sustainable oceans for future biotech opportunitiessearch.oecd.org/sti/emerging-tech/session 1...
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Sustainable Oceans for Future
Biotech Opportunities
Dr. Paul Snelgrove Memorial University of Newfoundland
Canada Research Chair in
Boreal and Cold Ocean Systems
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E. S
ala
• What and where are marine biodiversity resources?
• What are the threats?
• Why must we sustain biodiversity?
Sustainable Oceans for Future
Biotech Opportunities
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4-5 new species every day
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New Tools for Better Cataloging
213,000 species so far
•Misnamed
•Double names
•Misspelled names
•Shared names
www.marinespecies.org
56 names for
Halichondria
panacea
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Bouchet 2006
A riot of species ~1654 new ones every year
•4-5 new marine species
daily
•Every two weeks for
hydrothermal vents
•Every two weeks for hydrothermal vents
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Mora et al. 2008
Global fishes
16,475 known, 4000 more to go!
How Many Fishes in the Sea?
After Ramirez-Llodra et al. 2010
Year
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Cum
ula
tive n
um
ber
of
new
specie
s
500
600
700
800
900
Deep-sea nematodes
100,000+ more to go?
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2 million species of marine animals
9% known
Known and unknown life
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Land
Sea
1.6-1.7 million
described species
245,000 marine
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Webb et al. 2010
Making the most of what we have – standardize, integrate
Ocean Biogeographic Information System 30 million records +
Big geographic gaps in….
coral reefs, deep sea midwater and seafloor, poles
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(assumes same species area relationship)
Estimate based on rainforests
CReefs
# Coral reef species = constant * reef area
(From Reaka- Kudla 1997)
Use rain forest constant (34,052 species/km2)
947,721 species
Top Down Approach
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(assumes linear species area relationship)
Estimate based on scaling up Caribbean reef
CReefs
216,135 Caribbean reef species and 2,593,624 global reef
(From Small et al. 1998)
Assume 20% died in aquarium, 30% missed
532 species in 5 m2 mesocosm of 23,000 km reef
Bottom up Approach
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Assume 1-3 million reef species
But….
• Biotech potential unequal among habitats and phyla
• This estimate covers just invertebrates
Assume 1 in 5000 critters with biotech potential
200-600 coral reef critters with biotech potential
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• only 260,000- 600,000 km2
• ~5% that of rainforests
• ~<0.1% of Earth’s surface, (~0.2% of ocean’s)
• About 95,000 known reef species
(35% of known marine)
Coral Reefs
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Threats to Marine Biodiversity
• fisheries operations
• chemical pollution
• physical alteration of habitat
• invasion of exotic species
• global climate change
From Understanding Marine Biodiversity
National Research Council (1995)
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3
5
Good news/bad news - The inconvenience of breathing
Species Loss
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R.I.P. 1929 R.I.P. 1861 R.I.P. <1840 R.I.P. 1935
Species Loss
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LOTS of Local Extirpations (think antifreeze genes)
Possibly Lots of Hidden Extinctions
Genetic Diversity Loss
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The Valuation of Biodiversity
Rutherford’s stamp collecting analogy?
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Ecosystem Functions and Services
(C, P, O2, CO2)
Benefits
Sustaining the other 4999/5000 species
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1. Gas regulation
2. Climate regulation
3. Disturbance regulation
4. Water regulation
5. Water supply
6. Erosion control
7. Soil formation
8. Nutrient cycling
9. Waste treatment
10. Pollination
11. Biological control
12. Habitat / Refugia
13. Food production
14. Raw materials
15. Genetic resources
16. Recreation
17. Cultural
Ecosystem Services
From Costanza et al. (1997)
$33 trillion, 21 from oceans
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Every second breath we take
comes from a marine microbe
…utilization of CO2 and release
of O2, ozone production
marshes, swamps, wetlands, open ocean
1. Gas regulation
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2. Climate regulation Dimethylsulphide Production
H2SO4
PK Quinn & TS Bates Nature 480, 51-56 (2011)
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3. Disturbance regulation
Flood control, storm protection Swamps, floodplains, wetlands, coral reefs, estuaries
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8. Nutrient cycles…
• Carbon
• Phosphorus
• Nitrogen
• Sulfur
• Oxygen
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Larger Consumers
Herbivores
Phytoplankton
DOC & POC
Bacteria
Microconsumers
(primarily Protozoa)
Dissolved inorganic carbon,
Nitrogen, phosphorus, etc.
The water column and microbial loop
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Seafloor
aerobic
respiration
anaerobic
respiration
CHO + O2 CO2+ H20
CHO + NO3- CO2+ NH3
N2 (denitrification)
CHO + SO4-2 CO2
+ H2S
CHO + CO2 CO2 + CH4
glucose lactate
Bacterial heterotrophic carbon transformation
(respiration, methanogenesis, fermentation)
aerobic
nitrate reduction
nitrite reduction
sulfate reduction
methanogenesis
fermentation
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12. Refugia
Coastal wetlands, reefs, seagrasses, deepwater corals
Age 0
cod
Age 2 cod
predator
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Danovaro et al., 2008
Exponential relationship between trophic
diversity and bacterial production
Single Species vs Biodiversity
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1. Protect biodiversity hotspots
2. Protect biodiversity by protecting habitat
3. Protect spawners
4. Protect subsets of population
5. Protect source populations
6. Protect all life history stages
Sustaining Biodiversity
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Areas with some degree of
protection
How are we doing globally in developing MPAs?
After Roberts & Hawkins (2000)
MPA (all types) < 0.5%
No fishing whatsoever <0.0001%
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Theme Biodiversity
Theme Ecosystem Function
Theme Population Connectivity
The NSERC Canadian Healthy Oceans Network
Biodiversity science for sustainable oceans
The Strategy
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Hudson Bay
James Bay Victoria
Frobisher Bay
Davis
Beaufort-McKenzie
942
60 m2 Area
Archambault et al. in prep
Arctic
Baseline
Examples – Theme 1
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Energy &
Minerals Fisheries
Biodiversity Military
Climate
Change
Coastal
Development
Tourism
Shipping &
Transport
Governance
(e.g. bioprospecting)
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• not one known species-level barcode sequence from Northern
Line Islands and Moorea crustaceans (Plaisance et al. 2009),
(i.e. GenBank)
22 small dead coral heads from 5 islands (total 2 m2)
• 789 individual crustaceans
• 500 sequenced…135 distinct OTUs
• included 65 brachyuran crab species
(~30% of known European, ~1% global)
• most species rare and local
(44% singletons, another 33% only on one of five islands)
CReefs