3

Venezuela26.0

Poland23.9

Thailand21.5

Australia18.3

Netherlands13.3

Peru21.0

Saudi Arabia20.9

Iraq20.3 Vietnam

23.3

DR Congo20.2

Algeria22.0Morocco

19.4

Malaysia18.1

Burma16.5

Sudan16.3

Chile14.6

N Korea14.1

Ethiopia13.0

Uzbekistan10.1

Tanzania9.9

Romania11.6

Ghana11.3

Syria10.2

Belgium10.2

80%

94%

62%

33%

89%

81%

73%

81%

67%

27%

33%

65%60%

69%

32%

43%

88%

62%

16%

37%

25%

54%

49%

51%

97%

Nigeria68.650%

UK54.090%

France46.977%

Spain33.677%

Italy39.668%

Germany62.075%

Iran48.468%

Pakistan59.336%

Cameroon

AngolaEcuador

IvoryCoast

Kazakh-stan

Cuba

Afghan-istan

Sweden

Kenya

CzechRepublic

9.5

9.38.7

8.6

8.6

8.5

7.8

7.6

7.6

7.4

Mozam-bique

HongKong

Belarus

Tunisia

Hungary

Greece

Israel

Guate-mala

Portugal

Yemen

DominicanRepublic

Bolivia

Serbia &Mont

Switzer-land

Austria

Bulgaria

Mada-gascar

Libya

Senegal

Jordan

Zimbabwe

Nepal

Denmark

Mali

Azerbaijan

Singapore

ElSalvador

Zambia

Uganda

PuertoRico

Paraguay

UAE

Benin

Norway

NewZealand

Honduras

Haiti

Nicaragua

Guinea

Finland

Uruguay

Lebanon

Somalia

Sri Lanka

Cambodia

Slovakia

Costa Rica

Palestine

Kuwait

Togo

ChadBurkina

Ireland

Croatia

Congo

Niger

Sierra Leone

Malawi

Panama

Turkmenistan

Georgia

Lithuania

Liberia

Moldova

Rwanda

Kyrgyzstan

Oman

ArmeniaBosnia

Tajikistan

CAR

Melanesia

Latvia

Mongolia

Albania

Jamaica

Macedonia

Mauritania Laos

Gabon

Botswana

Slovenia

Eritrea

Estonia

Gambia

Burundi

Papua New Guinea

NamibiaMauritius

Guinea-Bissau

Lesotho E Timor

Bhutan

Swaziland

Trinidad & Tobago

The earth reaches a momentous milestone: by next year, for the first time in history, more than half its population will be living in cities. Those 3.3 billion people are expected to grow to 5 billion by 2030 — this unique map of the world shows where those people live now

At the beginning of the 20th century, the world's urban population was only 220 million, mainly in the west

By 2030, the towns and cities of the developing world will make up 80% of urban humanity

The new urban world

Urban growth, 2005—2010

Predominantly urban75% or over

Predominantly urban50—74%

Predominantly rural25—49% urban

Predominantly rural0—24% urban

Cities over 10 million people(greater urban area)

Key

Tokyo33.4

Osaka16.6

Seoul23.2

Manila15.4

Jakarta14.9

Dacca 13.8

Bombay21.3

Delhi21.1 Calcutta

15.5

Karachi14.8

Shanghai17.3

Canton14.5

Beijing12.7

Moscow13.4

Tehran12.1

Cairo15.9

Istanbul11.7

London12.0

Lagos10.0

MexicoCity22.1

New York21.8

Sao Paulo20.4

LA17.9

Rio deJaneiro

12.2

BuenosAires13.5 3,307,950,000

The world’s urban population — from a total of 6,615.9 million SOURCE: UNFPA GRAPHIC: PAUL SCRUTONAfrica Asia Oceania Europe0.1%

Eastern Europe-0.4%

Arab StatesLatin America& Caribbean North America

3.2%

2.4%

1.3%

2.8%

1.7%1.3%

Figure2. The new urban world

Source: http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2007/jun/28/climatechange.conservation

46.1

42.8

39.3

35.734.3

32.7

Population in slums

Percentage of urban population living in slums

1990 1995 2000 2005 2007 2010

900,000

300,000

600,000

0

60

10

20

30

40

50

0Popu

laito

n in

slu

ms

(Mill

ions

)

Prop

ortio

n of

urb

an p

opul

atio

n in

slu

ms

(Per

cent

age)

03THESIS

3. Slum generation

The Millennium Development Goals, created by the United Nations, reported that the share of the urban population living in slums in the developing world has declined significantly over the past 10 years (see the Figure). However, in absolute terms, the number of slum dwellers in the developing world is actually growing, and will continue to rise in the near future. According to the United Nations (UN), the slum population of the world will grow to 2 billion in the next 20 years if no preventive measures are taken (UN-HABITAT, 2003). The UN has listed the Baan Mankong Program (BMP) in Thailand as one of the few unique and sustainable examples of participatory slum upgrading programs.

Figure3. Population living in urban slums and proportion of urban population living in slums, 1990-2010

04THESIS

4. Research questionsThis paper evaluates how successful the BMP is, and makes recommendations for the future of the slum upgrading program in Thai-land. In order to achieve these goals, the research questions are:

1) What are the gaps between the initial goals of BMP and the current situation? 2) Why have differences occurred between the plan and reality both in quality and quantity?3) How can a further slum upgrading program be developed from the BMP?

5. Methodology

Slum definition The problem with measuring slums begins with the lack of an agreed definition. As a result, enumeration of slums has not yet been incorporated within mainstream monitoring instruments, such as national population censuses, demographic and health surveys, and global surveys. The UN itself has developed indicators and thresholds for defining slums for evaluate slum. This research uses the UN slum indicator to evaluate the physical condition of slums in the analyses portion.

Case study methodThis paper uses the single (embedded) case study method as the research methodology for analyzing both the macro level analyses of how many projects have been implemented in a certain periods, and the micro level analyses of how a target community improves through the program.

05THESIS

Table. Indicators and thresholds for defining slums

Source: UN-HABITAT, 2003

06THESIS

6. Baan Mankong Program

Baan Monkong Program (BMP) is one of two slum upgrading programs under the Thai government’s policy to provide One Million Housing Units within 5 years between 2003 and 2007. Baan Mankong has set a goal of improving housing, in terms of living and tenure security for 300,000 households in 2,000 poor communities in 200 Thai cities within five years.

BMP channels government funds, in the form of infrastructure subsidies and soft housing loans, directly to poor communi-ties. The main difference from conventional programs of delivering housing units to individual poor families is that the BMP encourages existing slum communities to form co-ops to develop their housing in a collective way. This method is designed to discourage speculators from buying off individual housing units from the poor and selling them out to higher income groups (CODI, “History,” 2011). Each community can choose one of five types of upgrading, which can be chosen by the community to fit their best practices.

07THESIS

7. ResultsDuring the expected target period from January 2003 to March 2008, the BMP’s 512 projects involving 1,010 communities were approved. These communities were located in 226 cities in 76 different provinces, and affected 53, 976 families (CODI Monthly Report, March 2008). The program, which has upgraded 1546 communities and 90,000 households by January 2011, is still progressing towards reaching its initial target.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

project

t_project

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

unit

t_unit

Figure5. Number of projects implemented through the BMP

Figure7. Number of units implemented through the BMP

Figure6. Number of communties implemented through the BMP

0

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2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

community

t_community

08THESIS

8. Conclusion

Quantity The CODI initially expected to construct 150 housing units by 2003, 1,500 units by 2004, and 300,000 units by the end of 2007. However, they have only achieved about a third of that goal, which is 90,813 housing units, by January 2011. There were significant differences of speed of implementation in each year. Additionally, although the project is still in progress, its speed of implementation has slowed down since then.

The Primary reason of failure to achieve the ambitious goal is due to its financial system. First of all, the government has strong influences on the program. Its finances were strongly affected by the global economy including the world financial crises in 2008. In addition, the unstable government political situation strongly changed the situation. Mr. Thaksin emphasized on the support to the poor, however Ms. Yingluck, the current prime minister, focuses less on them. Secondly, the financial model of the BMP was no longer sustainable after 2008 when the program was suppose to have achieved their initial goals. The reason for this is because the financial model, theoretically, takes 15 years to be able to collect all loans from the recipients. CODI had a budget to implement the program for the first five years from 2003 to 2007, but the organization was forced to slow down the project without a government injection, as they could not collect all the loans within five years. Therefore, they could not allocate the same amount of money to other communities for implementing the projects.

Quality The newly built living environment created through the BMP showed sufficient improvements. Klong Toey Block 7-12, a community this focused on in this research, has improved significantly in terms of the living conditions that the UN slum indicators specify. Access to water, access to sanitation, building structure, and overcrowding were all addressed. Housing units in the community have access to water and sanitation and built durable structures with sufficient materials. However, the location and land tenure could have been improved more. Although this is not a hazardous place as the UN slum indicator mentions, the site of the community located next to a slum were just across a small path. Although the community has got tenure of its land, they have to move out after the leases are over.

The mental condition of the residents is indicative of the preferences they have toward their housings and the financial situation they are facing. According a CODI’s survey many residents show affection towards the new houses. Despite of the high popularity of their housing, more than 35 percent of the residents complained about the size of the land. Therefore, there is room to improve the size of land through more flexible approaches of distribution that are based on needs. Since many residences borrow loans from CODI and other financial institutions, they have to return their loans periodically. Approximately, 35 percent of them have problem of returning their loans. The budget system of the program is suitable for low-income residents who need a little bit more financial supports to build their houses. It is not suitable for the lowest-income residents who need a larger amount of money for building their houses.

09THESIS

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